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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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45 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


n 


V 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  dtd  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 

n 


D 


y 


n 

D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color§es,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  dditJon  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  dt6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
to  th 


The 
poss 
of  th 
filmi 


Origi 
begi 
the  I 
sion, 
othe 
first 
sion, 
or  il 


The 
shall 
TINl 
whic 

Map 
diffe 
entir 
begii 
right 
requ 
meth 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X   ^  22X 


26X 


30X 


v^' 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 
details 
ues  du 
I  modifier 
ger  une 
I  filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  i^'jality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filrn^  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


i6es 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  nicrofiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — *-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  appara?tra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦■  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symhole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


ire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  etre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film^  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


y  errata 
3d  to 

nt 

ne  pelure, 

ipon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

•^^ 


,  1 '    ifr . 


CIIIKI-'      Oh'     'I'HK    OMAWIIWVS. 

Df.twii    t'nr     \l*ir(.iii?*    ''r.-tuiit      \  in  t-r  I'Wi  ii  a     i\\     VlS\\*'ii\f 


.^ 


■^Ib'f 


CRANIA    A3IKHICANA, 


(III, 


V    C  0  M  V  A  l{  A  '1'  1  V  !•:    V  I  E  W 


SKILLS  or  VMJIOl  S    VI5(M{Ka>AL    \VTF()>S 


„  J^ErJi'im 


-  j._. ,  J.  .y    i. 


'®Ulr:^  AMlcI^IKi..^' 


I"  w  null  i^  iii;::i\i:» 


AN   I:SSAY  ON  Tin:  VAIUKTIF.S  or  THi;  HUMAN  *<PECii:s. 


Kllii'otmtrti  1)1)  *rDrnti,)  ri'Qiit  IJlatrs  nut)  a  Colorrli  ittap. 


SAMUKL    (iEOlUiE    MORTON.    M.  1). 

rROl      ^Slll;  Irl    ANAT'IMV    IN  Till:    MIIIIUM.    lir  I'AIL  1  M  1;M    ny   l'i:S\>M,VAN  U    (111.1. 1. i;i;    AT   rilll.AllLl.l'IllA;     lll.MI'.l.ll  -M 

Mil.  ACAiiiAn  (II   .NAii  KAi.  MTi;\i  i:-  .11    I'ini.Mii  M'liu.  Ill    .hi:  ami:i;iiav  iMiii.osnl'iiuAi.  smiMv;  m    riii: 
iiis;.i:!irM,  .Ml  ii:n  nr  i'i:\n^vi.v\ma;  m  nil:  iuisimn  .■iii(ii:Tv  ni'  natikai.  iiismuv',  .^^c,  cViiv 


PHI  L.\  I)  K;  LI' 11  l.\  : 
J.     DOHSON,    CHEST  NIT    STREET 

L  0  N  1)  0  N  : 

SI.Ml'KIiV,    MARSHALL    vSc    CO. 

1839. 


■  i.i.iNs  i'n;\r; 


TO 


W.  S.  W.    llUSClIENBERrJER,   M.I). 

or    iiii;   iM  rr.i)  si'ait>    ^AV^. 


AITIUUl  01 


rilREl'J    YKARS  I\  THE  rACIFFC. 


A     VOYAGE    ROUND    THE    W  O  II  E  D," 


THIS  WORK, 


^Vllli  II   iiKHIVHS  SOMK  111-    ITS  MOST  VAM'AHLK  .MATDlilAI.S  lUiiM  Ills  liNSKAlJrillis  |\   I'l'KI 


IS    MOST    RESI'ECTFULI.V 


(iUATKKULLY    INSCUIUHI) 


BV  THE  All  Till )K 


TO 


join  s.  iMiiM.iPs.  i:s(i. 


Mr.Miir.ii  or   [iii;  \(  aiikm-  or  n  \  ii  ii\i.  -(  lusrr.^  or  I'liii.Aitr.i.niiA.  Sec.  Sec. 


^h  Dr.AuSiii: — Iliivinii  now  ciiinplclcd  ;i  tn^k  wliicli  h.\<  cost  inc  'ioinc  ycnrs 
(if  toil  ;in(l  ;in\icly.  it  L;i\r>  nir  l;it;iI  |)1(;inii''c  to  rrcmd  llir  iiruiy  iilili^alinn^  I 
n\\v  you  in  llii'  [ii'o-.rciitinii  of  (lii-c  iiii|iiirics.  'I'd  \oiir  iiiiiciiuity  1  ;iMi  almost 
wliiilly  imlclilcil  Tor  tlic  iiiriin^  of  ohtainiiiL;'  \\\<-  (  lalioratr  lura-iiirciiuiils  a|i|i('nilr(l 
to  tliis  \V(ii'k:  wliicli,  willioul  your  |iirM)nal  aid  ami  uiitiriiin'  i)c'i'>r\(i'aiicr.  would 
have  I'tniaiuoil  in  a  ■j.rcat  MKif-urc  unacfompli^hcd.  It  may.  jii  iiia|i>.  I>c  IImhuIiI 
liy  >ioni!'  ri;ulrr<.  thai  tlic^r  dctalN  arc  uMuccrs^ariiy  luiiiulc.  opccialiy  in  llif 
l'!iri'iioloL';i('al  Taliic:  and  ai;ain.  ollni's  wniild  liaM'  prdVircd  a  work  couilni'tid 
llirou'4'liout  on  l'hrinoliiHi(';\l  |)i'ini'iidi"<.  In  llii-  >lu(ly  I  am  yrt  a  irarnri':  and  it 
appraiTil  to  mr  llic  wi-rr  plan  to  prrvcnt  llu-  factv  unhia^^rd  by  llirnry.  and  hi  the 
rcadrr  tlraw  hi>  own  con(■iu^ion^.  \'on  ami  I  have  huin'  adniitird  Ihr  fnndanuntal 
j)rint'ii)l(s  of  Plirt'no|oi;y.  vi/.:  That  the  hi'ain  i^  thr  or^an  of  Ihc  mind,  and  ihat 
its  (lillrrcnt  parN  perform  dillrrcnt  fniK'lion^:  hut  wo  have  hoc  u  >lo\v  lo  acknow- 
Icdnc  the  detail-,  of  Crauioseoju  as  tan;;'ht  1)^,  '  U\  flail,  and  supported  and  extended 
l)y  sul)se(|uent  oi)sei'vers.  We  liiive  not.  imwevr.'.  nej;'lected  Ihis  hranch  id'  iminiry. 
hut  liavi'  euileavored  to  examine  it  in  conuectiiui  wilh  numei'mis  facts,  wliich  can 
only  he  fully  appreciated  wlun  tiny  conic  to  l)c  ciuniiared  with  similar  measur<'- 
mcuts  derived  from  the  other  races  of  men.  Vet  I  am  free  to  acknowlcdije  that 
there  is  a  singular  harmony  hetsven  the  nuiital  character  of  the  Indian,  and  Ills 
cranial  developments  as  explained  l)y  IMircnoloLiy. 


'riii^  Udik  lins  Mill  liicii  ciiiiiiiiiMil  ill  Unit  iiliiliiMipliic  n  liniiiiiit  wliicli  is  si. 
Iiivmnlilr  III  irivisli;;;ili(iii  miiiI  rrlltcliini:  iii  llic  cinilrnrv.  vmi  ciiii  hear  wiliicss 
lli.il  I  liiivf  imiMii  il  my  ciiiiim'  ariiiiUl  lln  ciiiiliiiiinl  I'llium  iiiul  nnxicly  nf  a 
|iriirr»siiinal  lilV;  ami  this  mu^t  |i,.  im  a|iii|iiu\.  it'  llic  wmL  I  imw  suhmit  In  tlic 
|iulili('  (liMs  lint  rmriaci  all  tin  iiiatriiaN  winch  air  fallrd  I'nr  in  such  an  iimli  i- 
lakiim. 

I  am.  m_\   drar  -ii-. 

\iiiii'  \ri_v  nliliiicd  Irii ml  ami  servant. 

SAMUCL  CJEOIUiK  iMOU'lON 


I'liii,  \iii:iaMii  X,  (htnii'-r  |.  |. 


iM{  i:  1^  A  (  i: 


Trir,  title  uf  llii.;  work  !■<  |)cilin|)s  siiHiciciilly  ixplaiiatory  of  its  (il))(cls.  'I'lic 
|)iiiicil);il  (l(si:;ii  lias  liccn  In  (rjvc  acciiralr  (IcIiiicatiDiis  cif  tlic  crania  (if  more  than 
Inrtv  Iniliaii  natinns.  Pcniviaii.  I5ra/iiiaii  ami  .Mexican.  InMcllicr  wilh  a  |)arlicnlarly 
cxtcnilcil  scri(  s  I'lmii  NdiUi  Ainnica.  iVoni  tlic  I'acilic  Ocean  Id  tlie  Atlantic,  and 
Innn  Tlnrida  ti>  the  region  of  Ihe  I'olar  Irilies.  Ivpicial  attentinn  has  aKn  hi  en 
uiven  to  the  siiiM-iilar  (listnrtitins  nl'  (lie  skull  caused  liy  mechanical  contrivances 
in  use  ainont;-  various  natimis.  I'ernvians.  Charil.s.  Natchez,  and  tlie  Irihes  inhahil- 
iwj;  Ihe  Ofcuon  'I'enilon.  Tlie  author's  materials  in  this  ilepaitnnnt  are  ample, 
ami  have  cnahled  iiim  to  ^ive  a  lull  c\p(j>il,on  of  a  suliject  whicli  was  lonn 
involved  in  douhl  and  controversy.  Particular  attention  has  lucn  heslowcd  on  the 
crania  li'om  the  Mounds  of  this  counlry.  \\hi(di  ha\c  heen  coni|>ared  wilh  similar 
ridics  derived  hoth  I'rom  ancient  and  modern  Irihes.  iu  oriier  to  examine,  hy  the 
evidence  of  osleoloH'ical  facts,  wlii'lher  Ihe  .Vinerican  aiiorin-ines,  of  all  epochs,  have 
hehmned  to  (uie  Hacc.  m-  to  a  plurality  of  Races. 

I  was.  from  the  hcMimiimj,-.  desirous  (n  introduce  into  this  work  a  hrief  cliaider 
on  I'hremdoiiy  :  hut.  consciouv  of  my  own  inahility  to  do  justice  to  the  suhject.  I 
ajiplied  to  a  prol'essioual  friend  to  supply  Ihe  deliciency.  lie  euiianctl  to  do  s,,, 
and  conunenced  his  task  with  uivat  /.eal :  hut  ill  health  soon  ohli^ed  him  to 
ahandou  it.  and  to  seek  a  distant  and  more  i;enial  climate.  Fiider  these  circum- 
stances I  resolved  to  compleli'  the  rhrenoloj;ical  Tahle.  and  omit  the  proposed 
essay  altoncther.  Karly  in  the  i)rcsent  year,  however,  and  just  as  my  work  was 
ready  lor  the  press.  (Jeoruc  Comhc.  Ksip.  the  distiimuished  phrenoloi^isl.  arrived  in 
this  counlry:  and  I  seized  the  occasicui  to  express  my  wants  to  that  gentleman, 
who,  with  <;reat  zeal  and  promptness.  ai;reed  to  furnish  the  desired  Essay,  and 
actually  placed   the  MS.  in  my  hands  before  he  left  this  city.      It  is  with  gn  at 


IV 


IMM',1"A(  K. 


plciisiin  tliiil  I  (Nil  riciiid  Mr.  ('iinilti'H  lilidiilily  in  |l^llvillill^'  \\[U  inciiioir 
willioiit  liavinu;  "ii  ii  :i  Wdid  nf  niy  niiiinisctipt,  iir  imii  kiinwiii;;  wliat  I  liail 
wridcii:  at  llii' >iiiiic  linif  lliat  I  wmv  iiiidrr  (he  mco^ily.  (iwiiii;  In  cm  riaiii  |irr- 
arriini;i'mriil<<.  Ill'  liiiiiliiii;'  liiiii  In  a  ;;ivt'it  iiiinili<r  ul  \K{\:y,  in  wliich  lie  aciinioccd 
willi  llic  niii>|  iilili'jiiii:;'  l'i'aiil\iirs<i.  By  iiiiaii«  ul'  this  |'!>say.  wliicli  i'^  a('('(iin|ianiril 
liy  Iwn  iiiustrativi'  plalo.  Ilir  nadir  \\  ill  lie  aide  In  ipidy  I'liicindiiijical  iido  In 
I'M  ry  >kull  ill  till'  -I  lii'  III  re  rn;\iii  d. 

Nrillitr  calf  imr  (  \iiiii»i'  lias  Ikm  ii  ^jiaii  i!  in  liir  iiidiavnr  In  i;ivc  acfiiiacy 
111  llii'  liljiiiniapliid  iliihtialimis  III'  liii^  wmlx.  w  iii(  li  have  liciii  cliiidly  cm  ciitcd 
liy  Mr.  .Iiilin  C'nlliiis.  uiu"  ul  tin  nm-^t  mmci  -sliil  cnUivaliiis  id'  his  nrl  in  ihis 
ciiiMilry.  Many  id'  Ihr  jdatrs  have  luin  drawn  llir  s(  cond  imd  Ihird  linir:  and  in 
srviral  in>*lan('('>i  Ihr  iiilirr  iililiun  was  I'aiicrilid.  in  nrdi  r  In  nirrri'l  inaccuraidcs 
thai  liad  [H'rvinnsly  rsc;i|)i  ij  iiiiscrvalinn. 

I  liavi-  u;iv(  n  nundi  nmri'  siia'T  In  llic  iN'riniiii  ( 'I'kin  ihan  was  al  llr-it 
inti  iidid.  in  Ihr  linpi'  nf  in\iliii^'.  thrninj,hiinl  this  cnnidry.  a  i^nalrr  inlrrisi  to 
lliis  im|iiirtanl  .md  atlraiiivr  siudy.  ll  is  inipnssihlr  tn  trial  nl' such  a  suhjci-l, 
withniit  dia\\inii  hu^i  ly  nn  Ihr  n  scari  hc^  id'  limsr  ilis|inL;uislicd  niiti  whn  have 
ill  \olrd  their  lime  and  laiiiil  In  ini|niries  ul'  this  iialnre:  ainnnj;  wlmni  it  is 
es|ii(iiiiy  necess;iiy  |  p  nil  nlinn  Mnlliin.  Mlunnnhacdi.  liu.iiholdl.  I'richard.  1-aw- 
lence.  \  irey  and  IJnry  de  M.  \  inci  nl  :  while,  anmn^  the  writers  nl'  lliis  ciumtry. 
I  ha\eiiiri\ed  much  iiislruclinn  I'lnni  llie  w rilin^i's  nf  Ihr  late  Dr.  Harlnn.  I'nihssnr 
(.'aldwiil.  Dr.  .I.e.  Warren.  I'rn|'e<snr  (iihson.  Dr.  ii.  ll.l'nales  mnl  Dr.  M'CiiiJidi. 
'{"lie  •■  IJisciuidies"  III'  tlie  hi-i  named  ^enlieniiin.  iMiliiidy  ninre  I'acls  relating' tn 
the  Ahnriiiines  111'  America  lhan  almnsi  iiny  nther  \\nrk.  'I'n  these  and  ether 
siiurces  di'  inl'iirmaliin.  I  have  made  s|i,.ciiic  acknnwlrdnments  Ihrnuiihnnt  llie 
Inllnwim;  panes.  The  ui'i  at  \Mirk  nn  Mexican  Anlii|n!ties  hy  Lnrd  Kinitshnriniiili 
1  iia\e  never  seen:  and  l^e  Nnir's  sphnilid  wnrk  nn  the  sanie  snhjecl.  and  .Mr. 
Di  ialii  Id's  American  .Viitii|uitii  s.  did  nn|  naeh  liiis  city  nntil  my  last  sheets  were 
already  in  |)ress. 

It  will  he  nhsrrvi  d.  liy  enmparin^;'  the  prnspectus  issui  (1  three  years  ai;n  witli 
this  wnrk  as  nnw  pnlilishcd.  that  I  ha\i  i;really  exleiided  the  nrii^inal  design  hy 
the  addilinn  nl'  ei^hleen  plates  and  neaily  Iwn  hundred  minnr  illiislra'iniis. 
Iiiiiither  with  a  cnrrespnndinL;'  enlai'i;emeid  nl'  the  le\l.  This  nhject  lias  iieen 
chii  liy  attained  thrmi'ih  the  liln  ral  inul   unsnliciled   palrnnagc  nl'  twn  indiviilnals 


I'iM'.rAi  i: 


llllnli. 

.tli(  r 

tlU' 

iiiiili 
Mr. 


livilli;  ill   II  I'l'innli'    (lj>i|;illl'r    iViilii    r;u'll    iillur    ;inil     liiilil    llir.  Id  wlioni    I   l;lkr    llli'l 

(ic(';i>iim  111  cxiirrss  my  L;r;i|(  I'lil  ackiiDwIril'^iiniilo.  'I'lir  I'lr^t  nj'  llicsc  n'ciillc  imn 
js  in\  \i'iii  I'iilili'  ;uiil  iiiiu'li-li<iiii>ri'(l  iiiicli'.  .I;iini'>  Miii'lnii.  I'',s(|,.  nj'  ('liiniiiil. 
Ii"  liiiil  :  llii  iitlii'i'.  my  iViriul  \VilliMMi  Miiliin.  |'N(|..  |  ilc  ii|'  llii>  cil).  ninl  now 
li^iiliit  in  Misicii,  well  kiinwii  :i>  lln  ili>liii'iiiislii  il  I'roidi  iil  oj'  llir  Ai'adcmy 
III  !<;;liiriil  Si'irn('i'>  III'  IMiilaili'l|ilii.i.  I  il.iiin.  ImwiMi',  Minir  niriil  I'm'  iKivini; 
rum  nrlirril  |mlili<Mliiiii  wliiii  my  '<llll^l'll|lliM||  li<|  Imii'  hill  HHi'i'li  niiliir- :  ;iliil  I 
|M  isUiiil  I'll!'  11  jiiiit;  liiiiL'  III!  my  own  itMiiirfcs.  iiltliniii;|i  rrnjiu  iilly  iipinilirii^ivr 
tllilt  ;ill  clllilini"^!'  wllicll  IHVrl'  li;iil  i;;iill  I'ur  iN  nlijicl,  would  ;idd  |irciiiiiiiry  Ions  Io 
llllllllirlli'^s  VCMilionN. 

I  do  not  even  now  consider  my  tn^k  ;i«i  wholly  niinplrtcd.  On  llii'  coidiMry 
(lir  illn-^li'.ition-i  of  Ihr  .Mrxicin  nilions  iiri'  ton  I'lw  I'nr  s;ilis|'iirtory  conipMfisoii 
iiwiiii;  to  llir  cvtrcmi'  dillicnlly  of  ulilninin.;  ;iutluiitic  (r;iiii;i  of  tliorc  innplc. 
'riii>  di  rii'iriii'y.  howcMT.  i^  likily  Io  he  sunn  ol)\i;itid  hy  tlir  kindni's<  of  mmih' 
I'ririiiU  of  ^''iriifc  in  Mexico;  iiiid  tlirsi'  niiitii'iiiN.  wlirii  ncrivid.  tiiLit'tlii  r  w  itii 
some  lliiit  cnmi'  to  liMiid  too  kite  fui'  iim'.  ;iiid  iii;iny  otliris  tli;it  ;iii'  cxprcti  d.  will 
ciiiiiilr  nir  to  coniplrti-  iiiy  disij,n  hy  Ihr  piildicMlioii  of  ii  >in;dl  Sii/ipli  iiinihiri/ 
I'dltiiiit ;    in    wllicll    it    will    fmlliir    he   my   nim    to   lAlnid    mid    rc\i>c    hoth  the 

.\ll.llnmic,ll  ;llld    IMirrno|oL;ic;d  TMlilrs.  ;md   Io  liivr   liil>id   \irWs  nl    mI    IcMnI   ;i   pall    of 

the  ciMiiia  dcliiii  iitcd.  I  shall  aKo  take  occasion  In  inrasiirc  the  anterior  and 
posirriiif  chanihi  r-;  of  llie  skull  in  llie  four  exotic  races  of  men.  in  mder  to 
ilislitule  a  Compali'>on  helweeii  them  res|)eclively.  and  hitweeli  them  and  the 
Ann  lican  Kace.  Mut  in  niihr  Io  accomplish  ihis  (ilijecl.  a  very  extended  seijes 
of  ciMiiia  i-i  of  course  indispenx.,!,!,  ;  and  Iheautlioi'  Ihercfore  resjie<'lfull\  solicits 
the  fiirlher  aid  of  gentlemen  inlei'es|,(l  in  tin'  cause  of  science,  in  procuiiiin  the 
sliiilh  iij' all  Hiiliniis.  wwA  forwardiiii;-  them  to  hi  hlress  in  this  cily.  \or  can  I 
close  this  preface  without  recoiilim;-  my  sincere  thanks  to  fieiiri;e  U.  (Jliddon.  Hsip. 
I'liited  Slates  Consul  at  Cairo,  in  l'-;iypt.  for  the  simriilm^  z(.;il  \\\{\\  which  he  has 
promoted  my  wishes  in  tins  respict  ;  the  series  of  crania  he  has  already  ohtaincil 
for  my  use,  of  many  nations,  hoth  anrient  and  modern,  is  jierhaps  without  a  rival 
in  any  cxistiii'.';  collection ;  and  will  inahle  me.  when  it  reaches  this  country,  to 
pursue  my  comparisons  on  an  extended  scale. 


I'ini.AiiKi.i'iiiA,  October,  1,  IS.I'i. 


.1 


4 


^ 


-1 
••1 


1.1 


II 
11 


■fe' 


•Jfl 


^ 


'■'n 

D 


-'1 


■■^■t>>r:SS 


.V  :: 


Is 


TV 


u  11    v.?  s  ^':y 


\k^ 


C  R  A  A  I  A     A  M  E  U  r  C  A  N  A 


I.NTnODlU'TOKY    ESSAY 


ON    THE    VARIKTIES   OF   THE    IIl^[AN    SPECIES. 


'I'm;  i;c'0<;rnpliic'iil  dislriliutioii  oi'  tlio  liiiniiui  ri 


cc.  i>  diu'  (if  tlic  most  intunstini;' 


prtililrms  ill  liistdiy.     Tlir  oldest  nconls  schloni  nlliulc  ti 


111  uiiiiili;il)itc(l  coiiiitry. 


The  (Xtrciucs  of  liiat  and  fold,  ami   the   iiitrrvciitioii  of  seas  and  monntaiiis.  liav( 
pn-fntrd   hut    trillin;,^  harriers  to  the  jieopliiij;  of  tlie  earth 


The  conditiou  of 


man.  under  these   inCinitelv  varied   eir 


cninstanees,  is   le^s 


the  I'U'eet   of   eoeiT'ion  than   of 
atmosphere  that  freezes  iiierciiiv.  n 


Iioiee.      Thus  the    Eskimau.  surrounded    hv  an 
joiccs   in  his  snowy  deserts,  and  lia-^  pined  in 


nnhapiiiness  when  removed  to  moiv  i.eiiial  climes.     On  tlie  otiier  hand,  the  native 
of  tile  torrid   regions  of  Africa,  ojipressed  by  ii  vertical  sun.  and   often   ileliri(ni- 


willi  thiiM.  thinks  i 


10  part  of  the  world  so  de^irahle  and  deliiihiful  as  his  own. 


'I'he  arid   province  of  Cli 


ICO.   ill    I'„i'ai;;unv.  which   the  SuaniarcN  stiiinialis 


doert. 


IS  e 


rowded  hy  forty   Indian   nations,  who  re-j;ard   it 


as  an  earthly  paradi^ 


!t  may  he  further  remarked,  in  illustration  of  this  siiliject.  that   extensive  migra- 
tions have   heeii    mostly  coiillnii!   to  the   temperate  / 


ones :    it  is  rare,  for  ex; 


iiiinli'. 


to  find  the  Polar  trihes  wandering  to  the  south,  or  tiie  people  of  the  torrid  /one 

a  colder  climate.      The  exceptions  to  thi 


attinipting  to  establish  themselve 


rule   are   chiclly   to   he    seen    in    the   civilised 

which   the  spirit  of  migratory  enterprise   is  without   a  limit. 


comninnities  of   modern   limes,  in 


mar 
ml 


From    remote   ages   the    inhahitaiits   of  ev( 
ked  by  certain  physical  and   moral  pcciiliarit 


ry   extended    locality   have    iiee 
ies.  eoinmon  amom;-  tbem^elvc' 


.iiul  serving  to  distinguish  them  from  all  other  people.     The  Arabians  are  at  thi> 
time  precisely  what  they  were   in  the  days  of  the  patriarch^:    the  Hindoos  have 


2  VAHIK'IMKS  OF  THK  HUMAN  SPHCIES. 

alttrcd  ill  uolhiiiu;  since  tlu;y  \v('rc  (Icscriix'd  by  (he  curliest  writers:  nor  liave 
tiirec  tlKuisanil  years  made  any  diirerence  in  llie  skin  and  liair  of  tlie  Xe^n-o.  In 
liivc  manner  the  characteristic  I'eatuifs  (if  tiie  Jews  may  he  recoL^nised  in  the 
scnlptnre  of  the  lemphs  of  Lnxor  and  Karnak,  in  Kiiyjit.  wiiere  they  iiave  heeii 
depicted  I'or  nearly  thirty  centuries.* 

This  identity  ef  physical  characteristics,  preserved  throni^h  iiunilierless 
i;enerations.  and  often  under  very  dissimilar  circumslanees.  has  occasioned  various 
six'culations  in  respect  to  the  orii;iii  of  the  human  family.  'Die  prevalent  he  lief  is 
derived  from  the  sacred  writings,  wiiich.  in  their  literal  and  ohvious  inti^rpretation. 
leacji  us  that  all  men  have  originated  from  a  single  pair:t  whence  it  has  lieen 
hastily  and  unnecessarily  inferred,  liiat  the  dill'erences  now  oliservahle  in  mankind 
ari'  owini;  s(dtdy  to  vicissitudes  of  climate,  locality,  habits  of  life,  and  various 
collateral  circumstances. 

Without  atfemptini;  to  pursue  tliis  intricate  ([uestion  in  detail,  we  niav 
ini|\iire.  whether  it  is  not  more  eousi-,tent  willi  the  known  government  of  the 
universe  to  snpp!)se.  that  the  same  Omnipotence  that  created  man.  would  adapt 

•  Sl'c  D.'srriiitiim  do  ri^u'vpti ,  'I'om.'  II,  pi.  li.  ami  Tciinc  III,  pi.  10. 

+  "Tliat  llii-  threo  sons  o(  Noah  ovci-spR'ad  and  peoplrd  ih,.  wluilt)  .•arth,  is  so  fxpivssly  stated 
HI  Si:ri|.lurc  llial,  liad  we  not  lo  arL'ur  a-ainst  those  who  iinl'oilnnalely  disbelieve  siieli  evideiiee,  we 
ini.'lu  here  stop:  1. 1  lis.  howov.jr,  iiii|nnv  how  lar  ihr  truth  of  this  doelaratioii  is  siihstaiiliated  by 
other  considi'i-ations,  l-jioiiu'h  has  been  said  to  show  that  then'  is  a  eiirioiis,  if  not  a  reinarkablo 
aiialotry  lii-tween  the  predietioiis  ol'  .Noah  on  the  t'ntiire  desei'iidants  of  his  tiircu  sons,  .-ind  the  actual 
slate  of  those  races  wlileli  are  ueni'rally  supposed  to  have  sprung  t'roin  them.  It  may  hen'  be'  airaiii 
remarked,  that,  to  render  the  subj'et  more  elear,  we  have  ado]ited  the  (luiiiary  arram:.'nient  of 
l'rofes.sor  liUmienbach  ;  yet  that  Cum.  r  tiiid  other  learneil  [.hysioNyists  are  of  opini'.n  that  the 
jtrhuiin/  varieties  of  the  human  form  are  more  properly  but  //irn;  viz:  the  Caueasiaii,  .Mongolian, 
ami  l-',lhiopian.  This  luimlier  eoriesponils  with  that  of  .Noah's  sons:  assigiiiiiir,  then-fore,  llie' 
.Mongolian  r;iee  to  .laplieth,  and  llir  ]-:ihiopiau  lo  Ham,  the  Caueasian,  the  noblest  raee,  will  belong' 
to  Sheiii,  the  third  sou  ol'  .Noah,  himself  deseended  I'rom  Si-tli,  the  ihinl  son  of  Adam.  That  Iho 
primiin/  distinctions  of  the  liiimau  varie'lies  an-  but  l/irvr.  has  been  farther  maintained  bv  the  erudite 
I'riehani,  who,  while  he  icjoeis  the  iiomeiielalure  bnih  >•(  Hluiii'-nbaeh  ami  Ciivier,  as  implviiig 
iiImjIuIc  divisions,  arraiiL'es  tin'  l.jadiii-  varieties  of  the  human  skull  under  tiiree  sections,  dill'rriii- 
from  those  of  f'uvior  only  by  uamo.  That  the  Hirre  .sons  of  .Noah  who  wore  to  'replenish  the 
I'arth,'  and  on  whose  progeny  very  opposite  di'stinie'S  were  pronoimeed,  should  ulve  birlli  lo  dill'erent 
races,  is  what  imi;ht  reasonably  be  eonjeetured.  Hut  that  the  observations  of  tlio.se  who  do.  and  of 
those  who  do  not  belii've  th.'  .Mosaic  history,  should  tend  to  eonlirni  its  truth,  by  pointiim  out  in 
what  these  thn'e  races  do  aeinally  dill'er,  both  physically  and  morally,  is,  to  say  the  leasl,  a  singular 
romcidence.  It  amounts,  m  .short,  to  ,in  suinptivo  evid.-nr,.,  ,h:,t  a  mysterious  and  very  boamiful 
analogy  pervades  throULdioiit,  and  teaches  ns  to  look  be'vond  n:,lural  cau.se.s,  in  attemptlng'io  accoiml 
for  elTects  apparently  interwoven  in  the  plans  of  ()mnipoleiicc."-.MeHU..vv,  l-:nc>/c.  of  (leog.  p.  2",. 


i 


VARIETIES  OF  THE  IIU.MAN  SPECIES. 


tiial 

Mill 

111' 

tiM' 

llaii, 
111.' 

lllIlL' 

Ih.^ 

Ulltl! 

■illi,' 

•nil-' 

tin; 

.■ri'iil 

.1  ..r 

Ul    III 

jiihir 
ililiil 

OUIlt 

2,5,'>. 


him  at  oiirc  to  llic  physical,  as  well  as  to  tlic  nuiral*  ciicMmistaiiccs  in  \vliich  hi' 
was  to  ihvcll  ujMiu  tin;  cartli  ?  It  is  iiuk'cd  dilliciilt  to  imaiiiiic  tlia(  an  all-wist' 
I'roviikiicc.  al'tcr  having  hy  the  Dcluuic  distroycil  all  nianUind  cxccptiiiii  the 
I'aniily  of  Noah,  should  Icavi-  these  to  eonihat.  and  Avith  secnuMiiiy  uncertain  and 
inadetpiate  means,  the  various  external  causes  that  tended  to  oppose  tlie  ureat 
id)jeot  of  their  dispersion:  and  we  are  left  to  the  reasonahle  conclusio'i.  tlial  i  acli 
Race  was  adapted  from  the  heiiinninji  to  its  peculiar  local  destination.  In  'ilher 
words,  it  is  assumed,  that  the  physical  charaeti  rislio  \vhich  distinguish  the  dillen  nl 
Races,  are  independent  of  extt'rnal  causes. 

Such  appear  to  have  heeu  the  primitive  distinctions  among  men  :  hut  hostile 
invasions,  tlu^  migrator}  hahits  ol'  some  trilies.  and  the  casual  dispersion  of  others 
into  remote  localities,  have  a  constant  tendency  to  coiifnund  these  peculiarities:  and 
the  proximity  of  two  races  has  uniformly  given  ri^e  to  an  intermediate  variety, 
partaking  of  tin,'  cliai'acters  of  hotli.  \vitliout  heiiig  identical  \\ith  either:  tiiese  are 
called  Dii.rrd  niccn. 

The  grouping  of  mankiiul  into  Races,  has  occu])ied  the  ingenuity  of  many  of 
tile  hest  naturalists  of  the  pa^t  and  present  century:  and  lure  again  \\i' ohserve 
that  diversity  of  opinion  wiiich  is  so  freciuent  in  human  researches.  Linna'us 
referred  all  the  human  family  to  hve  races,  vi/, :  tiie  American,  the  European,  tiie 
Asiatic,  ami  tiie  African,  and  individuals  of  jireternalural  confornudion.  Tin' 
Count  de  BuH'on  proposed  ^ix  great  divisions,  viz:  I.  The  Ilyperliorean  or  La[>- 
landei'.  which  emliraces  the  I'olar  nations. — 2,  'i'lie  Tartar,  which  includes  tlir 
eastern  anil  central  nations  of  Asia. — 3.  The  Southern  Asiatic,  \vhich  emi)races 
the  South  Sea  Islanders. — I.  The  iMiropean. —  "i,  'I'he  Ethiopian. — And  fi.  The 
American.  At  a  suliseiiuent  peiioil  Hullon  reduced  the  races  to  live,  by  grouping 
tile  Laplanders  with  the  Tartars,  inasmuch  as  he  regarded  the  one  as  a  degenerate 
hranch  of  the  other. t 

More  recently  Profes-or  lihuneiiliach.  of  (Jottingen,  to  whom  tliis  department 
of  science  is  under  great  obligations,  has  adopted  the  arrangenunt  of  Hidlbn  ; 
changing  the  names,  however,  of  smne  of  the  divisions,  and  assigning,  with  much 
greater  accuracy,  their  geographical  distribution.  Thus,  the  Laplaiuler  and  Tartar 
of  IJidl'on  constitute  tlie  Mongolian  varit  ty  of  Rlumenbacli :  the  Southern  Asiatic 
of  the  one  corresponds  to  the  ^lalay  of  the  othei':  and  the  European  and  Caucasian 
represent  the  same  i)eo|)le  in  l)oth  arrangenunts. 

The  system  of  the  celiiirated  Cuvier  is  >till  more  elenuntary.  for  it  proposes 


(U:ni;sis,  IX,  2'),  2li,  JT. 


t  SoNMN-r-  liuKfdV,  \X.  ]i.   I  JO,  &C. 


4  YARIirriES  OF  'I'lIE  HUMAN  SPECIES. 

time  nicis  (inly:  llic  Caucasian,  Aloiisdliim,  and  Etliiojiian:  hut  tin- author  licsilatcs 
to  n  IV  r  (o  cither  ol'  these,  tlie  Malap,  the  Papuas,  tlic  Austrahans.  anil  the  South 
Sea  Islanders.* 

At  the  other  extreme  is  .'Malle-Hrun.  the  distinnuislied  u;eoi;rai)hcr.  whn 
en\inieralcs  sixteen  races,  (d"  whicii  the  Anuriean  nations  form  hut  (Uie.t 

Much  has  also  heen  \vritt<'n  in  rerereiiee  to  the  Hiii/i/  of  the  hunian  species: 
the  anirniative  opinion  is  sustained  hy  Linna'iis.  JiliMuenbach.  Cuvier,  and  many 
other  distiuiiuished  naturalists;  yet.  on  the  contrary.  Virey  has  divided  mankind 
into  two  species,  Dunioulin  into  ileven,  and  IJory  into  no  less  than  lil'tcen.t 
Finally,  a  French  professor,  overstcp|)inu;  the  harriers  of  reason  and  nature,  has 
attempted  to  establish  seveial  suliiicnera.^ 

Such  wide  diU'erences  of  o])inion  have  led  some  persons  to  reject  alhdassification 
in  Anthropology:  hut  tlie  same  olijeetions  would  apjily -with  eipial  force  to  t Ik 
wliole  range  of  Natural  Science,  wiiich,  divested  of  arranncnu'nt.  presents  an 
uninviting  chaos.  ^\s  (uir  nuans  of  c(Hupariug  the  races  nf  nu'u  heconu'  more 
exteiuled.  our  ela^silication  will  of  cour-e  improve:  and  meanwhile  we  must  rest 
(■'intent  with  an  appniximatiiui  to  accuracy.  It  may  here  lie  remarked,  that  two 
leading  features  e(in--titiite  the  ]);i^U  of  mo^l  of  the  attem|)ted  classilications  of  the 
human  species;  one  of  llicsc  jv  ciijlcd  the  p/iij.sirii/.  {\u-  otiier  the  rlhn()s;niphic 
nnlhod.  In  the  foriuer.  mankind  are  grouped  in  great  divisicins  characterised  hy 
^imilai'ily  of  extei-ior  eonrdrmatioii :  wiiilc  ou  the  la>l  mentioned  plan,  tlie  arran^'e- 
lu.nt  is  liascd  on  analogio  iif  language.  Each  of  tiie-e  ^--tems  has  its  advocates 
In  111!' exclusion  of  the  other:  imt  it  is  reasonalilc  to  suppo^e  that  nudliod  most 
natural  and  compn  heii'-ive  wliicli  is  derived  from  lioth  these  sonrcc^.  ns  well  as 
from  ail  others  wiiich  tend  to  (^liliii-h  analogic-,  anion;;-  nun.  In  order  to 
eomliiiie.  as  far  as  possihie.  all  these  advantage^;.  i|  i^  iiroposed  in  this  jijace  to 
consider  tlie   hiini.iu  specie-  as  CDiisi-ting  of  liciiihi-hro  fdiiii/ii.s: 

It  is  necesstry.  however,  to  premi-e.  that  tliev  familie-  are  imt  assumed  as 
identical  with  I'aces.  hut  merely  as  groups  of  nations  po-ses-in^-.  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  similarity  of  physical  and  moral  eiiaracler.  ;ind  lann'u:iL;e.  Some  of 
tliese   families  pos-e-s.  it,  is  true,  the  peculiarities  of  the  aboriginal  races  to  which 


■  If^L'iie  Aiiim.  1.  ^  I. 

■  ^r-   Hnitv   ni;   ^r.  \'iM  ::n|-.  ■!'.  I.  p.  '1-,.— I    lnv.'   iii.l   Ihth   ;i!,l,:   |,,    fairl    iln-^  e::ibsifii."Uiiiii   iii 
M:ill''-lSniii,  .  (I.  (--.iJ. 

II. Ml.  I,|l.  vi. 

§  liuuc,  lOxsai  sill-  lis  Races  1  [uinaines,  l.s.'iLi. 


wlio 


VAuiirriEs  OF  tiik  human  species.  ;j 

lin;v  bfluijn';  hill  oUr'Is  iirc  dl'  mixed  miuI  very  divcrst  cxfractiiin,  and  (d' ('(nnj);!!';!- 
livtly  ici'cnt  oi'iiiiii. 

IJcliiviim-.  Iiiiwivcr,  as  1  dn.  in  tiic  |»riniitivc  distrilmlioii  of  mankind  into 
lace-  in  (lie  Miivc  already  ixpiaiacd.  3  it  iicini;-  unjtrcparcil  Id  nlH  r  any  lliini;-  new 
(111  ihi  Milijrct.  I  >liall.  fur  llic  present  at  least,  adopt  tln'  arranneim^nt  of  I'ldlessor 
iJlumenliacii  a>  respects  these  liTcat  divisions:'  I'or  altliounh  his  system  is  ohvioiislv 
iMiperlect.  ut  it  is.  perhaps,  the  most  complL'te  that  has  hitherto  been  attempted. 


I.  THE  CAUCASIAN   RACE. 

'i'he  Caucasian  l?ace  is  characterised  hy  a  naturally  lair  skin,  susceptilde  ol 
every  tint:  hair  line.  Iiui^  and  curlinj;-.  and  of  various  colors.  The  sknll  is  larne 
liid  oval,  and  it^  anterior  portion  full  and  elevated,  'i'iic  face  is  small  in  propor- 
tion to  the  head,  of  an  oval  form,  with  well-proportioned  features.  The  nasal 
hones  aiv  arched,  the  chin  full,  and  the  teeth  vertical.  This  race  is  distinguished 
lor  the  facility  with  wliich  it  attains  the  jiijihcst  inteilectuai  endowments. 

I .  'I'lu'  Caucasian  !''amil_\ . 

1.  The  (jermauic  I''amily. 

i.  Tile  Celtic  ramily. 

1.  The  Aialuan  Family. 

■).  The  Libyan  Family. 

(i.  The  Nilotic  Family. 

7     Tile  Indostanic  Family. 

H.  THE  MONtiOLIAN  1?ACE. 

Tiiis  ureat  division  of  the  human  species  is  cliaracttrised  by  a  sillow  or  olive 
colored  skin,  which  appears  to  be  drawn  tij-bt  over  the  bones  of  the  face;  lonu. 
black.  St  raiiiht  hair,  and  tliin  beard.  Tiie  nose  is  broad,  and  short:  the  eyes  are 
small,  black,  and  obliquely  placed,  and  Ihe  eye-lirows  arched  and  linear:  the  lips 
aiv  turned,  the  cheek  bones  broad  and  Hat.  and  the  zygomatic  arches  salient. 
'I'he  skull  is  oblong-oval,  somewhat,  llatteiied  at  the  sides,  with  a  low  forehead. 
In  their  intellectual  character  the  ^Mongolians  are  ingenious,  imitative,  and  liigiilv 
susceptible  of  cultivation. 


*  Ii  will  lie  olisiM-vrJ.  howeVLT,  that  llir  \vr.n\  race  is  sulist, luted  lor  !■(/;•  ;V/i/,  and  the  oriler  in 
uiiicli  these  divisions  follow  eaeh  dtlierin  lilumenlaeh  is  somewhat  cli:uiL'ed;  llt/c  15Lc.Mi;.\B.\eii,  /Je 
(•III.  I/ioiKiiii  I'ur.  Xat.  p.  '.>8.'i. 


'•  VAHIF/riES  OF  'I'lIK  IIIT>IA\  SPECIES. 

s.  The  .>[()ii,u;(i|-Tiirtiir  Kiiiiiily. 

)».  Tlic  Turkish  Eimiily. 

10.  The  Chinese  Kiunily. 

11.  Tlie  Iiidd-Cliiiitse  Family. 
l.>.  The  Polar  Family. 

III.  THE  -MALAY  HACE. 

Tlie  Malay  Race  is  eharaeterised  hy  a  dark  comph'xiaii.  varying  IVimi  ,i 
lawny  hue  to  a  very  dark  hrown.  Their  hair  is  I. lack,  coarse  and  lank,  and  Iheir 
eye-lids  drawn  (ddi(iuely  u])wards  at  the  outer  anvils.  The  mouth  and  lips  are 
larnc  and  the  nose  is  -hort  and  hroad.  and  apparently  hroken  at  its  root.  'I'he 
lace  is  Hat  and  expanded,  the  upjicr  jaw  projecting,  and  the  teeth  sali(  nt.  'I'lie 
skull  is  high  and  sijuared  or  rounded,  and  the  forehead  low  and  hroad.  This  race 
i-  active  ami  ingenious,  and  possesses  all  tlie  hal)its  of  a  migratory,  predaceous  and 
maritiuH'  p(M)ple, 

l.{.   TIk   Malay  Family. 

1  I.   The  Polyue-ian  Family. 

IV.  Tin:  a:\ierica.\  race. 

Till'  American  Race  is  mark(  d  liy  a  hrowii  complexion,  long,  hlack.  lank 
liiiir.  and  deticieut  heard.  The  eyes  are  hlack  ami  deeji  set,  Hie  hrow  low.  the 
ehe(  k-hones  hin-li.  Ill,,  iiiise  |ai;;e  and  aiiuiiiue.  the  mouth  large,  and  the  lip«. 
tumid  and  compressed.  Tlie  sluill  is  small,  wide  helween  th:'  |)arietal  protu- 
li.ranees.  pnuniueul  at  the  vrrlex.  and  Hat  <m  the  oceii.ut.  In  their  uieui.il 
character  the  Americans  aiv  averse  to  cultivation,  and  s|,,\v  in  aciiuii'ini;-  know- 
ledge: restless,  reveiigej'ul.  ai.d  t'nud  of  war.  and  wliidly  desijinte  of  maritime 
adventure. 

1  ).  The  American  Family. 

l(i.  The  Toltecan  Familv. 


V.   THE  ETHIOPIAN'   RACE. 

Clinracterised  liy  a  hlack  complexion,  and  hlack.  wo(dly  hair:  the  eyes  art 
large  and  pnuiiiuent.  the  nose  hroad  and  Hat,  the  lips  thick,  and  the  mouth  wide: 
the  head   is  long  anil  narrow,  the   forehead  low.  the  cheek-bones  prominent,  the 


THK  CAUCASIAN  FAMILY. 

jaws  projcctiiia;.  and  the  cliiii  small.  In  tiispositiou  tlif  noun)  is  jiiymis. 
anil  indoKnt ;  while  tlie  many  nalinns  wliicli  composo  this  race  present  a 
diversity  of  intelleetnal  eharaeter.  oj'  whieli  the  I'ar  extreme  is  the  liiwest 
hninanity. 

17.  'Vhr  Ne^ro  Family. 

IS.  The  Callrarian  Family. 

I'».  The  Hottentot  Family. 

■20.  The  Oceanie-Neuri)  Faiiiiiy. 

21.  The  Australian  Family. 

li.  Tile  AH'orian  Familv. 


Ilexihle. 
sinijnlar 
mrade  ot 


lank 

\.    111! 

lips 
otn- 
ntal 

HIW- 

timi 


1.  TIIK  (ArcASIAN   KAMII.V. 

This  family,  the  type  of  the  Caucasian  llaee.  di  rives  its  name  from  the 
mountainous  reiiion  of  Caueasus.  intween  the  IJIaek  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  a  s])ot  to 
whieli  iii^tory  and  tradition  refer  the  primeval  family  of  man.  The  siiontaneiui^ 
fertility  of  this  tract  has  n  luh  red  it  the  hive  of  many  nations,  which  extendin;i 
their  miiiralioiis  ill  every  direction,  have  peopled  the  finest  jiortions  of  the  eaitli. 
and  iiiv(  n  liirlii  to  it>-  faire-^l  inhaliitauls.  On  the  pie<i  iit  occasion  we  propose  to 
notice  the  Caucasian  family  as  consi-tinn'  of  three  iiranclie^.  the  Canea>iaii  |)rop(  r. 
the  !*ersian,  and  the  l'elas<;ic. 

1.  The  ('iniciisiinin  jiro/Kf  are  conlined  to  the  valleys  and  mountains  of 
Caiica^u^.  'I'hey  are  exlremely  iiiimeroiiN.  and  eniiiiace  many  primitive  trihe^; 
which  diifer  in  lanunaije.  yet  p(K^(ss.  in  common,  certain  prominent  |)liy>ical 
character-.  Independent  of  the-e  aboriL'jnal  nations,  it  is  said  that  live  i;real 
immiiirations  of  foreigners  form  as  many  epochs  in  the  hi-tory  of  this  country. 
These  nation-  are  the  Lesuhi.  the  (iha-a/.es.  tiie  Moni;ols.  tiie  Aralis.  and  the 
'I'artars.  The  laimuaiies  spoken  an'  -carcidy  inferior  in  iiumher  to  the  remnant- 
of  nations.  "There  are  villages  perfectly  insulated,  each  of  which  is  a  conijilete 
nation,  whose  laniiuau;e  is  not  in  the  lea-t  comprehended  hy  the  people  in  the  next 
village  to  them,  and  is  spokin  iiowlu  re  (dse."*  Hence  the  ohservation  of  Major 
Rennel.  that  tliis  remarkahle  tract.  Mliich  forms  an  isthmus  hetweeii  the  nation^ 
of  the  north  and  south,  -eeiiis  to  have  retained  a  specimen  (d'  each  passincr  tribe 
from  the  dale  of  the  earlie-t  migration. f 

A  few  only  of  the  most  pnuninenl  of  the-e  naliou-i  will  he  noticed  on  the 
present  occasion. 


TooKK.'s  Kussi;i.  II,  11.  107. 


I'liKVcAN.  (';iiic;isu-^.  \>.  jl. 


J 


N  \  Amrni.s  ov  'iiik  in  man  simxiks. 

TUv  Cimissidiis*  liiivc  Imiii  lucii  ci  lilnntcil  lur  sii|i(iiiir  pcrxdiiiil  (iiiln\Miiiiil>. 
'I'lir  111(11  ,irc  ilisliii:;iii-.|iiil  hv  the  (Icniiiicr  (if  lliiir  sli;i|ic:  tlicir  sliitmc  xldoin 
i\i(  ( lU  llic  niiiidh  sj/c.  _Mt  (li(_\  an  allilclic  ami  iiiiiM'iilar  willioiit  liciiii;  coiiiiiU'iil. 
'I'lir  WdUK  II  have  allraclcd  llic  alh  nliiui  and  cimuiiaiidiil  tlic  adiiiiiMliiiii  mI'  all 
tra\(ll(r>:  iKir  can  I  Ik  it  lie  a  (jin  slimi  thai  in  ix(|iiisitc  lieauly  ol  I'lirni  and 
i:racrriilin'^>  iif  inainicr.  liirv  suipavs  all  (itinr  |i(ii|ilr.  'I'licy  an-  di>lin^ni>li((l  hv 
a  lair  ^Liii.  ar(di(d  aiid  iiaiinw  cMhidws.  \(v\  |(iiil;  cMlaslio.  and  Idack  ryt  •»  and 
hair.  'I'licir  |)iidilr  a|i|)r(ia(li(s  in  an  >t  llu  (irccian  ni(id(  I.  and  Tails  little  slmrl  (d 
the  iH'au-idial  of  (•la^»i(•  scnljitiirc. 

or  all  llic  Circassians  tin  trilic  called  No/talitiizi  [ircsciils  llie  nmsl  uciieral 
dillu-idii  (if  p(  r-(inal  Ixanty.  .Mr.  S|ieiicer  asserts,  in  liis  late  travels  ainmiii-  tlieni. 
Ilial  e\e!y  iiidi\  idii;il  lie  saw  \\as  decidtdly  liandsnnie.t 

The  Circassians  are  sjn  pluids  ;in(l  aiiiicnltiirists ;  and  altlidnnh  iiulnli  nt  in 
field  iaJMir.  they  are  exlrenn  ly  active  and  vii^ilant  in  war.  which  is  tlu  ir  laMiijte 
pastime.  'I'liey  pass  nnudi  (d'  th(  ir  time  in  huntini;.  and  in  makiiin'  |iredater\ 
exciiisidns  aimim;-  the  adjic(nt  Irihes.  Like  (he  Arahs.  they  allect  ureal  luispilality. 
hiil  they  are  at  the  s;ime  time  silfisli  and  deceitful.  Contrary  to  the  common 
iinpressidii.  they  seldom  sill  their  (jwn  women  to  the  'I'lirks ;  for  this  tndlic  is 
mainly  snpported  liy  mifortimate  captives  from  the  diHereiit  pmvinccs  of  Georgia. J 
The  Ciirulshi  tribe  have,  hy  a  siiiunlar  misnomer.  Iiccu  called  IJlack  Circas- 
sians :  wheiu'as  their  complexions,  says  I'ather  Lamlierti.  are  very  fair :  and  he 
adds.  ••  thai  this  name  was  proliahly  liiven  lliem  only  hecause  the  atmosphere  (d' 
the  country  is  ah\ays  iiloomy  and  o\ercast  with  clouds."^ 

The  (l(t)rii;i(nix[\VK  not  less  heantiful  than  the  Circassians,  posscssinu;  the  same 
sl_\  h  of  fealmcs.  hilt  a  darker  complexion. j]  The}  are  cxtrcnudy  vain  (d'  their 
|ieisoiial  (harms,  ami  eiuhavor  to  enhance  tlieni  hy  dyini;  tlicir  hair,  paintinii  their 
faces,  and  niakim;'  their  eyelirows  join  in  a  contimions  line.^  The  Georgians  are 
li^s  warlike  than  the  Circassians,  hut  mncdi  iikjic  literary  and  r(lhied  ;  they  are 
loud  id'  poetry,  and  have  a  national  love  id'  miisic. 


•  Tlirv  I'lll  !Iii'IiimIv,><  Atli-lh',  1)1-  A'li'.' ',  Tlii'V  arc  llir  /y  lii  (if  the  tiivuiis  ami  Lalais,  and 
till'  'rciii'i-kcss  ,,r  ill,.  Iiiivs|:iii^. 

t   Trin-.  Ill  ('ir,':is^i;i,  1 1,  p.  j  i ',. 

1   Ki. APKOi  11,  (':ni(':isiH,  |i.  ,iJl, 

§  lluii..ii.  -'s„. 

!'  I'lioK,  lii.rMKNini  II  lias  li.'iii'i  il  lli';  skuil  iil'  a  (u-i'rL'ian  K-iiKik',  to  iliiistrntu  iho  pi  iloct 
]i|o|iorliiins  111  (111.  ('aiii;a.-i;ui  licail, — Dirnd.  Cran.,  'ral).  XM. 

•■  I'liK.vi;  \N.  'I'lav.  ill  (.'ailcaMis.  |i.  l:!(i. 


M'ltldlll 

linU'iil. 
II  nl'  nil 

I'm  mid 
JH'd  li,v 
yes  iiiKJ 
<l|n|'l   dl' 


IK  ml 


iKiii 


)|i'iit  ill 
fiiMiriic 
i'il;it(ir\ 

MllliilV. 


illlllKIII 


liillic  is 
'Di'i^iii.J 
Circas- 

llul     III' 

luiT  (if 


I'  their 


licir 


IIS   Mlf 


•y  '"•• 


HIS,  and 


THK  CAUCASIAN   FAMILY.  <» 

Till'  .'Jlxi.s.siiiii.s,  who  cull  IIiciiimIms  .'IIikii,'.  ••  ayv  (iix(iiiniii>.h(Ml  j'runi  nil 
the  iiiii;hlM)riii^  nnliniis  hy  liuir  nari'iiw  Cnco.  hy  llii'  rmiiif  nC  (licir  heads,  which 
are  eoniliressed  mi  Imlii  sides,  iiy  the  sjinitliess  id'  the  I(i\m  r  [lai'l  cd'  the  lace,  hy 
llieir  |iioniiiieiit  iinses.  mid  dai'k  hmwii  hair."  They  apiienr  to  he  ihe  ahoii^inal 
iiihaldtaiils  (d'  the  iioithwesi  pm't  of  Caucasus,  liiil  iiave  lieen  reduced  to  a  iik  re 
Irilie  hy  constant  feuds  with  tiie  Circassians.  'Their  lan^uanc  has  no  resemldaiice 
to  any  known  Asiatic  or  lOnropean  toniiiie.* 

'The  ()nsiliiiiini>i.  or  Irrni.  are  ,1  men  horde  of  lapacimis  liaiiditli.  s|ieakiiin  a 
lan,iiiiau;e  allied  to  the  Persian. 

The  liiiHiclns  and  A'/.s7,v  ;ne  also  lawless  coinniuiiilies.  who  live  hy  hunting 
and  plunder.  ;ind  r(di  for  honor  as  wi  II  as  from  necessity.  The\-  worship  one 
(iod.  witiiout  either  saints  or  idols.  Similar  to  these  me  those  nioiintaiiieers  (d' 
Dairhestaii.  called  Tawliii/.i  and  lics^hi  :  liviii;;-  in  inaccessjldi'  retreats,  they 
descend  into  the  valleys  for  niutual  depredatimi.  and  to  pillai;-e  travellers. t  Their 
laiiitnaiie  is  peculiar  lo  themselves,  c.vceptinj;  a  few  words  which  I'esemhie  the 
Samoyede  toniiiie.:]: 

It  is  (liilicnit  to  foi'iii  a  just  estimate  o|'  many  (d'  these  tiijirs.  who  are.  on  the 
one  hand.  de:;raded  hy  the  Malioinedaii  faith,  and  on  V.w  cdlier  oppressed  |i\  (lie 
i;raspinn'  |)oiicy  of  tiie  ]{nssiaus.  Of  their  iiitt  lli;;(iice  and  hravery  there  can  he 
|uestion:    and   their    moral    per('e|dions.   under    the    iidluence  of  an   e(|uitahle 


no  I 


i;overiinienl.  would  no  douht  assume  a  inmdi  more  I'avmalile  aspect. 

I.   The  /'irxidii.s.  who  constitute  the  eastern   hramdi  id'  the  Caucasian  faiiiih'. 
ve    heen    ct  h  hraled    from    re  inoli     aiiti(|nity    for   their    liii^li    civilisation,    their 
their   successful  valor.      IJul  since  the  seventh  ceiitiirv  of  our 


lia 


iiati(Mial   { 


iriile   anil 


era.  tins  country  has  heen  successively  invaded  and  conquered  hy  the  Saracens. 
Monii'ols  and  Tartars,  whose  amalnamalion  with  the  native  inhaliilanfs  has  |)ro- 
dnced.  especially  in  the  lari.',i'  towns,  a  veiy  mixed  population.  It  is  (diietlv 
amoiii!;  the  mountain  trihes  tiiat  the  indigenous  Persians  are  at  present  found. 
They  are  a  line,  athletic  penpie.  with  liood  yet  slroiii;'  features,  which  travidlers 
compare  to  those  of  the  lliiihlandeis  of  Scotland.  Theii'  complexion  is  naturallv 
sallow,  and  hecomes  hrown  from  constant  ex|)osure :  and  in  the  ])riiviiice  of 
Maziinderan.  .Mr.  I'''ra/.er  saw  some  iniiividuals  who  were  almost  hlack.^  Similar 
in  exterior  to  the  foi'nier  are  the    maiiv  trihes  of  the  mountains  of  Talesh.  whose 


pri'lofl 


I  I.Al'llDlil 


p.  J  17 


!■■ 


lo'vc,  \N.  Cinii'isus.  p. 


IC1.1.IS,  Caucasian  Nalioiis,  p.  l:i 


Jj  'l'ra\ .  in  I'l 


,  p.  50. 


I(t 


VAuir/nr.s  ok  tiik  human  simu  iks. 


I'lipiUMiMisiic-is  ami  cnirhy  urc  a  iirovcili  in  l'ii>ia.  'I'lir  ilaiiijIitriN  nl'  ili(»r 
iiiiiiiMtaiiirciN.  iMpci'iall)'  in  IIh'  |iiii\ini     "''  (ilulaii,  arc  rxIniiK  l>  liraiiliriil. 

In  till'  tii\vn«.  I'l'iMn  i-auso  aln  lulv  nunl 'imd,  llu'  iiilialiilanl>  |ii  tm  iil  a  very 
ilillirrnl  a<>|it'('t ;  I'lU'  llir  luni;  ailniixliiii'  nl'  (inii^jan  and  ('ii'('as>ian  IiIimkI  lias  dune 
nnicli  III  iiiipiiivf  llic  'I'arlar  iiliysiniinnniy  ol'  Ilir  rural  trilns.  ami  llir  simirwliat 
heavy  liu;iin*  ami  "-alliiw  ciilni'  nl'  llir  nrisiinal  rir»iaii>. 

•■  \l  liir  iin-ciil  iiin."  ■ia\s  Cliarilin.  "  lln  re  i>^  xMrcily  a  man  nl'  rank  in 
I'liNia  wliiiM'  imilliir  i-<  imt  rilliii'  a  (iiiiri^ian  nr  ('irca>i«iaii.  Tin'  Kim;  liitnscll' 
is  niii'^lly  ilrrivril,  mi  lln  inalrrnal  ^iilr,  Irimi  this  ixntic  snnrcc  ;  ami  as  it  is  a  Inni; 
linir  sincr  this  niivliirr  ciininii'm'i'il.  thi'  wmnrn  nj'  I'rrsia  liavr  also  ht'ciinir  ninch 
imiri'  hiaiililiil.  lhiiui;h  Ihry  du  nut  ri|iial  thnsc  nj' (inir^ia.  As  fur  Ihi'  nnn.  they 
art'  i;rm'rally  tall  and  iri'ct.  with  a  uracil'iil  nianmr  and  asirnahli'  di  purlimnt."* 

Till'  niiidci'ii  I'l'Psians  ari'  pnlilr  and  piilisliiil  in  thi'ir  inanmrs.  and  cxlrava- 
uaiilly  adilicti'd  In  llatlcry.  Tiny  an'  iilisi'(|niiins  (n  Ihrir  supi  I'iuis,  hut  a  Hi  it  In 
lif^pisr  all  l'nrii'j;nris.  They  arr  prnvrrliial  adipts  in  dii'iptinii.  and  likr  tlu' 
Arahs.  makr  a  iiniil  nf  Ihrir  I'lamls  wlun  tlirsi'  havi'  hirii  practisid  with  admit- 
iii'ss.  Till  y  ari'  livrly  and  iiiiau;inativi'.  I'lind  id  music  and  iincliy.  and  idnlisc  the 
names  nj'  lialc/.  and  Saadi.  The  I'crsiaii  lanunani  is  a  dialed  id'  that  id'  Fars.  ami 
i>  used  in  pill  try  and  ;iencral  lili  raturc  hut  the  Turkish  is  the  court  lany;uaa;e. 
The  present  rulers  1)1'  Persia  (wlm  are  Tartars  nl'  the  Kiijiir  race)  have,  id'  cmir.sc. 
estalilished  Mahiiiiiedanisin  as  the  slate  nlii^iim:  hiit  the  (ihehres  and  I'arsees  still 
worship  lire  as  the  iiiihleni  oi'  the  Siipiiine  Hi  iiitj.  The  i^nat  Imily  of  this  sect, 
howcvrr.  was  iliiNen  Ifoni  I'ei'sia  hy  llie  Arahs  umlir  the  Clialil'  Omar  in  the 
seventh  century.  They  estaldished  lln'mselves  in  India,  and  especially  in  the 
province  of  Sural,  where  liny  are  s|il|  niimi mils,  and  constiliite  an  indiislrioiis 
|iopiilation. 

The  //ii/ti/s.  or  wandeiiiiLi;  trilns  of  Persia,  are  chielly  of  exotic  extraction, 
and  form  a  distinct  hoily  nl  pi  ii|de.  Morier  coiii|)ari's  them  lo  Ionian  shoots, 
urafti'd  on  the  oriiiinal  Persian  stuck.  Tiny  date  frnm  the  com|iiest  hy  the 
Saracens.  .\.  I).  ti')l.  and  their  niimhers  were  aiiicmented  during  the  siihseiinent 
invasions  of  (ii  niihiz  and  'i'aiiierlane.  They  are  of  M(»nu;ol-Tarlar  extraction,  hut 
have  min;ile(l  for  centuries  with  tiie  Persians,  to  \\honi  they  have  imparted  their 
rovins;  prii|)ensities.  They  are  iiy  turns  cultivators,  shepherds,  soldiers,  and  free- 
hooters. t 


*  CiiAuinN,  Vuy.  II,  |i.  31. 


Mdiiir.;:,  iii  .luiir.  Ifov.  (Irni.',  Slu'.,  VII,  p.  'J:!il- 


Tin:  CAUCASIAN    I' AMILY. 


II 


III'     llioc 

llll. 

lit   il   VITJt 

llil>  (lllllc 

<<MIM  wlint 


t'.iiik   ill 

a  iiiiiiM'ir 

i^  II  l((iii{ 

III'    lllllcll 

nil.  Ility 


III  III 


•  xliavn- 
.illrct  to 
like  thr 
Il  adrnil- 
iiliM'  llll' 


iirs.  and 


iii^'iiau'iv 


(•i>iii'>f. 
•i"^  >(ill 


lis    X'C'I 


ill   the 
ill  till' 


ll>(^lllll^ 


racliiiii. 

sll()l)t>. 

Iiy  till' 

iCIIllt'Ilt 
nil.  Iillt 

il  tliiir 
d  lict- 


Tlif  iiilialiilaiit'*  "I"  AiiiiUNHTVN.  mi  tlir  A'wit  iil'  I'li^ia,  arc  iii-o  nf  tlir 
Caucasian  la.iily.  Tlic)  arc  sjiaii'  in  |ii'i>iiii.  stmim  anil  Imiiy.  Tin  ir  imsi  >  arc 
|)t'iiiiiiiii'iit  and  a(|(lilinc.  Ilicir  clici  k  liniii"..  lii'j;li,  tin  ir  laces  luiiu;.  Tin  ir  iiiiiiincr 
is  siiiiiularly  111  j>italili'  (>.  >li  iiiit  rs.  at  llic  mhiic  iIiih'  liial  tin  ir  li\cs  mic  iiinstly 
snciit  i"  pri'datiiry  \j(d'iici'  mi  i))r  iici'j;liliiiiiiin  pinviiici  s.  or  jiassjiin  cai'a\aiis. 
Tlicir  ciis((i,  -  nscnilili  iIk"  »(  thr  Arili*.  I'luin  wIhuii  liny  claim  dc-ci  iit  ;  lur. 
altliiHinli  tiny  di  •'|iisc  a  .lew,  tin  \  i  ill  tlniiisclvc-  Jliiii  hriitl — the  cliildnn  oj 
Nrail.  winner  -diiu    wiitrrs  Miiijidsr  llicm  I  .  In   .lews  <'oiivertid  In  .Mainlined 


III- 


Slll. 


Kinuilistan.  tn  tlie  east  III  the  'l'i;;ii  Hid  |irii\iiiiaie  to  I'l  rsia.  is  inlialiited  h^ 
two  siirts  III'  |ieii|)le,  llie  elaii»iiii  II,  nr  military  KmntK.  and  llic  iieasants.  ur  ciiltiva- 
tiirs.  till'  latter  lieiiij;  literally  tlie  liiiinlsiiieii  ol  tlie  lormer.  •• 'I'lie  |ieas;int."  sa\s 
Mr.  Ilicli.  "is  in  a  niiiiiieiit  to  lie  ilislinu;iiisln'd.  Iiiilli  in  ciiiinleiianei'  and  speech, 
rrmii  till'  true  Iriliesman  :  imr  wmild  it  lie  piissilile  t'nr  liim  In  pass  hinisell'  Inr  lii» 
ciiiintryman  nl'  nnliler  raci'.  'I'lie  dill'ercnce  in  pli_\-iMi;niiiiiy  lielweeii  the  clans- 
man and  peasant  Kmird  is  perleelly  distiicj;ni'halile.  'I'lie  latter  has  ■,\  much 
siit'tcr.  and  mure  regular  cniiiiteiianee ;  the  t'eatiires  jne  Miiiietiines  i|niti' (in  eian. 
'I'lie  trilii-iiian  is  mme  what  is  called  a  lianl-l'eatiiieil  man.  with  a  thick,  pmrni- 
in  III  I'liieheail.  aliriipt  lines,  and  eyis  smik  in  his  head,  which  are  usually  lixed  in 
a  kind  nt'  stare.  \a'^\\\  uray.  and  even  liliie.  is  a  ciiminnn  cnlnr  I'ur  the  eM'."t 
They  treat  their  womcii  mure  kindly  than  either  the  Turks  or  I'ersiaiis,  and  have 
a  hetler  idea  of  domestic  comtnrt;  yet  they  are  haii^lily  and  cruel,  fund  of  war 
and  pillane,  and  li;j;lit  annimj  themselves  when  they  have  nn  cnmmiiii  enemy. J 

.(.  'I'lic  I'lliinixir  /irtinc/i  derives  its  name  I'rnm  the  l'ela-'.ii,  w  Im  are  lir^t 
meiitiiined  in  histnry  as  the  iiiliahitaiit'>  uf  Thessily.  Knterprisiiin  and  miu^ratnry 
in  their  haliits.  they  spread  nver  all  (Jreece.  and  pa>siiin-  thence  iiitn  imrthern 
Italy.  i;ave  hirtli  to  the  Ktriiscaiis.  Fur  pujilical  reasniis  they  assumed  the  name 
of  Hellenes,  and  were  the  lineal  pniiieiiitnrs  of  the  (irecks  or  Acln  aiis.  It  has 
heeii  oliscrvcd  liy  a  late  writer,  that  the  (ireeks  had  no  sunne.  ohtained  the 
ch'inents  of  literature  and  the  arts  from  the  i'lio'iiicians.  than  they  advanced 
rapidly  to  the  iiiiihest  state  of  civilisation,  until  they  may  he  said  to  have  heconie. 
in  their  descendants,  the  ma-ters  of  the  world.  We  are  taiij,ht  even  froiii  oiii 
infancy  to  study  their  letters  and  their  arts,  which  are  Justly  reijarded  as  niodcN 
of  perfection,  seldom  eiinalled  and  still  more  rarely  sin'passed. 


p.  J.io, 


•  ll,\HNi:s,  Trav.  in  lioKliani,  II.  |i.  :(.'.     Wcu.ik,  Mis^,  1!.  s.  p.  l,' 


t  Ucsii' 


ciu'c  ill  Koiu'ili'-taii,  p.  s'l.  .i.'o. 


}  lliid.  \).  l.W. 


y AniiyriKs  of  tiik  human  spfxies. 


'I'll!'  immixcil  (iiccks  iiio  alinvc  tlic  niiddlf  st;\tuic.  of  liiir  iinijKiiiinii'i  and 
uraccriil  luicii.  'I'lic  lni'chcad  is  liiiili.  cxiiniidcd.  ami  but  lillli'  arcliid.  mi  that  it 
loriiK  willi  tlic  >trai^lit  and  puiiitrd  mwr.  a  luaily  icctiliiicar  dutliiic.  'J'liis 
coiilormatioii  sninrtiinc-i  imparts  an  appearance  (if  dispnipdrtion  to  tlie  npper  part 
(if  the  I'aee.  \\hieli.  Imwever.  is  in  a  ii'i'eat  measure  eonnteiacted  hy  tlie  larijeness 
III'  the  eve.  'I'lie  (Ji'eeU  I'aee  is  a  I'un  n\al,  I'.nd  sniall  in  eiim|)aris(in  In  llic 
viihiminfius  head.  'I'he  siatiies  (if  tlie  ( »l\  nipian  .lupilei.  and  tiie  Apidln  Heividere. 
I'linvi  V  an  exaet  idi  a  nf  tlie  iierl'eet  (Jreeian  cnuntenance.* 

■■  'I'iii'  wonun  iif  Cvpi'us  ,i;'e  liandsniuei-  than  tluise  (if  any  (ith(  r  (irecian 
island.     'I'liey  have  a  laller  and  indre  stalely  ri'j;ui'e  :  and  the  features,  iiai'ticularly 


thiise  (il  the  wmnen  ni  Nicosia,  are  reiinlar  and  dininlied.  exhiliilmn-  that  elevated 
cast  III'  ciiiintenaiiee  sn  universally  admired  in  the  works  of  (Jreeian  artists.  At 
present  this  kind  of  luauty  sci ms  jKcnliar  to  the  women  of  C'y|irus:  the  sort  of 
ex|)ressi(in  exhiliiled  hy  one  set  oj' features,  may  he  traced  with  ditl'ei'<nt  siradations 
ill  till  in  all.  lleiiee  were  possijiiy  derived  those  eelelirated  models  (if  female 
lieauty.  eiiiis|iieuiiiis  in  the  statues,  vases,  nudals  and  '.reins  of  (ireece."'t 

I'l i'liaps  of  all  the  |iopiilatioii  of  modern  (Jreece,  that  of  Hoiimelia  in  moral 
traits  most  risemhlc--  the  aneieiil.  ''"i'ey  are  hardy,  warlike,  and  hrave,  and  have 
never  hei  n  coiii|il(  tely  snliji-etiil  liy  the  Turks.  'I'he  iiihaliitant<  of  the  Morea — 
called  Moi'eotes.  on  the  coiitrar\.  have  hi(  n  lonn  the  ackimw  lediicd  vassals  of  the 
I'orle.  The  coasts  and  !u,iii|  Jmi.  towns  are  inhahited  hy  a  motley  jieople  of 
various  race<.  who  are  called  li_\  the  ui  uiral  name  of  (ireeks.  hut  \\lio  have  little 
claim  to  (Jnciaii  liiiean'e  or  ehac.icli  r. 

'I'he  de;ieiieralioii  of  i!ii  modem  (iricks.  however,  is  ratlier  moral  than 
physical:  for  their  alhli  lie  lin  !>.  lli.ii  lini.-ii  shonldeis  and  their  sti'diiii  liueamcnls. 
are  not  iul'i  rior  to  those  o|  i'  ,;iei-.ior-,.l. 

'i'he  Trojans,  like  the  i,.  ,-eans.  wei'c  coL;nale  wilii  the  (ireeks;  aii(!  .i'.neas. 
llyiiiii'  from  the  llaines  of  Troy,  founded  in  Italy  the  kiiiiidom  of  Allia.  The 
slrikiiej;  dill'ereiiee.  how(\ir.  helweeii  the  lioiiiau  and  (ireek  physioiiiiomy.  is 
familiar  to  all  ohsi  i-veis.  Imt  is  I'lailily  accounted  for  li_\  the  l'r(  e  intercoui's'- of 
the  primili\e   {{omaiis   with   the   sm  rdundiui;  nations,  ol'  which   tin    Hape  o|'  the 


*  li^Kv  m:  St.  \i\,  i;\  r.  l,'||,,iniM'  .  I.  |i.   I0.  '  Cukki:.  'i'liiv.  II.  |i.  ,;.)S. 

■  •■  Il  :i|p|ii  n--  I  In;  II  ijiiiii.  tmiiv  iiivi  MIC,',,  (  ..| 1,1 1  !\-  1  nil  II  1 1 II'  r.is,'  iifilii-  ( I  Inks,  1  |i,ii  iiiiiriil  I'll  uses, 

i;ir.lllli|\  lllorr  lliMli  |i!ivsiriil  ■•||vi||iis|;ii|ris,  iiillilriir.-  li;ilhili;il  rliiilMiirr,  Sinn-  lirN,  M'liiiri-S  and  IrlliTs, 
;;ii\v  lloiirisli  ,111  III, i  mill  iiimI  Ihl-l'V  ^Ihm','-.  ,i|  ihr  li:illir  ^i-i  uml  i||,'  ( IrriiKiii  nriMii,  wliilr,  (liiniii,'  a 
|iiTi,i,|  111' s,'ver:il  r,'iiiiin,-,  ii,ii  II  siii^.|,'  )i,i,'i  ,,r  |t|iii,'-,i|ilirr  lux  nrisrn  m  ilir  (■(.imiry  of  lloincraiid 
l'!:il,i."  — nii.i.wp,  /;,V;./^  "//",!/■.,  ,11, t/  Mni;il  r,;»Mv  ,1,1  Ihf  V'liinic.  I,/  X.iliiDis,  |i.  1  II. 


THE  GERMANIC  FA^NIILY. 


13 


Sabines  is  one  if  many  examples.  The  Roman  liead  dillers  from  (lie  (Jreek  in 
having  (lie  I'dreheail  hiwer  and  more  arehed.  and  (he  nose  strongly  aquiline, 
togelher  with  a  niarke,    depression  of  the  nasal  horns  helween  the  eves. 

••Look."  says  Dr.  Wiseman.  ■■■,  -..e  sareopha-i  on  wliieh  the  hiisls  are  earved 
in  relief,  or  raised  from  their  reelining  statues  on  the  lid.  or  even  exaniine  the 
series  of  imi)erial  busts  in  the  eapitol,  and  you  eaniiot  fail  to  diseover  a  striking 
type,  essentially  the  same,  from  the  wreathed  image  of  Scipio's  tomb,  to  'I'rajan  or 
Vespasian,  consisting  in  a  large  and  Hat  head,  a  low  ami  wide  forehead,  a  faei.  in 
ehildhood.  heavy  and  round— later,  broad  and  square,  a  short  and  liiiek  neek.  and 
a  st(nit  and  broad  figure.  Nor  need  we  go  far  to  find  their  desceudauts;  they  are 
to  be  found  every  day  in  the  streets,  principally  among  Hit  hnrgcsses.  or  middle 
elass.  tlie  most  invariahle  ])ortion  of  every  population."' 

During  the  p(  riod  of  Roman  greatness,  the  eidouies  of  (ireeee  and  Rome 
extended  themselves  widely  into  Spain,  ^\here  they  blended  with  llie  primitive 
Celtiheriaus  or  JJasijut  s.  and  the  nienieians.  Tlie  later  invasions  of  tln^  Vandals 
aiul  tile  Saraeeiis.  have  ad(h(i  tiieir  diversities  to  the  pliysieal  and  moral  charaeter 
of  the  Spaniard,  wliieli.  with  s(Miie  reihciiiiug  (pialities.  has  the  sellishness  of  Jhe 
Arah.  the  pride  and  eruelty  of  the  Roman  and  the  super  (ition  of  the  (ireek. 

-'.   TlIK  CKKMANIC   I'A\|1I.\. 

This  great  family  has  oeeupied.  both  in  ancient  and  modern  time,  a  larsje 
proportion  of  Europe,  which  it  gradually  oveiNpn  ad  from  east  to  west,  thus 
encroacliiug  on  tiie  Celts,  witii  whom  they  are  often  iiisi|)aral)ly  hlendnl. 

The  (iermans  are  familiar  to  us  by  (heir  middling  stature,  their  rohust  form 
ineliiiiiig  to  obcMtv.  tiuir  fair.  Ilorid  complexion,  and  their  light  hair.  The  head 
is  large  and  spheroidal,  the  loreiiead  hroad  and  arched,  the  face  round,  the  eyes 
blue  and  the  neck  rather  siioit. 

The  moral  character  of  the  (iermans  is  marked  by  decided  pergonal  courage. 
great  endurance  of  fatigue.  Iiriiine«.>  and  perseverance,  and  a  strouii'  attacliiiient  to 
their  families  and  their  native  land.  Intellectually  they  are  conspicuous  for 
industry  and  success  in  the  actjuisjljoii  of  knowhdge:  with  a  siimular  bleiidinii; 
of  (acitiiruity  and  enthusiasm,  tiiey  rival  all  modern  nations  in  music,  jioetrv  and 
the  drama :  nor  are  (hey  less  c(uispiciious  lor  their  critical  altainments  in  language, 
and  tile  exact  sciences. 


•  Wisi;man.  LiTtuivs  oil  llio  Cunindidii  lirlw.vn  S,i,ii,v  and  lirv.-alnl  Koliinoii.|i.  l.r'.    ,'hii. 


eil. 


14  VAlUE'riHS  OF  'I'lIE  HUMvVN  SPECIES. 

M.  Uory  (If  St.  Viiiciiil  has  so  liappily  ilhistrattd  tliis  division  of  the  Cauca- 
sian rai'c.  liiat  1  siiall  cliiclly  avail  niyscii'  of  iiis  oliscrvalions  in  icspccl  to  it.  llv 
separates  tlif  (i(  rnianic  I'aniily  into  two  divisions,  the  Tdi/oiiic  and  Sr/aroiiic. 

I.  "The  'I'tuldniv  ciiridi/  is  traced  to  tiie  Ilyreinian  forests,  tiie  Tyrolesc 
Alps,  and  tiie  sourers  of  llie  Sale.  Foliowini^  tiie  Daniihe,  wiiich  rises  in  their 
country.  tlu\\  ailvauced  eastwardly  only  into  Austria,  nor  jjassed  the  southern 
Alps:  hut  they  spread  towards  the  nortii.  disdaining;  the  rest  of  the  Caucasian 
race,  and  reached  the  sea  coast,  at  tirst  hetween  the  Elhe  and  the  Rhine.  These 
were  the  people  who.  under  the  name  of  Cinihri.  occupied  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
land and  tlie  neinhlxiurini;- islands:  passing  thence  into  Scandinavia,  they  hecanie 
the  SmiDUis.  who  have  since  heen  called  (ioths.*  Coasting  the  Haltic  to  the 
estuary  of  the  Nienun.  they  were  \\\v  ])riniitive  ■'tock  of  the  Borussi,  the  ancestors 
of  tliose  Prussians  who  are  now.  as  it  were,  lost  in  the  midst  of  tile  Sclavonic 
trihes.  Under  the  names  of  Saxons,  Danes  and  \ormaus,  they  ravaged  the  Celtic 
coasts,  estahlished  themselves  at  the  month  of  the  Seine,  and  passini;-  into  the 
British  islands,  drove  the  primitive  Celts  into  the  western  ))arts  of  the  country. 
At  a  still  later  period  tiie  'I'eutoiiic  trihes.  under  the  name  (d'  Norwegians,  peopled 
the  remote  island  of  leelaiul." 

The  Teutonic  laiin-iiaiic.  adds  this  author,  has  liecouie  the  root  of  the  English. 
Dutch.  Danish  and  Swedish  toiuiues. 

To  the  pn-cediui;  slatenunt  it  may  men  ly  be  added,  that  the  (Joths  having 
issued  from  Scandinavia  in  va>t  iiumliers.  passed  to  the  south,  and  harassed  the 
Roman  pr(iviuee>^.  In  the  second  century  they  settled  on  the  shores  of  the  Pains 
Mu'otis.  and  thence  posse-^^ed  themselves  of  Dacia.  'i'liey  were  called  ()stroi;oths 
and  Visii^otlis.  the  Eastern  and  ^Ve^l(|■ll  (ioths.  Their  suhse(iuent  military  enter- 
prises, and   especially  the  c iiie-t   and  sack   of  Rome   in   the   liftli  century,  are 

familiar  to  all  readers  of  history.       The  Vandals  were  also  I'   mh  the  Gothic  hive: 
they  emigrated  with   Iving  Edric.  settled   for  a  time  on  the   borders  o(  the  Hliine. 


*  'I'll!'  l.'l.'  Mr.  Piiiki'ildii  li:is  wniti'ii  an  rlabmalit  wuik   fii  ]]r(ivi;  dial  llic  Si'\ iliiaii'-,  (Ida'  ami 

C.ollis  were  one    ])cn]i|r.  wlm  ciu-iiialcil  in  I'riMa.  ami  ciilrrr,!    Pairopr  l,y  a  ■|llU■^^|.a■|l  r.iiilr  ;   ami 

Ihat  tlir  ('..■riiiaii  iialioiis  ami  (•\  .■ii  ihe  I'claNL'i  of  (  otimv.  wit.' all  liiiral  ilrsccmlaiiN  .)!'  ilns  .\>iati(' 
laiiiily.  1  li'ave  iIk'm'  moolnl  poiiils  I.)  the  Iraninl  in  nalioiial  L'riicaloL'y.  and  iMiiliail  iiiyscir  uuli 
th.'  more  r.Msonahlf  rxiioMii^.n  ol'  ilic  in^cinoiis  iMcmh  uiilir,  wlmli,  in  ih,.  ni'in,  rohicidL's  with  llic 
r.'si'arrhrs  (if  Dr.  I'rirlianl.  •|lir  iailiT  aullmr  lias  l■^lalMl^ll^(l  ihr  fad  llial  \\ir  (Ida-  (if  ihc  antanits 
wrrc  aol  Ciillis,  lait  'i'lirarians ;  ami  lliat  llir  ilonirsiic  liis|,,iy  nf  ih,.  (inllis  llu'insrlvcs  rstahlislics 
Ihdr  .inrllicrn  ungm  and  (lernian  drs,;enl.  Sir  I'lOciiMin,  II,  [i,  liL'.  — I'lNKKiiidv,  /.»/,v,v,  on  the 
Oo//if,  i>.  1  I.  ,il,  ta. 


THE  CELTIC   FAMILY. 


\5 


and  su!)SL'qui'ntly  ravii,a;ed  a  groat  part  of  Eiir()|)c.  anil  established  a  niDiiairliy  in 
Spain.  Tiiev  crossed  also  into  Africa,  and  look  and  oecni)ied  several  of  the 
Roman  provinces  on  that  continent. 

Anstria  and  Hungary,  (the  ancient  Pannonia.)  and  the  adjoining  M.iles.  arc 
at  this  time  peopled  hy  the  lineal  descendants  of  the  Cioths.  whose  harsh  features 
contrast  strongly  with  those  of  the  more  pidished  nations  of  southern  I'Lurope. 

i.  The  Selai'onic  farictij.  "'riiis  second  (iermanic  variety  is  composed  of 
men  issuing  probably  from  .Mouni  Krapack,  whence,  turning  to  the  south  they 
peopled  Ilmigary.  crossed  the  Danube,  and  pressed  their  migrations  to  the  Adriatic 
sea.  In  the  north  they  followed  the  marshy  track  of  the  Vistula  and  Niemen. 
Descending  the  Diieister  towards  the  IJlaek  sea,  they  mingled  with  bands  of 
Tartars  from  the  Scythian  provinces,  until  becoming  idi'utilied  with  them,  a 
mixed  race  was  formed:  the  latter,  assuming  the  Uiime  of  Scythians,  are  celebrated 
in  history  liu'  tlieii'  incursions  on  I'ersia  on  tlie  one  hand,  and  on  the  Roman 
empi'c  on  the  other."* 

Under  this  di  nomination  are  also  embraced  tlie  Russians.  Poles.  Lithuanians 
and  part  of  the  Bohemians  and  Hungarians.  'I'bey  are  for  the  most  part  charac- 
terised by  darker  hair  and  complexion  than  the  Teutonic  tribes.  The  'I'artars 
who  eoniiuered  Russia  in  tlie  twelfth  centiM'v  under  the  renowned  Zenghis  Khan, 
retained  their  dominion  for  moie  llian  two  hundred  years,  and  have  left  evident 
traces  oj'  their  sojourn  both  in  the  ])liysical  charaeli  r  and  social  institutions  of  IJu' 
Russians.!  'i'he  peo[)le  of  this  division  of  tiu'  (iermanic  family  are  brave  and 
enterprising,  but  ginerally  rude  and  uncultivated  ;  and  liie  Russians,  perhaps  the 
most  i)olished  branch,  emeigcd  fiiini  the  <leepest  barbarism  so  lately  as  the  i-cign 
of  I'eter  the  (ireat. 


Hhine. 


I:i'  aiicj 
iiitr  ;  :illd 
lis  Asiatic 
sill'  witll 
Willi  llie 
;iiKi'  Ills 
■slalilislics 
V.  un  the 


■X  iiri-;  ci'-i/nc  famii.v. 

This  branch  of  the  great  Caucasian  race,  occupied  at  one  period  nearly  all 
western  Europe.  They  extended  fnun  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Rhine,  and  from  the 
base  of  the  Alps  to  tlu'  Western  islands  of  Britain.  They  boi'e  the  general  name 
of  Ctlta'.  and  their  eiuitinental  territory  was  tiie  ••(ia.llia  Celtica"  of  the  Romans. 

'I'he  long  continued  intercourse  of  these  people  with  other  and  dissimilar 
nations,  has  tended  to  obliterate  their  primitive  characteristics,  excepting  in 
certain  parts  of  the  extreme  west  of  Europe.     Thus  they  are  yet  numerous  in 


IIoiiiniL',  1,  p.  1  j,'-l.!ii. 


t  Ki.APHnTii,  'I'rav.  ill  Ciiiirasus,  p.  !io. 


J. 


IG 


V MUiyi'IES  OF  TIIK  HUMAN  SPFXIES. 


BriHimy.  Scdllaml  iiiul   Inlaiul.  wlicrc  in  certain  dislricls  llicy  retain  their  primi- 
tive name  of  (iael. 

'I'lie  IV.itnres  u(  these  jMople  are  stnmtjly  marked.  Tliey  are  tall,  and 
athletie.  and  little  prom-  to  ohesity.  wliile  their  jdiysieal  .strenj^th  currespdnds  to 
their  museiilar  |)riii)(trli(ins.  They  have  the  head  rather  elonpted.  and  the  I'ore- 
liead  narrow  and  hnt  sli^ldly  areiied  :  the  hrow  is  low.  straii^ht  and  liushv:  the 
eyes  and  hair  are  liuht.  the  nose  and  month  larj^e.  and  tiie  cheek  hones  liiirh. 
The  ,<:;eneral  contour  of  tiie  face  is  angnlar.  and  the  expression  harsh. 

They  are  slow  hnt.  lahorions,  and  endnre  lati,i';ne  heyond  the  snfl'crance  of 
other  men.  In  disjjosition  they  are  frank,  iienerons  and  i^ratefnl.  yet  (piick- 
tenipered.  pnijnacions  and  hrave  to  a  proverh. 

In  sonn'  localities  their  physical  traits,  tiieir  moral  character  and  their 
peculiar  customs,  have  nnder^dne  little  chan^^e  since  the  tinu'  of  C'a'sar.  It  is 
prohahle  that  the  most  unsophisticated  Celts  are  those  of  the  southwest  of  Indand. 
whose  uild  lo(di  and  mi'auer.  mud  cabins  and  funereal  howlinus.  recall  the 
memory  of  a  harharous  aire. 

The  C'(dts  liave  i;enerally  iieen  C(uisidered  the  ahorininal  iuhahitants  of 
Western  Europe:  hnt  Sir  William  iSetham  has  recently  niidi  rtaken  to  show  "that 
ancient  cohuiies  of  IMienicians  settled  in  Spain.  Ireland.  Hritain  and  (ianl.  lone; 
hefore  the  Christian  era:  that  they  ealleil  themselves  fiae!  or  Celta- :  and  that  the 
liish.  the  (iael  of  Scotland  and  the  Mauks  (of  the  Me  nf  Mnii)  are  now  the  only 
descendants  (,f  that  ancient  people  who  spcuk  their  laim-nane."*  The  author  then 
proceeds  with  an  im;-euious  comparison  lntwceu  the  (iaelic  and  riienician  lan- 
Uuaiies.  and  illustrates  their  allinity  to  a  dei;ree  truly  surprisimi'.t  Strom;  as  the 
evidiiiee  is  nn  this  point,  we  may  still  hesitate  to  aeknow  |ed-e  the  aliliation  of  the 
Celts  and  I'Ih  uieians  until  sume  remaiuiuii  discnpaneies  ai'e  explained  :  for  is  it 
not  sju-ular.  if  tlu'  Celts  were  I'lienieiaus.  that  they  slmuld  have  iidierited  so 
little  of  the  natimial  sphnil,,!'.  relinemeut  and  marilinn'  enl(  rjn'ise  of  their  i)ro- 
Uenitorsr  iJi'tham  hrin-s  hut  sjcud,.)-  evidem'e  of  the  civilisation  of  the  aiK'ient 
Irish:  and  Ca'sar's  account  is  any  thin;;  hut  complimentary  to  their  (hnnestie  and 
civil  lelalions. 

The  same  learned  author  i;ives  plausihh'  reasons  fir  su|)posinii-  (hat  the  |»icts 
or  Caledonians  of  Scotland   were   not,  as  is  commonly  Indieved.  of  C(  Itic  ori"-in. 


*  Iihuery  inln  ili,'  nriL;ai  nl'ili,'  Carl  uml  Ciiiil,!].  Inir,,.!.  |,    in. 

t  lii-lli;iiii  vliows.   :ilh|-  \':iilaiir,y  an.i    miImts,  ||,a|    il„.   Carlliaoilii.-ui   s|ic.rlits   ill  ill.'  I'iriuiliiS  (if 
Plaiitus  ail'  alisolulely  (iai'lic.     See  Ins  work  aliovi'  i|iMirii,  |i.  Ilj. 


THE  CELTIC  FAMILY. 


17 


but.  11  hraiich  ol'  (he  Cyinbri  of  Jutlaiid;  and  that  tlie  I'ictisli  Cim.-.i  conqucri'd 
Wales  and  Cornwall  on  the  lull  of  the  Woman  Empire,  and  are  the  ancestors  of 
tile  present  Welsh  population  of  liritain. 

At  the  invasion  of  Ciesar  (he  IMiiiv.  a  hraneh  of  the  Teutonie  stock,  were 
already  numerous  in  the  maritime  |)arts  of  En<;lan(i.  Snl)se(|uently  the  establish- 
ment of  Uonian  colonies,  the  invasion  and  concpiol  l)_v  the  Saxons,  and  still  later 
hy  the  Normans,  have  all  contrilmled  to  form  that  extraordinary  people  whom  we 
call  the  English  or  Anglo-Saxons.  Inferior  to  no  one  of  the  Caucasian  families  in 
intellectual  endowments,  and  possessed  of  iiulomitaliie  courage  and  nnbounded 
enterprise,  it  has  spread  its  colonics  widely  over  Asia.  Africa  and  America :  and. 
Ilie  mother  of  the  Anglo-American  family,  it  has  already  peopled  the  new  wiirld 
with  a  race  in  no  respect  inferior  to  the  parent  stock. 

While  the  Celtic  a})pears  to  be  but  partially  blended  with  (lie  English  blood, 
(lie  |)resen(  French  nation  partakes  af  it  much  more  largely.  The  IJonians.  the 
(iermanic  tribes,  (he  (!o(Iis.  (he  Jiurgundians  and  (lie  Franks,  who  suecessivelv 
esdiblished  (heniselves  in  France,  anialganialed  with  (lie  native  population,  thus 
forming  a  new  race  singularly  diilerent  from  (ha(  of  the  adjacent  islands,  wherein. 
as  we  have  already  seen,  (lie  social  coiulHion  of  (he  Cell<  has  alwavs  been  much 
more  isolated.  ••!(  is  (bus."'  says  Hoiy  de  S(.  Vincent,  "that  tile  Celts  and  (iaiils 
have  become  tlie  niodern  Freiicli.  of  wliom  (he  Franks  of  the  middle  ages  are  not 
tile  parent  stock,  as  (liose  a><(  r(  wiio  trace  tlieir  genealogy  (o  (he  bitter  barbarians. 
It  is  from  (heir  Celtic  aiicestdis  (liat  the  French  derive  their  vivacitw  their  incon- 
stancy, their  impetuous  courage  devoid  of  jierseveiaiiee.  a  vanity  often  puerile,  and 
remarkable  (iiiickuess  of  perception,  tugedicr  wi(ii  (iia(  levity  which  is  tiie  jest  (if 
a  neiglilioring  cound'y.'* 

We  may  in  this  place  remark.  (ha(  the  Caucasian.  Germanic  and  Celtic 
families  already  deserilied.  and  (iie  Iliiidoo  family  to  be  hereafter  noticed,  coiisti- 
(u(e  tile  great  chain  of  wliat  are  called  (he  /iidd-EKro/inin  wi/iaiis:  •■  |(  is  non- 
well  known,"  observes  Dr.  I'richard.  -tliat  a  greater  or  less  de(,n-ee  of  aHinilv 
exists  belween  (he  dialee(s  of  some  nations  in  tlie  south-eastern  jiarts  of  Asia,  and 
the  most  ex(ensively  spread  and  most  civilised  languages  of  Europe.  ]}v  this 
adinity  is  not  meant  a  reseml)lance  of  some  jiarticular  wdrds  in  (lie  vocabularies 
of  several  nations,  sucii  as  a  casual  intercourse  may  have  occasioned,  but  that  sort 
of  analogy  in  the   primitive  words  and  gramnia(ical  structure,  which  requires  a 

*  I.'Iloiuiin.',  I,  (1.  IJj. 


18 


VAWIKTIKS  OF  'I'lli:   HUMAN  SPKCIKS. 


ditl'fi'ciil  cxplauiitidii:  ;iiul  !>•  siipposcil  pl;iiiily  d)  iii(lii':itc  lliusc  laiiu;iia,ni's  in  wliidi 
it  is  (lispiavt'd.  however  tiiey  ina}-  diller  in  some  respects.  t(i  have  spnini;  IVoni  a 
foimnon  urit^ir.al.  'I'his  analdi^y  lias  heeii  remarked  more  especially  hetweeii  tiie 
Sanscrit,  or  tiie  ancient  lani:nai;e  of  India,  and  the  (Jreek.  Latin  and  (Jernian."* 

Witiiont  undervaluim;  these  piiilnlonicai  analojiies.  1  am  di-poscd   to   hi  lievc. 
witii  llumhohlt.  that  we  sliall  never  he  ahh'  to  trace  llie  aliiiation  of  nations  hy  a 


mt 


re  c(im|iarison  (if  lannna^cs;    for   this,  after 


hul   one  of  many  dews  hy 


*hicl 


I   tiial    t^n  at    prohlem    is  t 


III    lie    so 


l\((l.      Dr.    I'riciiard  himself  admits  that 


Euroi)e  was  inhahiteil  hy  "a  mori'  ancient  people."  hefore  the  Asiatics  made  theii' 
api)earance;  and  alllioiinh  the  lantsnaiie  of  the  former  was  inodilied  hy  this 
intercommnnication.  there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  physical  character 
of  these  primitive  people  >us|ain(  d  any  nhvions  chamic  hy  the  i^radnal  imminialion 
of  the  iiitrudeis  from  Asia.  Dr.  J'riehard  places  the  Celtic  trihes  iinioiiu;  tiie 
lndii-Huro|)eans:  while  Sir  William  I'xtliam.  as  we  have  seen.  jndj;ini;  also  from 
similarity  of  laniiuaiic  pronounces  the  Cells  to  I c  of  the  i'henieian  branch  of 
Arabians.  With  these  discrepancies  lu  lore  us.  we  may  inijuire  whether  the  term 
Iiiilo-IJiinijidin  is  not  more  applicable  to  certain  Idiii^itiifsa  of  1mii'o|)c.  than  to  tiie 
inhabitants  themselves; 


•1.  ■I'llK   AKADIAN    I'AMII.V. 

The  physical  conformation  of  the  Arabs  ]Miiper  is  not  \ery  unlike  that  of 
tlu'ir  neiiihhors  the  Circassians,  altlioui^h.  especially  in  the  women,  it  possesses 
much  less  of  the  lieautiful.  Their  skin  is  lienerally  sidlow.  but  is  lu  ver  black  in 
the  unmixed  race:  and  in  tiio>e  whose  rank  permits  them  to  avoid  exposure  to  the 
sun.  the  complexion  is  a  liniit  and  clear  iiiniu  tte.  The  Arab  face  is  a  somewhat 
i'h)iii;ated  oval,  with  a  delicati  ly  pointed  chin,  iiiil  a  liii;:h  forehead.  Their  eyt > 
are  lar;;e.  dark  and  full  of  vivacity:  their  eyebrows  are  liiiely  aiclud:  the  nose  is 
narrow  and  gently  aipiiliiie.  the  lips  thin,  and  the  mouth  small  and  expressive. 
Such  at  least  is  the  api)taranee  of  the  liiijlier  classes:  but  from  these  there  is 
every  grade  of  exterior  feature  until,  in  the  Aral)  of  tlie  desert,  the  traveller  sees 
all  that  is  ferocious  and  repugnant  in  Imnian  nature.  The  Aiahs  in  general  are 
lielow  the  middle  stature:  their  persons  are  spure  and  often  meagre,  and  yet  the\ 
jjossess  an  extraordinary  vigilance  and  activity. 

•  I'l;ys.  His!.  .11'  .M:in.  I.  [i,   \'i\. 


TFIK   ARABIAN  FAMILY. 


19 


Tlic  liabils  of  llu;  Anil)  niv.  slrictly  pastiml  mul  ujiiidi  rinn.  His  tciil  is  liis 
lioinc,  and  lie  i)('i|)(luiilly  varies  its  locatiuii  as  iiis  wants  or  capricu  may  prompt 
liim. 

The  mural  cliaractcr  of  tliis  race  lilciuls  some  very  (ipposite  clcmciils :  tluv 
arc  the  (■hiiiircu  ol'  imjiiilsc,  at  one  moment  raisin;;  the  swoi'il  against  tiie  unresist- 
ing traveller,  and  liie  next  receiving-,  witli  open  lio>pi|;ili(_v,  the  stramjer  whose 
necessities  iiave  driven  him  to  their  tents,  'riiey  are  indolent  exeeptin;;-  in  their 
wars  and  jiastinus.  and  remarkahle  I'or  llieir  e(iveto\isu(-.s  and  duplicilv.     Vanity 

is  eharaetoristic  of  all  classes,  i'r the  chiel'  of  a  triiie  to  the  Immhlest  Bedouin. 

Their  politeness  is  extreme,  and  soliriety  is  a  national  trait. 

Their  intellectual  character  is  conspicuous  for  a  I'ertile  imagination,  and  the 
successful  cultivation  of  music.  po(  try  and  romance. 

The  ini;;rat()ry  disposition  of  the  Arahiims  has  led  to  their  dispersion  over 
countries  very  lemote  from  the  parent  land,  so  (hat  a1  liie  present  time  Arahia 
does  not  contain  a  twentieth  part  of  the  descendanis  of  Mimael.  Africa  has 
always  heen  one  of  tlieir  favorite  retreats,  and  histoi'v  records  three  principal 
irrujjtions.  at  distant  periods  from  lach  other.  Tlie  fiiv|  >vas  tiiat  of  tiie  L'anaan- 
ites  who  were  expelled  by  .losjuia.  and  estai)lislied  IheniM  Ives  in  northern  Africa. 
and  were  the  IMauri  of  the  ancii  nts :  the  second  nuLtration  took  place  in  the 
lirst  century  of  the  Cinislian  era.  and  the  third  and  last  iireat  inllu.x  was  in  Hi,, 
seventh  and  eij^hth  centuries,  l)y  the  Mahometan  Arabs. 

'I'iie  Moors  who  inhabit  the  present  kingdom  of  .Morocco,  and  oilier  parts  ol 
Africa.  lU'e  in  part  desci  nded  from  I  he  Mauri,  and  jiartly  from  the  Saracens  who 
were  expelled  from  Spain,  lonvtli,!.  ^vith  the  intrudiiii;-  Arabs  of  the  diii;  rent 
epoclis.  But  the  term  Moor  is  used  in  Barbary  to  desiniiale.  the  inhabitant  of  a 
town  or  city,  while  Arab  is  llir  collective  dcsijrnatiou  of  the  wanderint;-  triiies  of 
this  family.  The  .Moors  are  of  the  middle  statmr.  with  complexions  varvin- 
from  black  to  white,  owin;;-  to  (heir  intercourse  with  the  nei;roes  of  Sudan.  Tb.e 
women  of  Fe/,.  however,  are  fiir  as  Kuroiuans.  with  uniformly  dark  (yes  and 
hair.  'I'hose  of  Me(|uinez  are  even  more  beautiful,  with  remarkalde  urace  and 
suavily  of  manner. 

The  men  of  I)u(pulla  have  regular  features,  ami  are  (all  and  w.U  limb.d  : 
those  of  Tenu'nsa  and  Shawia.  are  a  si  rout;,  robusi  race,  of  a  copper  color.*  The 
nonuulic  Arab  tribes  live  chietly  in  tents;  (juy  are  a  restless  and  turbulent  people, 
who  arc  engaged  in  constant  broils  with  each  other,  and  with  the  adjacent  Berbers 

*  J.u  K-^ON,  Mdiocrii,  p.  l,>s.     .7/,,.  ,.,/. 


J 


20 


VAHIHTIKS  OV  TIIK   HUMAN  Sl'ECIKS. 


aiul  Nt'snu's.  Tlioy  air  slii;li(ly  iiiadc.  and  below  tlic  middle  size,  yet  liaidy  and 
uiiliriii!;  in  wiiati-ver  tiny  atlcnipt.  Ciiully  and  scHishniss  are  their  eharacteiistie 
liaiN,  and  tliey  piissc^^  also  tin'  vices  wiiieii  llnw  tVuni  ignorance  and  iiiifotiy. 

'I'lie  Saiaeens.  Kd  celel)ratetl  fur  tiieir  eominesls,  lirst  ncenpied  tin'  eonnlry 
lielweeii  INIecea  ami  tiie  Knplirates;  iuit  lliey  spread  tlieniseives  rapidly  over 
Al'riea,  and  soon  estal)iislied  tinir  kiui^dinu  in  Spain,  wlienee  they  were  iKit 
expelled  iinlil  the  sixteenth  century,  alter  a  ddniiniim  of  seven  linndred  years. 
The  Saracens,  who  are  no  longer  known  as  a  nation,  surpassed  the  contemporary 
Arabians  in  the  cultivation  of  literature,  science  and  art. 

Till'  licdoiihiN.  wiiose  oriiiinal  ('(uintry  is  nnithern  Arabia,  are  anion,<i  the 
most  primitive  and  cliaracterislic  juoplc  of  this  I'aniily.  Some  (tf  their  tribes  pass 
the  spriui:;  and  summer  on  the  iVontiers  of  Syria,  seeking  ])astnre  and  water :  in 
tiie  aulunui  they  purchase  tiieir  winter  jirovision  of  wheat  and  barley,  and  return 
after  the  (irst  rains  intu  the  inli  lior  ol'  tlu'  desert.  Tribes  of  this  family  inhabit 
or  rather  ambulate  the  di^trict  of  iJalbec.  nud  the  \icinity  of  Homs  and  I'almyra: 
a  few  pay  tribute  to  the  Pasha  of  Damascus,  but  most  of  them  acknowledge  no 
superior.  '"'I'lie  Aeii/es.  a  |)owerful  Hedoiiin  tribe,  me  easily  distinLCuislied  from 
the  Shenial  Aiabs  by  tiieir  dimiuiitive  size.  I'evv  of  them  beinu;  above  live  feet  two 
or  tiirei  inches  in  leiitht  :  their  I'eatures  are  t;o(ul.  their  noses  often  aciniline.  their 
.  vsiius  exliemeiy  wc  II  formed,  and  not  so  meajire  or  sli<;lit  as  some  travellers 
ii  ive  npiirtid  :  tinir  deep-set.  dark  eyes  sparkle  from  under  their  bushy  black 
cyeiirows.  witii  a  lire  unknown  in  our  nurtliern  climes:  their  beard  is  short  and 
thill,  but  the  black  hair  of  all  abundantly  tliivk.  The  females  seen\  taller  in 
prn|)ortion  than  the  men:  their  features  in  jieneral  are  handsome,  and  their  dejiort- 
nieiit  very  ijraceful.  In  eonipjexion  these  Arabs  are  very  tawny;  the  children, 
however,  at  their  birlii  are  lair,  but  ol'  a  livid  v\liiteness."*  They  are  a  nation  of 
robiier-slit  piierds.  anioiiii  wlioni  wealth  create^  no  inlluence.  for  the  chief  and 
liie  meanest  Arab  eat  daily  of  tJic  >ame  disjits.  partake  of  the  same  privations,  and 
miiiLile  in  the  same  amusinieiits.  Like  ail  Arabs  they  are  passionately  fond  of 
music  and  poetry,  but  whole  trili(  s  of  them  can  neither  read  nor  write.  They 
are  hiirhly  eourai;eoiis.  but  they  li^lit  rather  for  the  aciiuisition  of  plunder  than 
for  the  love  of  iilory. 

The  //'(//(f(/;i/.v.  so  celebrated  in  recent  times  for  havinsi  overrun  and  coiKiuered 
all  Arabia,  were  at  first  a  mere  tribe  of  sectarian  Hedouins.  who  derived  their 
name  from  a  favorite  chief.     'I'lieir  creed  has  been  delined  "a  mussulman  puritan- 

*  Iti-iiKiiAiiiir,  Hrdoiiais  and  Walialiys,  p.  '.'8. 


THE  AHABIAN   t'A.MILY. 


21 


\\  Mack 
Kii't  mid 
iillir   in 

(Icport- 
iiildrcii. 
latidii  (>r 
lit  r  and 
(in^.  and 

lond  111 

Tli.y 

r  llian 

n(|M('r('d 
I'd  tlu'ir 
puritan- 


ism  and  ii  Tkdmiin  novcninn  iil.  in  %vliicli  tlic  u;n'a(  diii  I"  is  Imtli  tlic  political  and 
rclis^ions  leader  of  the  nation,  cxcrcisini^  his  aniliority  in  the  same  maimer  as  the 
followers  of  Mohammed  did  over  his  converted  eoimtrymen."'  Vel  their  chief 
sectarian  distinction  appears  to  lie  their  hoslilitv  to  the  donus  of  the  mostpies.  and 
to  ornamented  tomh-^.  which  tliey  nniformly  de-lrov  with  fanaticiil  zeal.  In  tlieir 
niiiral  character  the  Wahahys  arc  no  lieiter  than  the  oilier  IJedouins. 

'I"he  IJedouins  claim  liiu  al  ihM'eiit  from  Ishmaci.  'J'hey  are  not  only  spread 
ovei'  neai'ly  all  Araliia  to  the  coiilliKs  of  I'eisia.  hut  across  the  entire  continent  of 
Africa  to  the  Atlantic  oceai".  'I'iiey  skirt  the  Medilerranean  on  the  north,  and 
tiience  rove  almost  to  the  centre  of  the  African  continent.  ICven  tin;  territory  of 
]l(ius>a  is  said  to  derive  its  social  character  fnun  the  uumerous  Arabs  who  inhahit 
it.  C'hanu;e  of  locality  and  the  lapse  of  time  have  ell'eeled  no  chani^e  in  the  habits 
of  {\\W  people,  who.  ill  tile  time  of  Diodoi'ii-;.  \ver<'  fiiiliidden  liy  tluir  laws  "to 
sow  corn,  to  jilaiit  IViiil  (i'(  i<.  (o  make  use  of  wine,  or  In  inhabit  houses."  in  oi'der 
thai  there  mi^lit  lie  uolhim;'  to  tempt  tlie  avarice  nl'  an  enemy.  They  who 
plundenil  all  nation^,  in'ovided  a^■aill^t  a  like  cabimily  to  tlieiiiMlves. 

'The  Jews  or  Hebrews  wii'c  in  their  origin  a  pa>l  iral  nation,  but  in  prou;ress 
of  time  they  otablislied  liieiiiselves  in  tlie  cities  of  Palestine.  'I'hejr  iihysioiiiiomy 
is  familiar  in  the  reeediiii;  f  irebead.  the  ebuiLiated  face,  and  the  lariie  and  aiiuiiine 
nose.  Tlieir  binii  atlaiminiit-  in  lileralnre  are  fully  attested  liy  the  sacred 
wriliuL;'<:  and  their  /ealous  atlaeliinent  to  their  relininn.  and  their  patient  eiulnr- 
ance  of  adx'eisily.  are  anioiin-  the  most  striking  traits  of  tlieir  character.  Dispersed 
bv  a  divine  jiid;iMneiit.  they  are  to  be  fuind  almost  every  where  on  the  liaiiitable 
earth.  ieeo:;iiisril  by  the  same  fi  atiin-.  and  the  same  undeviatin^  form  of  worship. 

Travellers  describe  a  coinny  of  black  Jews  at  Cochin  aiul  C'rani;aiion'.  in 
Malaliar:  they,  bowevir.  are  not  Jews  by  nation,  but  only  byconversion.  The 
dale  (if  their  oriLiiiial  aposlaey  is  very  aiieieiil  :  they  are.  in  fact.  Hindoos  in  all 
respects  lull  their  rcliLiion:  and  Mr.  Wdlll'  informs  us  that  "even  al  this  lime 
many  of  the  Ilindods  beeoiiic  convcrls  in  .ludaism.'t 

Tile  Ileiirews  are  siipjKiscd  ti)  li|.  derived  I'roni  the  Chaldeans,  an  elder 
branch  of  this  race,  whose  eapiiid.  liabyloii.  is  auioiej;  tlie  proverbial  wonders  id' 
antiiiuily.  IJcloiiiiiu;;  to  ijie  ^-mwv  slock,  were  the  Idiimeans.  or  Kdomiles.J 
renowned  for  llieir  dwelliiiiis  excavated  from  Ihe  solid  rock,  and  other  architec- 
liiral  remains  in  the  rce<iitl\   i(  vealed  eil\  of  Petra. 


*  I'niKUAuiir.  li^'ll'luill^  aiiil  \\';ili:ili\ .:.  |i.  J?  I. 
:(  Culled  also  llio  Naliallieaii  Aial.s. 

6 


Mi'^siuiiavy  Uosearclies,  p.  3()s. 


23 


vAiMF/riKS  or  'I'lii:  human  spkciks. 


I'liiiii('i:i.  iiiif  (if  tlir  siiiiilli'st  yi )  iii()>l  illustridus  sdilcs  iif  aiiliiiuity.  was,  as 
aliiaily  liiiitid.  an  Aialiiaii  iialimi  nl'  (lie  (Jliahlcan  stuck.  'I'liiy  roved  upon  tlu' 
ocean  a^  llic  coniialc  liilus  did  iipim  tlic  land:  their  very  name  siLjnilies  a  u'ltnikrcr 
III/  mil.  an  apiinipiiale  appellation  when  we  relied  on  their  fearless  voyages  to 
ev<'ry  pail  of  liie  world  then  known,  and  their  snccosful  donlilini;  of  the  Cape  of 
(Jooil  Hope  six  hundred  years  liefnre  the  Christian  era.  Tyre  and  Sidon  were 
thiir  principal  cities  in  I'henicia  proper.  'I'hey  Joined  the  Manri  and  huilt 
Carlhaiie.  and  on  the  dcslruction  of  this  city  liy  Ihe  lloniaiis.  the  two  nations 
were  hlended  in  a  eonnnoii  family.*  This  a^ain  hecame  mixed  with  the  Aral) 
iminiiirations  of  \arions  epochs,  and  partially  with  the  iJerhers.  whom  we  have 
next  to  menlion.f 

-.    rili;   I.IMVAN  FAMILY. 

It  is  i)roposed  in  thi^  name  to  include  Ihe  \arious  trilies  of  ahorin'inal  Africans 
wiio  have  loni;  lieen  dr-iiinated  hy  liie  Araiiic  tern:  i>i'  liir/iir.s.  I  adopt  the 
former  desit^nalion  from  PrichanI  and  ileereii,  who  coii-iiler  these  people  to  he 
the  descendants  of  Ihe  ani'ieni  l,ili\ans.  Tiiey  ai'e  f(..inil  liolh  to  the  north  and 
south  of  .Mount  Atlas,  extendiui;  thiir  wanderinjis  into  A?orocco  and  IJarhary; 
on  the  east  Ihey  inhahit  as  far  as  the  (Julf  of  C'al)es,  or  tiu'  Little  Syrtis.  while  on 
the  west  they  reach  the  Atlantic.  They  call  themselves  hy  tiic  collective  or 
national  uanu'  of  .tiiiazirii/i. 

The  vaiious  comnumilies  df  this  family  are  characterised  hy  handsome 
Caucasian  features,  liut  in  complexion  tiu  3  present  all  the  shades  from  wiiitc^to 
nearly  hlack. 

The  Tmirik.s  are  perhajis  the  hest  known  of  all  the  Heiher  trihcs.  Captain 
Lyon  dcscrihes  them  as  the  linest  men  he  ever  .saw;  tall,  straij^ht  and  handsome, 

*  CllKMnri,  Rrsih.  Mir  Irs  Miiuil's,  I.  [1.   I'l. 

t  Till'  li'iiii  \i  ini/ic  h;is  lircii  ii|i|ilic.l  tn  ihr  Syrian  iiatiinis  Iji.twi'ru  llii'  >ri'ililrnaiii:';ui  stii  ;\ii(l 
wc'slrni  I'risia,  ••linin  Sluiii,  111'-'  sun  n(  N'liali,  iVoui  uiimii,  ill  till-  laMc  cil'  iiali.nis  in  ilic  lionk  ol 
('■rni'sis,  I  iititlcii  'I'uliluili  li.ni  Niiacli,  many  nt'tlirm  ;ue  (Iceland  in  have  di-scmdrd,'"  'I'lic  |p|ii..  ipal 
Seiiiilic  ciininiiiniiii's  arc  or  u-rrr  iho  I'lillowiiiL' : 

1.  Kl.iiii,  lu  lliu  niirlliuaril  nl'  lliu  I'ursiaii  (liilf. 

2.  Asliar,  or  tin;  |h'o|i1i'  cjI'  A>svria. 

3.  Till'  (.'liasilim  iir  Chalileaiis,  irom  wlioiii  are  di-'scumlril  iln;  lliliruws  and  Arabs. 
•1.  'I'lic  l.ydiaiis. 

.".  Aram,  nr  iIm'  ]iro|ii'r  Svnans. 
Si'U  I'liiciiAnn,  Ri's.  II,  n.  Jos, 


i 


TIIK   LIIJV  \\   F,\  \|ll.\. 


ta 


iliil(;  to 

L'nptain 
idsiiiiio. 


1  st';i  iiliil 

I k  or 

in;,.. -.IKvl 


witli  iiii  iiiiiHisin;;  iiir  of  priilc  ami  imli|Hii(l(iirr.  Tliiir  l«alur*>  i'(»<'ii  'liosc 
(if  soutlitTii  Kiini|icims;  tlicir  naluiiil  comph  ximi  is  nciirlv  wliitc.  murl  jUfiird. 
Imwi'Vt  r.  l)y  f,\|)(psiirr  di  n  litil.  sun.  ami  llicir  liair  is  Idii;;'.  I)laci\  ami  ^In^  'I'licy 
;irc  said  (n  l)i'  Itss  trtaclicroiis  lliaii  (he  Aial)s.  )t|  |iassiiiiiiilc,  cnitl  ami  i  ■  imi  I'lil. 
'riii'V  arr  lnml  dl'  war,  ami  pliimlcr  Imlli  linir  Ai;il)  ami  Nchi'd  iiciniilMirs.  and 
icdiicc  the  lattir  to  sloven.  'I'luv  air  rliiclly  pastnrai  in  tlicir  imidc  o.  liiV:  mid 
altlii»iij;li  llicy  liavc  linisi  s.  ijny  niiisijy  travi'l  and  fulit  <  ii  loot. 

Till'  S/iill(i(i/i.s  iidialiil  suiitli  id'  tln'  Tnariks,  arc  less  mltust  an  I  have  darker 
("iinipli'xions :  Wwy  arc  alsd  snid  (o  lie  more  induslrimis.  peace  I'lil,  civilised  imd 
humane,  liavint;  si>nu'  niannracUires.  and  lu-inn  more  liushandnun  titan  slicplierds. 
They  occupy  the  western  valleys  of  Mount  Atlas,  in  the  province  of  Tcnisna. 
hut  are  still  niiu'e  miinerous  south  of  the  city  of  Morocco. 

The  J]iltin  iuhahit  the  oasis  of  (Jhadamis.  south  (d'  Tripoli,  and  are  said  to 
he  divided  into  two  hostile  trihes  which  are  at  coustani  war  with  each  other. 

To  this  family  also  hclon^  the  limi-Mozuh.  and  other  tri  h  s  of  IJi  lad-el-ji;erid, 
south  of  Atlas,  the  Zuaves  of  the  Tunisian  territory,  the  Kolluvians  n  the  ueii;h- 
horhood  (d'  Soudan,  the  Tau;ania  nt'ar  Tonihuctoo,  who  are  whi'ic,  and  the  Ilai;ara 
and  .Matkara.  who  ar'e  ytdlowiNli.* 

'■'I'lie  Kahyles,"  s;iys  Dr.  I'richard,  ••  who  appear  to  he  intimately  ciuuii  cled 
with  the  Merhers,  inhaliit  tiie  hii^htr  part  of  the  Aluerine  and  Tunisian  teriitoiics. 
livim;  in  mountain  villaiics  composed  of  huts,  which  resemhle  the  in(tu;(ilia  (d'  the 
old  Nmnidians.  The  Kahyles,  as  we  learn  from  Ih'.  Shaw,  are  in  u;cncral  of  a 
swarthy  c(diu-.  witii  dai'k  hair ;  hut  those  who  iuhahit  the  mountains  of  Auress. 
thiMiiih  tliey  speak  the  same  idiom,  are  of  a  fair  and  luddy  complexion,  and  tiieir 
hair  is  of  a  deep  yc  How  ."f 

It  is  pr(d)al)ly  a  trihe  id'  Berhcrs  to  whom  M.  Ai'ano  alludes  win  a  he  iufoiiiis 
us.  that,  "in  tjoinu;  from  IJounia  to  Algiers  in  ls!(ts,  hy  land,  hi'  saw  wonu'U  of  all 
anes  in  the  diU'erent  villanes.  who  were  v\liite.  had  hlue  eyes  anil  fair  hair;  hut 
that  the  nature  of  his  journey  did  not  pt  rmit  him  to  slop  and  ask  if  they  canm 
from  any  particular  trihe." 

The  (ii  Asenns  of  the  Canary  Islands  appear  to  have  lieen  a  cidouv  of 
Berhers.  as  is  inferred  friun  tiie  remains  of  their  laiiL^uau'e.  their  features  ami  their 
customs.     The  singular  perfection  wilii  which  thiy  [)raeti-ed  the  art  ol'  emhalin- 


*  t'liii'iiAiiii.  I,  ]i.  J  lii,  &!■. — Thr  lic^l  iiciniiiii  III'  till'   |!i  ilii'ix  1  h;ix  i'  ;iuy  w  hrri'  smi  is  i'iuil;iiiicj 
llliili'i-  llial  ai-lii'lr  ill  iho  I'riiii)-  Cyi'li'i'ir  lia.  u  'ii'aniril  ami  (iilnnale  wnik  w  illi  a  very  Imiiililu  lilk'. 
t  klum.  p.  .'Li.  .■■■- 


'il 


VAIliri'll'.S  OK  TIIK  IH'MAN  SPKCIKS. 


iii'j.'.  Ii;i^  Icil  111  till'  »np|Hisiliiiii  lli;it  iliiv  were  (if  Ku;y|)lii\ii  "I'itiiii :  Iml  llic  iiiialoity 
III  Iwii  II  the  twip  ii:ili  'ii»  :i|i|iiMiN  iinl  Id  li;i\c  lAlniilril  liryoiul  llii^  >>i>li(iiry  rite. 

'I'lic  UnliiiN  li.iM'  uiiiiritlly  lni  ii  ('11111111111(11(1  willi  Hie  Ainli'*.  wlmiii  llicy 
('liii'll_\  I'cM'iiililc  ill  llicir  WMMiIci'iiij;  ;inil  |ii'('il:iliii'y  li;ilii|s.  'I'lic  ItirlMi'  liiii^iiii^c 
i>  wlmlly  ilill'cniil  I'lnni  llw  Aiiiliic;  m  illiir  di  liny  cliiiiii  In  Ilic  Arabs  or  the 
Araliv  li>  lliciii  any  iialinnMl  al'ilialinii :  anil  llui'i'  is  snlliciinl  ri'a>iiii  In  liclicvc.  a-t 
already  >.lati  il.  llial  liny  are  idciilical  willi  lln'  Jiiliya'  dI'  Ilic  aiiciiiils.  Hie  junplc 
wliii  iiihaliilnl  tin   ciuiiiliy  iMl'dri'  tlic  iir^l  inllnx  ol' llic  Arahians. 

I  am  al  a  In-- w  lure  Id  cla^s  llir  (idllim  »(  ca-tciii  Al'iica.  yd  liny  In  ar  a 
ijiinral  [iliy-ical  n-t  iiililancr  In  -niiii'  liilii  -  ni'  Hi  tin  r-.  'I'lny  arc  i>(  -mall 
-latiiir.  willi  Idiii;  Mack  liair.  ami  cdiniilcxidiis  varyinu;  li'diii  Innwii  tn  Mack. 
'I'lny  ail'  aiiidiin-  Ihi'  iim-l  uailikr  ami  n  iinu'^i  li-s  liarliariaiis  (if  Alrica,  and  llnir 
)ii'iiii'i|ial  Irilir.  ihr  nnnii-L^iilla.  imw  hom  rii-  l>y  ('diii|ncs|  in  Aliy»iiiia.  and  cmii 
iiccupii  -  (idiiilar.  llic  cajiilal.  'I'lny  arc  Miiipdxd  In  -|iriiiu;  rroin  llial  niiknnwii 
ici:idii  wliicli  con-lilnlc-  Ihc  >^dnlln  rn  iiilnidr  I'l'  llic  ('111111111111. 

Ill  Ihc  iniiin  (iialc  \  icinily  III  Mniinl  Alia- llic  di-limlidii- nf  Kacc  arc  nl'li  11 
al|Mj;illirr  ('iilirumiil.  d.  ii\\  ili^'  to  llic  |i|d\illlily  nf  llir  Nci^id  llilics.  'I'lllls  the 
TihlitKis  M-:'  111  arly  Mack,  and  li;uc  Imij,- w  iiy  hair,  iiili  inn  ilialc  liclwccii  lliat  nf 
till  Tiiarick  and  the  Nci;rii:  y\  llnir  rialiiri>  arc  tinnd  and  llicir  rnriiis  (Ulicak'ly 
and  cvm  licanlirnlly  ninnldcd.  The  iniini'iinirial  |ircdaliiry  liahils  nf  these  vnriniis 
tiihi  -  amply  aci'diinl  I'ur  thi-  Mi  miin:  nf  pliy-ical  cliaiaclcr:  fur  the  'rihliniis  mix 
with  the  NcLiine-.  ihn  'rn;iiick-  i  n-la\e  the  'I'iMinn-.  aiul  llic  .Mnni-,  ill  their  (urn, 
m  ike  ciiemir-  and  -la\i  -  n|'  them  all. 

...  Tin:  Ml. urn   r.wiii.'i. 


The  valley  ni'  the  Nile.  ;i  naiinw  -trip  id'  land  -i\  hnndred  inilc^  Imn;  and  hnl 
(ell  hrnad — the  yHiiliiii  hlliis  nf  tin  iineicnt^.  pre-i  nl-  al  the  present  time  at  lea>l 
|\\ii  c'oiiiiatc  natinii-.  \vliicji.  tlimiuh  dwindled  and  dei;eiicralc.  ajipcar  (n  cnn-titntc 
a  I'aniily  di-linel  I'rnm  the  le-t  i\^  mankind.  'I'lii-c  nalimi-.  if  tiny  iinw  de-ervc 
that  name,  are  the  K(.m' 11  an- and  Niiuvv"*. 

The  nindirn  l\:ryplian-  are  cniiipn-ed  of  Iwn  cla— es.  nr  castes,  the  Cnpts  and 
Kellah-. 

The  (.'npl-.  ||iniit;li  iinw  nniarkalily  di-tinct  frmii  the  penpic  who  snrrdiiiid 
them,  derive  I'rnm  (heir  remntc  ancc-lnrN  snme  niixtiirc  of  (ireek.  .Vrabiau  and 
perlia|t-  even  Ncijrd  hlnod.  They  prc-cnt  various  shades  of  complexion,  from  a 
pale   yellow  tn   a  deep   hrnn/e  nr  hrnwii.      "The  eyes  (if  the  C'opt  are  generally 


TIIK  NII.OTK     I'AMILY. 


lli 


niul  liiit 

;il  l(;i>t 

m>tituli' 

Hit^  iiiul 

iliiaii  Miul 

from  a 

^(■lurally 


Inri;)'  niid  rlori^iitcil.  >lii;litlv  iiiiliiiiiik;  Irum  the  imsi'  ii|i\viiril«,  iiiiil  alwiiys  hluck. 
Till'  nose  is  sti'iiii;lit.  i\('('|ilin;;  al  llir  tiid,  siMir  il  is  iiMiiiili-d  and  wide:  tlic  li|i!« 
an-  ralhiT  <liiik.  and  the  Imir  is  black  aii'.  ciiriv.  "*  Mr.  Maddin  sa\s  Ihat  llu-y 
ari'  also  inarkid  hy  the  ^n-nt  disfaiicc  In  I\m  m  tin  i  vi  s.  'I'Im  ir  li  us  and  li  1 1  arr 
badly  I'ttrriitd.  and  llicy  arc  mIiIhih  uractliil  nr  |di  ;i»iiiu;  in  (In  ir  nianm  r.  'I'lnsi' 
pi'ii|tli',  niiw  rt'dnci'd  to  alMint  diic  Inindnd  and  \\i\\  lliunsaiid  siiids,  arc  Christians, 
but  tliry  bear  a  bitter  liatrid  tn  ail  ntlitr  sects,  'I'ln  y  arc  said  In  be  nl'  sullen 
temper,  avaricious.  i;;norant.  disseinblini;  and  t'aitbless, 

Tbc  Coptic  lan;;iiane  is  evireiucly  ancient  and  very  pccidiar ;  nor  can  tlierc 
be  a  ([Uestion  id'  the  identity  of  the  pnre  Coptic  with  the  ancient  vernacular 
Kuyptiini.  It  dfies  nut  appi  ar  to  have  inidert;one  any  cbanite  of  t;ranunatical 
structni'c.  and  it  is  of  lireater  antiipiity  than  any  Indo-Kuropean  or  Semitic 
lan;juai;e.t  The  kiio\vledt{(  of  the  Coptic  lannuai^e  is  al  present  kimwii  to  but 
few  of  the  Copts  themselves,  'The  Ptolemies  jirst  attempted  to  eradicate  it  by 
substituting  tbc  (Jreek  in  its  place,  and  tluy  even  made  il  a  capital  oHeiice  tn 
speak  the  Coptic  in  common  conversation.  The  Turks  have  pursued  the  same 
policy,  by  re(piirinn  the  Arabic  to  supersede  both  (Ireek  and  Coptic. 

'i'he  Cojits  are  supposed  |iy  Niebubr.  Denou  and  others,  to  be  the  descendants 
of  the  ancient  l''nyplians:  and  il  hiis  often  been  observed,  that  a  slroun'  resemblance 
may  be  traced  betwicn  the  Coptic  visage  and  that  jjreseiited  in  the  ancient  mum- 
mies. paintin;j;s  and  statties:(  but  it  is  in  vain  that  we  look  for  absolute  identity 
in  a  cinintry  that  has  i;roaned  in  bondaiic  lor  two  tliousantl  years.  The  I'ersians, 
the  (Jreeks.  the  Komaus.  Ihi'  Arabians  and  the  Turks,  have  successively  held 
diuninion  in  Ibis  fated  valley,  and  subjected  il.  in  turn,  to  every  species  of  oppres- 
si(ui.  The  Copts,  liurefore.  can  be  at  most  liiil  the  degenerate  remains,  both 
physically  and  intellectually,  of  that  mighty  people  who  have  claimed  the  admira- 
tion of  all  ages. 

The  great  mass  of  the  present  Kiiyptian  |iopulalion  is  composed  of  a  mixed 
race  of  Copts  and  Arabs,  wlio  are  caih d  M<i.\liin-Eici/pli(inx.  or  Ftllahit.  They 
are  handsomer  than  liie  purer  Copts.  -Tluir  heads  arc  a  I'me  oval,  the  forehead 
of  moderate  si/.e.  not  high,  hut  generally  prominent:  their  eyes  are  deep  sunk, 
black  and  brilliant  :  the  nose  is  stniinlit  and  rather  tiiick  :  the  mouth  will  formed: 
the  lips  are  rather  fidl  than  otherwise  :  the  teeth  particubu'ly  beautiful,  and  the 
beard  is  .-ommiudv   black  and  curl  v.  but  scant  \.V) 


•  Lank,  Mod.  Ki.'y|il.  II.  y.  :ili). 
I  .NiKiii'iiii,  'I'rav.  Ill  AliKM,  \<.  71. 


f  LiP'-ir^.  Ill  WisiMiiaii's  LiM'l.  p.  fill. 
§I.\NK.  Mi'l.  K-ypl.  II,  p.  .;,'. 


a(i 


VAIJIKTIES  OF  THE  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


Ill  |iei'->(in  llicv  iiic  i(iii;irk;il)ly  well  prdportiniiicl  :  tlic  iiicii  hciiii;  hwixc  ami 
roliiist.  :iiul  (lie  wdiucii  litaulirully  riiriiicd.  'I'licy  liiivc  a  ycllowi^li  l)\it  clear 
(•()iii|ilt'xiiiii.  ami  llit'ir  \\liiilf  cxtcridr  has  ih  rived  I'idin  (licir  Aral)  liiicai^c  simie 
advantages  wiiicii  tlic  uiiiuiiic  C(i|)(  !)nt  inrcly  pdsscsscs. 

The  \i  liiAN-  (iiii-litutc  (lie  srcniid  ilivisidii  (if  tile  Nilotic  la  111  ilv.  Tlicy  call 
tlicinsclvis  y<nili<i.t>r  Kinous.hni  arc  kiuiwii  in  I'livpt  liy  tlic  name  iif  JUralicra* 
••'riie  liiiurc  ui'  tlic  Nubian."  says  .Mr.  Sti  V(iis.  -is  tall.  thin,  sinewy,  and  jiraccl'ul. 
possessing;  what  Wdiiiil  he  called  in  ci\iliseil  life  an  iiiicnnuiKUi  deii'ree  of  i;-eiitilit\ . 
His  tV.cc  is  rather  dark.  tliocmJi  lar  removed  tVom  .M'lican  blackness:  and  his 
features  are  loiiii  and  aquiiiiie.  decidedly  nsemblinn  the  IJoman.'t 

The  hair  of  the  Nubian  is  thick  and  black,  ol'tcn  curled  either  hy  nature  or 
by  art.  and  sometimes  partially  I'ri/zled.  but  never  woolly.  In  I'act.  Jiidnint!;  t'roin 
the  paintinu;  and  sculpture  of  their  teinple>.  the  ancient  Nubians,  like  the  modern, 
were  in  no  lopect  aualoi;(uis  to  the  Nei^roes.  exccptiiiu;  in  the  occasional  blackness 
of  their  skin:  and  it  is  also  worthy  of  remark,  that  their  most  fre(iueiit  scenic 
decorations  reproeiit  tluir  triumpiis  o\cr  the  Neii;roes.  who  uniformly  apiiear  as 
menials  (ir  a^  captive^. 

"It  is  anioiii;'  the  Nubian-." --ays  Mr.  Madden.  "  we  are  to  search  for  the 
tru(>  descendants  <if  thi'  Egyptian^;  a  swarthy  race,  surpassing  in  the  beauty  of 
their  >leiuler  forms,  all  the  people  of  tiie  East  :  living  on  the  coiitiues  of  Egypt, 
where,  probably,  tin  ir  ance>1<irs  had  been  driven  by  the  Persians;  and  possessing 
a  dialect  somewhat  mixed  with  Arabic,  but  which  1  have  observed  no  Arab 
understands." 

Although  the  Nubians  occasionally  present  their  national  characters  unmixed, 
they  generally  show  traces  of  their  social  intercourse  with  the  Arabs,  and  even 
with  the  N(  groes  ;  and  the  Ioiil;  domination  of  the  former  has  impressed  on  these 
jieople  many  i  their  peculiar  traits,  including  their  nligioiis  observances:  for 
although  the  .Nubians  early  embraced  Christianity,  they  are  now  all  Moslems,  and 
boast  that  they  have  not  a  Christian  amonii  them. 

The  .llij/s.sinidiifi.  the  Axomiti  s  of  the  Homaiis.  iniiabil  the  country  to  tlie 
south  of  Nubia,  and  appear  to  have  been  originally  aliliated  with  the  Egyptians 
and  Nubians.  Put  at  present  they  have  utterly  lost  their  identity  IVom  their 
intercourse  with  various  nations  of  diHereiit  (U'igiii  and  language,  but  especially 
the  Arabs,  (iallas  and  Negroes.     Thus  constituted,  the  Abyssiniaiis  present  one  of 

*  lii  KKii  MiiH,  'I'rin  .  p.  Jio, 

t  Sii:\  i:\^,  Ivjypl.  &i'.,  I,  |i.  lo  1.   "Hiiiiiii  \niir,  Ti  iv.  |i,  I  I  I. 


Tin:  NILOTIC   TAMILY. 


luiiuixtil. 
iiul  even 

on  tlusc 
lU'cs :    lor 

■lus.  iiiul 

y   t(i  thi 

nil   their 
-pcciiilly 

■lit  OllL'  of 


the  most  motley  and  Imrbiiroiis  slali'S  in  existence.  Vet  llie  Anil)  Miul  Nnbiiiii 
lineaments  preilominate :  and  are  seen  in  tiie  (i\mI  lace,  tlie  narrow  j)oiiited  nose, 
the  loin;',  black  hair  and  delicate  linilis:  while  the  iiiimeinoriai  aniali^anialion  of 
till'  Ahys^iniaiis  with  their  \e<iro  >lavis.  iiii|)arts  lo  niany  the  tiiick  lips,  tiie  Hat 
nose,  and  even  tile  crisped  and  wonliy  li:iir  of  the  ^rmiine  African.  'I'lie  jinsent 
inhabitants  are  to  the  last  deiiree  barbarous,  cruel  and  licentious.  Kveii  the 
Christian  population  is  said  to  paitake  ol'  tiie  national  anarchy,  lor  they  are  di\itlcd 
into  three  parties,  who  are  so  ininiieal  to  each  other  that  they  refuse  to  take  tin 
saeranient  together.  "'I'he  Abys>iniaiis."  says  (ioliat.  in  extenuation,  "are  liars, 
as  well  as  the  Arabs;  but  they  yet  have  a  feeling  of  shame  which  the  Arabs  have 
not." 

'I'lieir  written  langnam'.  tiie  (ihee/,  has  some  allinity  with  the  Aral)ic.  which 
may  be  attril)Uted  to  the  long  intircouise  of  the  two  nations. 

'I'he  ancient  intercourse  of  the  Abyssinians  witii  ihe  J'>iiyptians.  is  proved  liy 
the  temples  and  obelisks  among  the  ruins  of  Axoniii.  tiie  port  of  Abyssinia  on  the 
l?ed  Sea  :  while  at  .Meriie.  in  the  interior,  and  at  ntlier  places,  are  seen  some 
stuiirndous  arcliiteetural  remains  ol'  lii;;h  anti(iuitv. 

Till  .Inriinl  /■Ji':ifjiliii)is. — Tlic  |iiiysical  traits  ol  the  llsiyptians,  as  derivable 
from  tiieir  nionuincnts  and  iiiumnres.  may  be  ciobraced  in  the  lollowing 
summary. 

'I'liey  appear  to  liave  been  spare  in  person,  witii  long  limbs  and  (blicate 
hands  and  feet.  'I'lieir  heads  were  formed  as  in  tiie  Hindoo,  thus  diil'ering  from 
the  Caucasian  only  in  being  somewhat  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  body,  and 
fiaving  a  narrower  and  less  (levaterl  forehead.  Mr.  Madden,  who  speaks  of 
ijaving  exaiiiiiud  a  great  number  ol  lieads  in  tlie  Tlieban  catac(inibs.  says  -that 
the  (dd  l^gyptian  skull  is  extremely  narrow  across  the  forehead,  and  of  an  (diloiig 
shape  anteriorly.  !  m  ver  found  one  witii  a  broad  expanded  forehead."*  'I'lien 
i^  a  n'lnarkable  resemblance  among  the  iiimimerable  heads  sculptureil  in  the 
temples 'if  the  Nile:  and  one  who  is  accustomed  to  examine  them  becomes  so 
familiar  with  the  l-gyptian  physiognomy,  that  when  other  races  are  introduced, 
as  the  .lews  and  Negroes,  the  <ye  can  mostly  detect  them.  'I'll ere  is  aKo  a 
singular  accordance  in  conformation  between  tlu'  sculptured  heads,  and  the  real 
ones  taken  from  the  'I'hebaii  catacom!'s.  'l"wo  proniiiiriit  varieties  are  discernibb 
in  each  one  of  these  has  the  rathi  r  low  ami  narrow  ton  head  above  mentioned, 
uhib'    the   other    prrscuts    |lic    full    dcvelopnit  lit   of    tin    Caue;;sian    head.       The 


*  'I'niv.  ill  I-:-yi>l.  .^r  ,  !I,  p.  'i:l. 


M 


'28 


VARIETIES  OF  'I'lIE  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


former  urcatlj  nrcdoininatos  in  tlw  Eiiypliaii  siMilpluri",  and  is  possibly  character- 
istic nl"  tiic  Egyptians  as  a  race.  'Tlie  nose  uas  ratlicr  lonn,  and  joined  llie  head 
nineli  in  the  (Irecian  niainier:  the  eye  \vas  elongated  ami  ratiier  oMiciwe  ;  the  ii])s 
were  well  formed,  the  ehin  rounded  and  moderately  full,  and  tiie  whide  expression 
mild  and  pleasinu;.  It  may  he  added  that  the  Eiiyptian  ear  is  said  to  have  heen 
placed  higher  than  in  the  Caucasian:  liut  on  this  point  I  cannot  speak  from 
ohservation.  It  is  c\nious.  however,  that  the  same  remark  has  heen  made  in 
reference  to  the  Hindoos  of  Malahar.* 

As  to  tne  complexion  of  these  j)eoj)le.  histor}'  is  strangely  silent :  hut  judging 
fnuu  liie  painlin2;s  which  have  heen  copied  hy  IJel/.oni,  (Jhamp(dlion  and  others, 
their  prevalent  color  appears  to  have  heen  swarthy  or  hrown.  with  a  tiuije  of  red. 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  there  was  a  diil'erencc  in  color  in  the  ditl'erent  castes, 
as  in  the  modern  Hindoos.  j)resentinii  every  shade  from  nearly  white  to  a  very 
dark  hrown.  or  even  black.  'I'heir  iiair  was  hmi;.  straiijht.  and  ijenerally  black, 
althouiih  in  the  niniuinies  it  lias  a  brownisii  color,  wiiich  has  heen  attributed  to 
the  process  of  einhaliniui.':.t 

The  anti(iuity  of  the  E^yptiau  nation,  and  their  >kili  in  the  arts  and  sciences, 
have  been  proveibial  in  ail  ai;(s.  ■•  It  is  ;i  reu>ari<able  fact."  says  .Mr.  AVilkinson, 
"tiiat  the  first  iilinip-<e  we  obtain  of  tlic  history  and  manners  of  Die  Eiiyptians, 
shows  a  nation  ah-i-ady  advanerd  in  llir  arts  nf  civilised  life:  and  the  same  customs 
and  inventions  tiiat  prcvaihil  in  liu-  Au^u>tan  era  of  that  people,  after  the 
accession  of  the  eii:;lit(inth  dyua-ly.  ai'e  found  in  tiie  r( mote  iige  of  Osirtasen,  the 
contemporary  of  .losepli.'t 

In  illustration  ot'  the  luitiiiuity  luid  tiie  "  leaiaiiug  of  the  I''gyptian-."'  we  may 
brielh'  notice  a  few  facts  in  enniieetion  with  the  received  chroiidlogy  :  thus,  they 
had  completed  tiie  pyramid-  "f  M(  niidiis  witiiin  three  hundred  yiars  after  the  era 
assii;ned  to  the  deiugi' : — tiny  wrote  liieir  hieroiilypliic  characters  on  pajiyrns  as 
earl\- as  tile  age  of  C'lie(i|i>.  two  Ibousand  year-  before  Christ: — they  discovtM'ed 
ami  eonstrueled  tiie  areli  at  least  three  thousiind  four  liuudred  years  ago  : — the 
fr'/VY'/.- ,SVro// is  eouiuion  in  the  tombs  of  the  I'haroalis  : — ami  the  so  called  Doric 
column  and  entablature  ornameiiled  the  porticos  of  Ihni-I'assan  before  sculpture 
was   an    art    in   (Jreeee.^y       lleiiee    the    oli>ervati(Mi   of  a    late    writer,  that    '-this 


'  \'iiu;v.  Did.  d'HiM.  \;il.  An.  I, '11  umii.  . 
'I'lii'  l'".L'y|iliiUis  ki'i.t  ilMii'  IicmI-.  -1i;h.'(I  rvrcpiiiiL'  11  lurk  OH  ill''  rriiwii.  ami  tlirir  jicail-ilrcsscs 
wi'rc  iis  v.u'ii'ii  as  llir  raj'HaK  n|'  ihi'ir  r'lliiniii--. 

.:  .\ii'i.  lit  i;'j\  I'l.  ill.  I'.  ,".".  ^N  Aii'i'iil  Kjv|'1,  II.  1'.  117  —III,  l>.  l.')0,  '.'Ol,  :ilf-'. 


*-5^ 


THE  NILOTIC   FAMILY. 


29 


racter- 
L'  head 
he  lips 


rt'ssKiii 


sin 


gular  people  had  attained  a  hiijh  desjree  of  eivilisation  and  relinenient  at  a  ti 


nif 


when  the  whole  western  world  was  still  involved  in  harharisni:  win  ii  the  history 
of  Europe  had  not  yet  !)et;un:  and  loiiij;  before  Cnrtha^e.  Athens  and  l{onie  were 
thoudit  of." 


e  heen 
V  from 
lade  in 


jiidu;in<j; 

others. 

of  red. 
t  ea-^tes. 

a  very 
y  hlat'k, 
l)Uted  to 


seienees. 
ilkinson, 
uyptiaiis. 


!■  e\i-<lon)s 


ter 


the 

I'll,  the 


we  may 
ms.  they 
V  the  era 


p\riis  as 


iscoverei 


o:— tlie 

(1  Doric 

^eulptnit; 

it    '-this 


NiiTK.  —  On  the  Sii/)pi)sc(l.  .Ij/ini/i/  helwecn  titc  l-^^ij/iliun^  itiid  AVifcof.s. — I  Ini^i  I  shall  lit^ 
oxpiiwil  for  nUV'riu!.',  in  this  place,  a  li'W  lirji'l'  riMuarks  in  r<  IrriMirx'  In  a  viilirar  rrror  wlii^ii  lia^  I'ound 
sn|i|iiirt  ill  llic  su|ii,'ilicial  ohM'rvaliniis  ol'  sumc  iiicii,  aii'l  lli^'  iiiisa|iplir(l  linuVdlriirc  ciT  oiIm  r^:  I 
allilili'  111  lliat  hypnllic^Ms   wliirh   rlasscs   lli.'   ancii.'Hl    I'Il'n  ptiaiis  with  ihr   Nclth  larr.      Aiiuiiil.'  llii,' 

aih'iii-ati's  (if  lliis  opiniuii    \va^  VhIimv.  lin'  cflrlualnl   HM\rllrr.      lie   lonkrd   ii| till'  .S/;/i(i(,c.  and 

hastily  iiifencil  iVoni  ils  ll  il  I'raliiirs  ;ind  hishy  hair  that  lln-  lv-'\  pliaU'-  wiae  rral  Nr'jrors:  yet  ihesi' 
('ii'ciiiiislanccs  havr  ii.i  \V('iL.'hl  w'icii  \\r  recur  in  llu'  ful  lli  il  llie  lindhisis  of  Asia  Mhi,'  inosi 
liiinieroiis  sect  in  rxi^lenn';  reprcHiail  llirir  |iriiiripai  L.'"d  wiih  \e_r|-,i  features  and  hair,  and  nfleii 
sniiplured  in  lilaek  iiiarMe  ;"  yet  aiumii;  Ihe  lluee  hundred  niillieiis  who  \viirslu|i  Hudlia.  there  is  not. 
pia'haps,  a  solitary   NcLjro  nation.     The  l^Lryptians  horrowed  nianv  of  their  nivlliolocrieal  riles  I'roiii 

their   sonllii'rn    iii'iL'lih.irs,   in   ihe   smue    way   that,   iu   aflei-   ti the    ('■reeks   horrowed    from    the 

l''-'yptiaiis.  and  the  1!.. in  ins  from  the  ( liveks :  yet  tlie>e  fjets  are  '.m  proot's  ol'  thi'  alhliation  ot'  races. 
The  ruins  ot'  I'onipeii  eoutain  a  temple  nl'  Isjs ;  yet  woiiiil  an\' one  theiiee  iiii'rr  that  the  inh.aliitaiils 
of  that  city  were   I^Lrypti  in^  '•     There  is  no  ahsohue  |iion|',  inoicn\rr.  that  the  Splnii\  represented  an 


,-ptian  dialy:   it  may  li.ave  hi'eii  a  shrine  of  tln'   \i'i:ro  popnlali.'U  ni'  |-:L;\pi.«| 


lo,  as  trallakers 


servants  ,aiid  slaves,  were  a  very  lmmerou^  hody:  whence  the  he 
hv  DiodonC'.  that  the  va--i   strneiiircs  ol    Karnak  and    l,ii\or  we 


of  ihi'  lv_'vpli:in  kiiii.'^.  recorded 
■i-c|ed  h\-  the  hdiiM-  ol'  I'oni-'liers. 


and  that  ii'iue  ot'  till'  name  h/jvpiiaiis  were  uiiiployed  on  th'aii.  T!ii^  remark  iiia\'  he  coupled  with 
another  statement  of  the  same  hisioria.n.  that  the  people  nf  l^^-'vpl  t'ollowed  their  own  t'anei.'s  in 
reliL'ion,  every  one  h.'iiiL' allowed  lo  wnrship  that  ohjeii  winch  hi^  aiieev|,irs  hail  wor'-hipped  hctiu'e 
him.*     Ileiiee  the  niimher  and  divcr^iiv  nf  their  L'ods.  foim  a  leek  or  a  reptile  to  the  dedieil  Osiris. 


.Xiioiher  iioiiil  nindi   iii^i--tci|   mi   is  the   followin:.' :   Heroilnti 


ikiii-  of  the   (', 


Iclnaiis.  sav 


that  the  Iv-'ypliaiis  heliexed  ihein  "lo  he  il,>cendei|  t'rom   part  ot'  the  irnop^  ol'  Se-oslris."     He  ihiai 


lids,  ■■  lo  this   I   mv-cll'  w 


is  also  inclined,  hecai 


ihev  are  hiack,  and   have  hair  --hert  and  < 


Toi--  lies  piinii,  however,  i-.  far  I'roiu  heiii.'  ^nllicieiit  to  eharacicri^e  a  .Ve-ro,  and  would  apply  with 
eipial  trnlh  lo  a  lar.a:  propoiiien  ol'  the  .Vuhiaiis  ot'  llie  pivseiii  day,  merely  nrikiiiL'  allowances  for 
tlie  Well  k'uown  vaLrnciii'ss  with  whi.li   the   (Irerks  applieil   the  term /iA/r7,  lo  all  comple.Mons  darker 


ihan  nil  ir  own.      l-.vcn  il   i 


I  he  admilled  that  tin  --e  ('old 


laiis  were  n 


1 1  .Nl 


:rors.  u  dues  not  pr'i\e  the 


pomi  ;it  is^ne;  for  ihe  rem  irk-  ihal  they  were  ••  part  of  ihe  Inmp^  of  Se-Mi^tn--"  lead--  to  the  re.isunahle 
iiil'.  reiice  that  they  were  either  wholly  or  in  ]i.ul  derived  frmii  ihe  serMi"  or  Nei:ro  caste  In  l\L!y|it. 
and  n  a  of  tin-   la.'yptian   race.     This  opinion   is  sustained  l.y  another  passa-jc  in  Ihe  s.iiiie  histurian. 


rho   leIN   us   thai    in   the  .inn 


V  of    \ia'\es   which    inwidi  d    (I 


there     w; 


a     IcLJIOU    ol     Western 


Kllu'ipi.ins.  who,  he  adds,  ••  have  ilnar  hair  more  cri^p  and  ciii'Iiiil'  than  any  other  men. "§  Now,  il 
ihe  l'er^i  111  army  was  cmiposi'ii  in  part  o|'  L-e|iiiiiie  Nilmoi  s.  how  iniich  more  likely  were  the  tmops 
of  S^■^o^lris  111  einhracc  a  porlion  of  that  race,  he  heiiiL'  himself  a  kill-'  of  l-'.L'ypI  '■     lint  il  may  hu  said 


■dresses 


.1,  ;il.' 


•  III  iini.  \;ur.  1,  p.  -.'.'ll.     ./i;i.  Il/, 


Ml>.ivy;:l;  k«.  ;^';:;.vi; 


/•.■„(,,•/.■',  I..,,.  ( 


t  Diiiii.  Nil  .  111-'.  (Ii. "'til's  Tr 
J  lliainli.  I'..lli,viil   t'.i|i.  IA\. 


I!.  I,di, 


JO 


VAiuirriKs  OF  tmh  human  sfixiks. 


llial  III  roil.  i|u^  ^|l^;lks  dl'  ilir  ('i;liiii;iiis  ;is  Iv.'v  [1111111^  :  to  wlih  li  ii  iii:i\  lir  auburn  il,  'lial  he  dni's  so 
ill  a  L'riirri.-  (ir  i'.iiii]mcIuii-.h  r  >'iiM';  pi'i'ii^i'ly  as  111  mir  own  liinr  llir  aiinv  I'T  Ihraliiiii  I'aclia  is  said 
to  ]tr  niiii|Hi>r(l  ol'  .\(':,'/(/r%  and  l-'rllalis.  uli.i,  uilli  all  lli.  ir  iiiollry  L'laili-.  nrrnr  Uii'  idllii'livi' 
IKUlir  ..|'  lv_'\  |iliaii-..  ■  A^  111  umI.iIiis  i-.  ,  In,  iK  a|.|ii  a!,  d  In  l'\  dm^i'  wji..  wauild  iiiri  _t  I  In'  Ivjypliaii  in 
llir  NrL'iii,  I  ill  ink  Mill  II'  I'Miari^  I'luiu  Ins  wcnk  will  slmw  dial  In-  Iiiiiim'I!'  had  no  Mirh  wrw.  Ih-  has 
for  r\aiii|ili'  llir  lo  I  low  nil'  |i,i-saL.'i':  ••  Thr  |iii.'-|s  al'lriwaid--  M'l'n.  .1  10  n,  ■  ;hi-  naini  ^  of  lln'co  hniidrrd 
and  lliillv  soM'ni'jii--  mi.  n  ^^ors  ol  Mi'iirs:'  m  lln^  loininui  d  m  1  n  s.  c  I'.'hlrcn  wire  !'',lhio|iiaiis,  and 
GUI'  a  li'liiali'  nalivr  o|  ihr  ronnlry — 11//  t/ir  ns/  ii-n-f  iimi  cik/  J.\'i//iliii)is."  ],,-[  us  aiialvsi-  ihis 
passaLH'.  Il  is  ailniilli'i!  ihal  ihosr  ciLhlrrii  i'.lhii'iiicn.s''  wxr  Ioiti^tih'i's  ;  yrl  in  all  |iriihahilily 
Nilliians.  and  iioi  Nr^iois.  IT  11  hr  coiiii'iuli  il.  h.  u  i-vrr.  dial  liny  w.'it  it  d  Ni  "_'nirs.  ihi'ii  11  u'lll 
lollow  dial  iiii!>  oiir  I  i.diirinlh  pari  o|'  ihis  Ion-  lino  o|'  ii'onaiThs  could  haM;  hrrii  of  Ncl'i'o  oriL'ili. 
It  is  also  na'-oiKililr  In  inlii',  lliat  wliali'M  I'  may  ha\i'  hcrii  iho  iialional  rharai'Iri-  of  iliis  t'xolii' 
iiiiiioriiy,  ilii'V  rri:;iii'd  111    l'/_'\|il   hy  n'nr|iaiioii  01   hy  c'oiii|Ui'si. :      .Moitox .  r.  ihis  •■  foinali' iialivo  of 

ill iiiiiliy,"'  was  Niioiris.  u  ho   is  di'sriili.d  hy  Maii.ilio  as  ••  riinarkaMy  hoaiilifiil,  willi  a  fair  sUiii 

and  llaM'U  haii'."^  Il  is  uiiim  rissary  lo  i-i'inark  ihai  im  lu'o  |ii'i'>onal  Irails  I'onid  ho  niiiro  ihainolnrallv 
o|i|iiisiii' III  ihosr  oj  iho  Ni  _'io  ihaiilhiM';  and  as  Niiociis  was  a  iialivi-  KL'y|iIiaii.  and  of  ihi'  roval 
liiir.  ur  may  iraMinahh  mirr  dial  she  |io>si'ssi'il.  in  an  cmini'iit  dru'iTi'.  lln'  nalional  I'hai'aclci'islirs  of 
III!'  huh-ra-U'  !■;-■)  pliaus. 

This  ijiio-iion  IS  Imihrr  rliicidalrd  hy  ill!'  iiuiiiIm  ilr^s  |iii'l(irial  and  ollior  rc|iH'si'nlalioiis  ui  llic 
loiuhs  of  I'!l,'\  |il  and  Niihia.  'riiiis,  in  dh-  jilal  ^  |o  Ii.  Izom's  lirsrai'ihis.  aiiioii_'  ihr  niosi  aiirinil 
Nilhian  riniaiii--,  uc  SIT  li_'iii.'s  of  vaiioiis  .'oiiii.|i'\ions,  iVoni  a  IiliIiI  if'sh-i'iilor  1.1  a  dark  red,  and 
(Ik'so  aiT  I'onjoini'd  widi  sin.'lly  Canrasian  or  A-ialir  fealiin's.  Anmhor  sorirs  ri'iirrsonls  four 
11110. |nn  oral  Ni'.'i'oi's.  luarki' I  hy  rviiy  1  iiarai-lrrislir  irail.  iiK-liidniL',  of  ronrM',  a  jol  hlack  skill: 
wliilo.  oil  llii' saiiio  |iirlur.'.  and  as  if  lo  riiloiTi'  iho  disiiiiriion  of  racr  hy  11  diroel  ennlrast,  srveral 
other  iiersoiiaLM's  are  s.tu  wiiIi  fair  skins  and  Cani-asiaii  liiU'aineiils.ll 

••lilaik  |ii'oiile."  sa\s  Mr.  Wilkinson,  •■  disiLoialid  as  naliMsof  die  yo/-e/^')i  laiiil  ij'  l'iisl,,:\\r 
geiiorally  ri'|iri'senleil  011  die  I'l'jyjiliau  uioniiini'iils  eilher  as  ea|ilives,  or  as  die  hearers  o|'  Inhiile  lo 
the  I'haraolis."'  ■■  1  riinaiki  d,"  sa\  s  Diiinii,  ■•  inaii\  di'ea|iilaled  liLOins:  ihese  U'ere  all  dark,  u  Ink 
lliose  who  had  sirnek  oil'  iheir  hiads,  and  sinl  siood  over  dieiu  sword  m  hand,  wore  rod."' ' 


•This  r.'.iluri'  ..I'  llii  1110.!,  ri.  i;j\|'ll,ai  .'.riny  is  « 1  I!  1  xi'Liinnl  in  MurMi.a'iU,  Tr.iv,  |i.  :i  1 1 ,  \.-.-l,'iii'.r  ,il'li  r  lliis  |i;irl 
of  my  iii.iiiiisiTi|.i  w;is  ri..i,l\  (,.j  \\„    y,,  s-.  I  n  :i,l  ilir  1,  ,itni  'I    111.  \\  1-1  iii.n.'s   l.i  cliin's  .'ii  Ih.'  N.il'ir.il  llisi  tv  ■  T  Mini. 

ill  whi.'li  I  liii.l   ll.e   I'.'U  i«niir  ,..,rr'.li"r..liv.'   ].,is.,,^„  :   ■■li  |s  nr.l  .  :!-y,"  li.'  M  iii.oks,  "i..  ri.'.'ii.'llr   ill.'  1 lii'lliej  risiills 

thus  i.tilaiiii  li  fr.. Ill  wrilirs   lui.l   Ir mi'ihuiiii  his,  .m.i  it  is   n..   U'IlIit  lli.a    I.  ,irn.  .1   in. 11  sli..iil.l    liiivr  ililV.rr.i  \\  i.Irly  in 

oliinl.'ii  "11  lln-  sulij.  .'1.      I  -li  .i;|,|    lliiiik  Ih.    1.1  si  s,.;:iih.ii  js,  iliiu    l-i'.'li't   Wiis  ill,'  ailry  uln  n-  I  in'   (on  ks  iinsl  (  .isily 

s.nv  111.   iiili.iliu.iiils  .,r  nil.  n.ir  MVi.-.i,  in.iny  .'l'  « li.iin  ,'  .iihlliss  ll..,'k..l  lliilli.  r  .11, .1  «.  r.'  s,  it|,  ,|  ilnr,.  ,.r  s,  r\,  .1  111  llii' 

iinny   as  IniiiiMrli's   ur    |ir.i\ 1.1I-.  .is  tl..  y  hav.    .k.nr   in    l.'.li  r  linn  s  ;   .,11. 1    lliiis  lln  y  I'.inii'  I"  I"'  i'.inl'..iinil.  .1  l._v  »  illir» 

with  111.'  .'.iniilry  "In  r.'  .il..ii.'  ih.  \  kn.  u  lln  1 1  «ir.  ."nsi.!.  r.  .1  ,\  \\.\i\  ..1th.   iii.Iil'.  ii.'i.s  |...|.iil:iii "     .li,i.  ,1.  y.  a:, 

fl'h.'  s:i-"L'rn|ihl,Ml  iinaninM-  ..|  t|„    »,,r,|  r.:/,; 'i^i.in  »  ill  h.    ,  \|.|.iin.  .1  111  tin-  .'li.i|.|.  1  ,.|i  tin    N,  -n.  K.n-,  . 

:  Ihiiiii..  Kill.  r|i. ,  III.,  c. 

(^  Mam  111..,  .IS  ,|in.t,  .1  III  \\  ilLiii-..ii's  Am-.  Iv.'V|it.  I.  \-y.  -'s.  Ill,  'rin-  r.  .nl.  r  111 1>  iiK..  |,.|i  hi--  ..uii  (■..iisirn.'ln.n  im 
lln;  r.ill..«lliir  |,nss,,„,.  ni  II,  ri..l"lns  :  -W..  may  Vi  liti.n  1..  ns-. 't,"  -,i\s  h,  ,••.'.'(,■/ -/.■.r  .■/»  ..yViV.;!;..,  tin  f.  is  in.  |i,  ,.|,|,. 
Ill  li,'.illli  ami  I'lmslilnln.ii  1.,  h. |.ar.  .1  e.  llir  lv_'\  |ili,iii-," — /.'.i,'.  .-yi, ,  .',i|..  1,\\  \  I. 

,  lii'sear.'li.  s,  r.iiin  |i|.il.'s l)r,  W  i-i'in.in  ,il,.i  n  h  is  I',  .r  riirllnr  |.r. ..  I'  1"  If'skins's  Ti.iv,  in  I'lllii"]'!.!,  "hn-li  I  hav.i 

nut  SI,  [1. 

•i  .Villi.  I.I  Iviyiil.  1,  |..  I,  ••  \,,y.  II,  |..  -jai'.. 


J 


Tin:  NILOTIC  FAMILY, 


31 


he  ilops  S(l 


cliii  is  said 

■     Kllll'I'liVf 

'.'-■\  lili:iii  ill 
;.  ll.'luis 
iM'  liuiiiln'il 
iliiiiii--.  unci 
iimKsi'  ilus 
|iloli;iliilily 
llira  It  will 


jrip  iinL'iii. 


Illls    OXdllC 

ill'  iKilivr  (it 
\\  a  lair  sMii 
i:uiirli'ii;illy 
if  llir  iiiyal 
ictriivlics  111 


iliiiii^  in  ilir 


lliisl     IlirU'nl 

;irk  iTcl,  iiiul 

iri'Miiis  limr 

lilarU  skm; 


rii'-t.  sivrral 


J'  Ciis/i.  an- 
•  r  Inliiilr  In 
(lark,  wink 


,iU[  r  llii-  ii;irl 
-.1  TV  ■  r  M.ui, 


il  u  Ilk  Iv  ill 


SI  I  ,i>ilv 
r  M  rM  >l  IM  llii 


.l.il  \>\   wriliT* 


At  llu'  rnlr.iiii'r  ul'  ilir  lriii|ilr  III  l|i^anil)nnl,  in  Nnliia.  Dnrkliarilt  s-aw  llic  itiikuiis  of  M^iral 
Cdlossal  slaliii'S,  rill  mil  ol'  llii'  Miliil  rm  k  ;  nl  tlir  iiiost  [irrkri  nT  tlain  lir  rrinarks  :  ••  'I'lir  liiail  wlikli 
is  aliiivr  1 1 II-'  sinlai'r  |ii|'  llir  -.ami  j  lias  a  inusl  i'\jir<.'ssiM'.  yuiillilul  r-oiinlriiain  i,  a|i|iro,ii,ljiiig  nranr  to 
ihu  (Inciaii  inoilrl  oT  liraiuy  lliiin  llial  nl  any  am  imi  l''._'y|.iian  li:;inv  I  liaM'  sirii."* 


Hill  Willi   rcl'ivm' 


lo   ihc   iili\sii'  il  rliaracli.r  ol   ll 


II'   l-.-'\  iiiiaii--.  llhrr  Is  a  sonrcc  oi   rviiknii'  lo 


wliiili  sonu  ;iliii>ioii  lias  alrraily  Imtii  hi  I'k'.  ainl  wLh  li  is  mori'  coniliisivr  lliai;  .iiiy  uilirr :  I  rcler 
lo  llio  omlialmeil  lioilirs  ol  Ihr  'I'lulian  r.iiai'niiilis.  'I'lirsc  i  a^i  rriin'trrii's  ar'.' rrowik  il  willi  l'i  iiiiiin; 
Egyi'liaiis,  whose  remains  rvrii  now  I'l'laiii  almost  cviry  li  aliiii'  in  |ii'rl'i'i'lioii.  Hire  tiro  llir  very 
peoiile  who  walked  tin;  streets  ill'  'I'lu'li  s.  till  y  u  lio  kinlt  l,n\or  ami  the  I'yramids;  and  yet  among 
the  ihoiisaiids  whose  hoilns  ciiriosily  ami  avariie  ha\i'  dra:;;.'! d  iioin  llirir  toiiihs.  1  am  not  aware 
that  a  solitary  Neirro  has  hem  diseoveri'il. 

••  Il  Is  now  elearly  proved,"  s.iys  the  illiMrioits  Ciivier — ••  yi  I  il  is  necessary  In  repeal  the  Iriilli, 
because  the  rontrary  error  is  >lill  loniid  in  the  newest  works— ihal   m  illnr  the  ('■ailas.  (who  honkr  on 

Alivssinia,)  nor  the  liosjesmatis.  nor  any  rai'c  of  Ne'.'roes.  prodinail   ihi-  lelehi.ited   | pie  who  gave 

hirtli  lo  the  rivihsali.m  ofaiieieiil  l-'.jypl.  and  of  whom  wr  may  sa\  that  the  whole  «  oiM  has  iiiheiili  d 
the  prim'ipli'S  of  its  laws,  s.icners.  ami  pi  rhaps  also  ri  ligioti.  It  is  i  asy  to  provr.  that  ic/iii/i  rir  inuy 
liiivr  hern  Die  hue  iif  llirir  skin.  du'V  luloii.'ed  In  \\v  sinie  race  willi  oiirsilves.  I  have  examined  in 
I'ar'.s,  and  in  die  various  eulleeiions  of  l-airnpe,  mor,'  than  fifty  leads  of  niiiinmu's.  and  nol  one 
aiiioii:;s|  tla  In  presmted  I  he  rharaenis  of  tin  ■  .Ne^'ro  or  llolteuloi."' 

Il  may  |ii-lly  hi'  iiii|iiiri"l.  if  seiriiei'.  ail  and  hteraluri',  had  ili 


11  ori'.;iii  w  1 


ill  a  Neuno  irihi'  cii  llu 


.skirls  of  .\friea.  how  dm  s  u  happiii  that  tin'  sirram  of  knowlrdj.'  Ii.is  nrv  er  llowid  iiiln,  lull  always 
from  Ihal  riiir..;ry  ?  Kor  while  it  has  Imth  permaiienlly  ihirusid  iliioiijli  Asia  and  j-aiLipc,  in  Afiu.'a 
Itself  il  eaiimil  he  Iraenl  hevmid  lie'  niniinlauis  of  Niihia.  .\'ja,;i.;t  is  now  pro\  iil  almosi  hrvoiid 
eoiilroversy,   thai    I'l^jvpl.   ami   not    Niilua.   was   the   mollirr   of  the   arts:    and   thai   llio   sliipriidoiis 


moiinim  iii- 


the    ri.iirr  .Nile 


ami  ispeei 


illv  Ihos,'  of   .Mcr.ir,  Wire  llie  works  of   llu'   I'li; 


-ind 


idie.it''  the  unal  marl- 


ol  I'oiiiimri 


hriwi'i.n  I'^L'vnl  and  iho  olhor  nalioiis  of  Afr 


'I'lir  passai;i's  from  llu'  (lirrlv  piieis  which  hear  on   this  siihjei'i,  h.ivr  hri'ii  iii'jrhioiisly  analysed 
hv  Dr.  I'rieh.ird.  to  veliose  work  on  tlio    I'livsieal   Ilistorv  of  .Mankind,  the  reaikr  is  ref.rre'l  for  iiiucli 


aliiahle   iiifnrnialioii   on   tins   siiliircl.      •■Siime  of  ll 


Use    passaiiis.      sa 


vs   Dr.   i'riehard. 


sIroiiL'ly  evpi'essed  as  if  the  KL'ypliaiis  were  .Nrgroes;  and  val  it  must  lie  eoiif.ssi'd  that  iftlav  really 
Were- sueh,  11  IS  siir.'iikir  llial  we  do  not  find  nioro  iViipiriii  allusion  to  the  fail.  'I'lie  Ilelueu  s  were 
a  fair  people,  fairer  al  least  ihiii  the  .-Xrahs;  y  I  in  all  the  mirreiiiirse  tiny  had  Willi  Kjvpl,  we  never 
lind  111  ilio  Saered  Ilisinry  the  least  miimaliiiii  that  tlio  I'L'yplians  wore  .\e2r0es;  not  even  on  the 
mi'inoralile  oeeasion  of  ihe  m:uriai.'e  of  Solomon  wuli  I'liaraoh's  dan-hler.  Were  a  modern  liisiorian 
to  record  the  miplials  of  all  I'hnnpi'an  moiiareh  willi  llie  daii^hler  of  a  Nol'I'o  kiic,  sneli  a  eirennislalice 
would  surely  fmd  lis  place,  And  since  l'',-ypt  was  mi  elnsi'ly  coum  cleil  v\  ilh  (Ireeiaii  allairs  win  h 
lllidi'r  Ihr  I'tolemies.  and  al'lirwards  with  the  ri  st  of  Kiirop,'  wlnn  it  hieimo  a  Uoman  province, 
it  is  very  siiiLriilar.  011  the  supposition  thai  this  iialion  v>,is  su  remarkahly  diir.'reiit  tVom  the  rest  ol 
matikiiid,  llial  we  have  no  alltisioti  lo  ll.■■^ 


,iii~lrin'lii,ii  nil 
r,    IS  Ml,  |i,  nplr 


^liU'li  I  li: 


*  Trav,  III  Niiliiii,  p.  I'l, 

J  lliaaiEN,  .\iic',  AI'n.';iM  N;itMns,  I,  p,  I'Ji', \V 

§Hi's.  I,  p.  Ill'.i, 


t  l„>wrrlli'i 's  1,1,1.  nil  /,nn|.   p.  .'117.  Al- 
iiii IS-civ.  Am-.  Ciiypi,  I,  p.  I.  i:i. 


32 


VAKIKTIKS  OF  THK  HUINIAN  SPHIIKS. 


7.  'I'lIK   IM)()SI-AMC   r.\\lll,\. 


Till'.   IIINDOIIS. 


Tlicrr  nri'  piiliap-;  no  ptnplc  (in  tlu'  lilolic  \vlui  present  niiuc  v.iiied  plivsicnl 
iraits  tli;in  tlie  Hindim^.  In  ncneral.  lidwcvei'.  Ilie  lace  is  dval.  (lie  nose  slraiirlit 
or  slii^liily  a(|niline.  Ilie  nioutli  small,  (lie  (eeth  vertieal  and  well  i'onned,  and  (lie 
chin  roinided  and  ijenerally  dinipliil.  'I'lie  eyes  are  lilack.  lirinlil  and  expressive, 
(lie  eye  la^lles  jdiio-.  and  (he  hrow  (liin  and  arched.  The  hair  is  loni;-.  hiaek  and 
silossy.  and  the  heard  very  thin.  'I'he  head  of  the  Hindoo  is  small  in  ])roportion 
(o  (he  liody.  elonnatrd.  and  narrow  especially  across  (he  Coi'ehead.  \\liicli  is  only 
moderately  ( levated. 

India  p|■e^enl^  cNcry  lint  of  coniplevinn  from  an  ahsoliite  lila(d\  (o  a  (dear  and 
iuaiilifnl  hiiinette:  hut  the  dill'i  rent  shades  of  olive  are  |iredoininant.  (specially 
amoii'j,  the  hiiiher  ca^lo.  while  the  I'ariah--.  and  others  of  the  lowest  cla-;s.  are  as 
uniformly  dark. 

■•'rile  ureal  (lillemice  ill  eolcii'  helwceii  (lie  dill'trenl  na(i\('s."  says  Bishop 
lleher.  •• -truck  me  much:  of  lln'  crowd  hy  whom  we  wei'e  surrounded,  some 
Were  hl.ick  as  N'eiiroe-.  other-  ir  ly  eo|iper-co|(iri(l,  and  others  little  darker  than 
'i'liiii-ian-.  !(  is  iio(  merely  (he  iiilleiM  nee  of  evjiosure.  since  (his  varie(y  is  vi-ilde 
III  the  h-liernieii.  who  are  nakeil  all  alike.  Nor  doe-  it  depend  (Ui  ca-te.  -iiice 
very  liiL'h-ca-te  15ialiiniiis  are  -ouietiiues  hiack.  while  i'lriahs  are  comparatively 
fair."* 

The  people  of  C'ainhaia  are  -aid  to  he  nearly  of  an  a-li  color:  tho-e  of  f;nzera( 
and  Mahralta  are  yi  How.  while  olive  i-  the  pri.\alent  tint  in  (Joa. 

'i'he  women  of  the  IJrahmiiiical  ea-te  aiv  cilehraled  for  (heir  lieaii(y. 
i-peeially  thos,.  nf  Caiiaia  and  Alalaliar.  who  are  Slid  (o  hear  a  comparison  with, 
llio-e  of  (ieor^ia   and    I'irca-ia.      They  are  often    mothers  at  ten  years  of  au'e. 

The    -tatlire  of   the     Hindoos    is    low.  in  li;eileral    not    e\eredili--  live   fee(   three 

or  four  iiiehe-:   (liei''  pn-niis  are  slender,  (heir  limh-  ion-  ami  delieale.  hut  wvll 
moulded,  and  their  liaud-  and  feet  -mall  and  heaiilifully  formed. 

The  moral  character  of  the  llinddd-  varies  much  in  (he  diU'erent  -ectioiis  of 
India,  whence  the  di-civpant  -la(eiiien(-  of  modern  (ravellers.  Tiny  appear  hy 
nature  (o  he  a  mild,  sidier  and   imliis(ri(uis  race,  warm   in   (heir  a((aclimcnls  and 


'  N.irr.  I.  p.  I ').     .  /ill.  III. 


'I'lli:   INDUSTAMC    r.VMlLY, 


33 


licatily. 

Ill    Willi 

nii'c. 
•)  tlircc 

lull   Wrll 

;'1ioiis  111' 


fiind  tif  tlicir  cliililnii.  Hut  llwir  Idvi'  (if  tlic  niarvclldiis.  I'lislcnd  as  it  is  liy  a 
I'anlastic  n'liu;iiiii.  is  alnidsl  williniit  a  parallel  aiii(iii;j;  iiatidiis.  'I'luy  arc  «(  a 
tiiiiid  (lisposiliiiii.  anil  not  incliiitil  lo  ciiicllv.  \v{  lluir  avarice,  wliicli  is  ixin  ine. 
leads  tlieiii  reaiiil}  to  eoniiiiit  ninnler  for  llie  im-'  (rillini;-  ac(iiii>ilioii.  Nolwith- 
slamlini;  Hie  apiiareiit  inililness  of  tlieir  niaiiiieis.  sa\*  Ml-lmi)  lleln  r.  the  eriiiiiiial 
calendar  is  ijenerally  lull  of  iiaii^,-iol)lieiies.  iiieemli.iri^iii.  and  i.nalnti'oiis  crimes : 
-and  llie  niiiiilier  of  children  who  are  dicoved  a-ide.  and  murdered  for  the  ^ake 
lif  llieir  ornaments,  is  dreadful."  They  praclise  deceptinn  with  inliiiite  art.  to 
which  falsehood  and  perjury  form  no  ol)>tacles.  -For  all  these  horrors  their 
system  of  ridigion  is  mainly  answc  ralile.  inasmiudi  as  wlialever  moral  lessons  their 
sacred  hooks  contain — and  they  an  very  few — are  shut  up  from  the  mass  of  the 
people,  while  the  direct  tendency  of  their  institntiniis  i<  to  evil.  The  national 
temper  is  decidedly  iiood.  iienlle  and  kind.  'I'hey  are  snher.  iiidii>.trioii>:,  allectionatc 
to  their  relation^.  i;eiieraliy  spcajan;;-  I'aithful  to  their  niasters.  easily  attached  hy 
kindness  and  conlideiice,  and  in  case  of  the  military  oath,  are  of  admirahlc  ohedieiice. 
courau'c  and  fidelity  in  life  and  death.  IJut  their  morality  does  not  extend  heyond 
the  reaidi  of  positive  ohlinations;  and  \vlure  tluse  do  not  e\ist.  they  are  oppressive, 
cruel,  treaidierous.  and  e\try  tliinii  that  is  had.'""  The  iiilellectnal  character  of 
the  Hindoos  is  (listiiiiiuisju'd  aiiioni;'  the  presriit  A'-iatic  nations  :  hiit  tlieii'  learniiiii 
has  heeii  Very  miieli  devoted  to  comments  on  their  s.icred  lio(d<<.  which  are 
extremely  minieroiis.  The_\  iiave  had  iiiaiiy  admiralile  \\  liters  in  poetry  and  tht 
drama,  and  excel  in  sniue  liranches  of  matlieniatics.  and  especially  in  alii'idira. 
Their  anli(pie  arciiitectural  remains  ari  uii  a  sinpeiuious  scale,  and  consist  (diielly 
of  rocU-liewn  temples  ornamented  with  (  lahorate  sculpture.  Such  are  the  cavern^ 
and  naileries  at  ICUoia  and  J'^leplianla.  which  rival  the  similar  etVorts  of  ancient 
Kii_\pt. 

Amiuin  the  vari.'d  pojiiilation  of  India  are  some  trihes  ar  nations  who  dill'er 
so  widtdy.  physically  and  morally.  I'riuii  the  i:reat  mass  ,  people,  as  to  claim  at 
least  a  jiassint;  notice. 

The  Tiiilits  of  the  Neiliilierry  ifills.  in  the  southern  peninsula,  appear  to  have 
heeii  the  ahori^inal  iiihaliitants  nf  llie  region  they  occupy.  They  are  descrihed  as 
ahove  the  CDinnion  height,  athh  tic  and  well  madi' :  with  a  larnc  full  and  sjiarklini; 
eye.  Roman  nose,  and  line  teeth.  Tliiir  hair  is  loii;;-.  hlack  and  curlinu;.  with 
a  full  heard.  They  are  of  nra\i'  deportment,  cheerful  maniiei',  and  peaceful 
ilisposiiioii.  iidt  even   cari'_\  iiiii  defensive  Weapons:   yet  oil  th(   other  hand  they  arc 


Iliiint.  Narr.  Il.|i,  ,' in.     .7m.  ed. 


31 


VAIMiyi'IKS  or  TIIH  IIIMAN  SIMX'IKS. 


imlolcnl  iiml  ilirly.  iiiul  tluir  iimriil  foilc  |i(  riiiils  >  IIk  ir  wmi't'ii  a  pliii'iilily  ol 
liiisl)aiiiN.  'riicir  nliiiimi.  uliicli  Inrliids  llic  \\()r^lii|i  of  idoN.  is  in  mi  roiicc) 
aiialdHi'iis  to  any  txi>tiiii;  Asiatic  crciil.  ami  tluir  lani;nai;c  lias  no  nllinity  tn  tlic 
Sansci'it.*  'riuy  aic  liclicvcii  tn  lie  almiijiinis  (if  sdiitiicin  India.  I'xhiliilim;;  uliat 
tlit'ir  ancotdis  wire  liilorc  llicy  rcfciM'tl  those  iii-tilutioiis  wliicli  have  slaMi|i((l 
iijton  the  Hindoo  laci'  so  pccnliar  a  character. t 

'I'lie  /{(iJj)iK)ls  aic  of  lii;iit  conn)le\ion,  with  more  a(iuilino  features  liian  the 
people  of  the  adjacent  provinces. 

Tliev  are.  however,  iicnnine  Hindoos.  'I'heyucre  formerly  eni;a!i;e(l  in  inces- 
sant wars:  they  have  the  vices  of  >laves  added  to  tnose  of  r(ddiers.  with  as  little 
rcjiard  for  truth  as  the  other  Hindoos,  wiiile  tluy  ll(;s^ess  ii  hlood-lhirstimss  from 
which  the  latter  are  very  far  r(  nioved-t  In  their  denii-civilisatiini,  their  extrava- 
i;anl  fondness  for  llieir  bards  and  their  romantic  chivalry,  they  stroni^ly  resenihle 
the  Europeans  of  the  middle  an'cs.  'The  /{(injtin  are  a  ifajpoot  trihe  who.  owinii; 
to  some  sinii'ular  dih  nima  of  rtifilr.  cannot  lind  a  single  individual  with  whom  a 
damjliter  of  theii's  e;ni  he  mateluil :  w  hence  they  have  adopted  the  luu'rid  expedient 
of  puttinu'  to  death  all  their  fi male  children,  so  tlmt  in  ISIS,  in  a  poptilation  of 
twelve  tliousand  soui^.  there  wrie  not  more  than  thirty  women  alive  !^ 

The  .S7/i7(.v  were  orii/iiiiMv  a  ivMid  of  dissenler>  from  the  Hindoo  faith,  whose 
fiiadainental  principles  were  "  devotion  to  (Jod  and  peace  towards  nian."  Their 
numlieis  auitmented  rapidly,  (niliraeinij;  multitudes  of  Hindoos  and  many  .Mahome- 
tans; hut  heim;  pre--e(l  htyond  endurance  liy  the  tyranny  of  their  .Mussulman 
iieiu;hhors.  tluy  at  leii<;th  discarded  the  idive  hranch  and  to(d<  up  the  swurd.  |)ossessed 
themselves  of  their  native  province  o|'  Lahor.  ami  eoii(|urr(  il  the  I'linjali:  and  now 
constituti .  inulir  the  sway  of  IJuiijeet  Siniili.  the  nio>t  |io\\irlul  native  novernment 
in  India. 

In  .Malahar  the  inliahilant-.  ari'  hlack.  hut  have  iiood  t'eatures  and  the  hi  lural 
exterior  of  the  Hindoo-:  hut  the  prejudices  of  caste  lU'e  carried  to  an  exteut 
unknown  in  otlu  !■  parts  of  liulia.  'i"hu^.  "  if  a  cultivator  or  a  lisherman  presumes 
to  to\ich  one  of  the  iKiiffi.  oi'  military  class,  the  naii'  is  con-idt  red  fully  justitied  in 
killini;  him  ou  the  spot.  The  ^ame  fate  Ik  fals  the  |iaria  who  ventuits  even  to 
look  him   in  the  faci'.  and    dot  s   not.  oii   seeiuir   him    at    a   distance,  instantlv  take 


*  II.\liKM>-.      0:i  llir    \i 'J.  liiirr  i.lllli'  Ni 

t  linOsh  lli'llli.  II.  |..  JT.f. 

§  l!iili-li  Iii(ii,i.      t'.y  Mi'ioiAV  mill  uilins.  II,  |..  ,;7i 

1'  Mali  iii.m.  Skitrli  iilllii'  SiMis, /j(;.sv///f. 


■ny  Mill--,  p.  7.  -'^ 
i:iu;ii.  N.iir.  II.  [i. 


./ill.   Cll, 


TUK  INDOSTANIC  FAMILY. 


3.5 


.J 


llii^lit.  Tliis  last  race  mm'  all  slavi'.s.  a  coiiditiDii  not  ciminKui  in  llic  nsl  of 
niiiddslaii.  Hilt  llicrc  is  aiiothcr  class  of  siilUnrs  whom  a  liarharoiis  pride  has 
stripped  hcvoiid  any  other  of  (lie  most  common  rights  of  liumanily :  the  nunli.i  are 
cxchidcd  from  all  human  intereoiirse.  foirid  to  wander  in  nnlre(|Uciited  jjlaces. 
without  any  means  of  snppoii  except  the  alms  of  pusseniters.  'I'hese  Ihev 
endeavor  to  attract  hy  standing  at  a  little  distance  from  the  jmhlic  road,  and 
howlinn;  like  hnniiry  (loj;s.  (ill  tiie  cliaritahle  wayfarer  lays  on  the  trronnd  some 
donation,  which,  after  his  de|)arture.  they  hastily  carry  oil"."* 

The  inhahitants  of  Ceylon,  who  are  called  Sinnalese,  arc  hiack  like  those  of 
Malahar.  hut  are  less  oppressed  and  therefore  less  degraded.  'I'liey  are  represented 
as  courteous  in  their  mantu'r.  and  despise  hotli  tlieft  and  falsidiood.  'I'heir 
disposition  is  mild:  yet  when  their  am^er  is  once  roused,  they  are  sinu;nlarly 
vi(d<  lit  and  im|)lacaliie.  'I'lie  dominant  ivliuMoii  is  tliat  of  JJudha.  the  remaininu 
sectaries  he.ii!;  chielly  of  the  IJrahminical  |)(rsnasioii.  'I'lie  Sinijalese  have  a 
tradition  of  their  former  alliliati(ui  with  the  people  of  Siam.  and  (hey  certainlv 
possess,  holli  iu  iheir  n  ll-,ious  riles  and  their  ]iiiysical  conformation,  some 
rcsemhlance  to  tlial  people.  Perhajis  the  latter  circumstance  may  he  accounted 
for  hy  the  presence  of  the   .Malays,  who  have   huiji  cidoiiised  (heir  coasts. 

Tlie    Hindoos   iire   anion;;   tlie    oldest    n;itions  of   the  earth.     Their  present 

civilisation,  witii  its  institution  of  castes — their  ivli-iou.  which   is   IJraliminical 

and  their  lan,u;ua:;e.  wiiicli  is  Sanscrit,  may  all  he   traced  to  an  auti(|uity  of  nearly 
(hree  thousand  yi  ars. 

The  r(is-t(.i  are  four  i;reat  divi-ions  or  classes,  each  desi;r,i,.,I  d,  l,,^  isolated  and 
exclusive  in  all  its  relations.  They  are.  ist.  tht>  //;•«//;;( m,v.  or  friests;  Jd.  the 
Rtijiiha.  (or  Kisliatrias.)  or  Soldiers:  3d.  the  Vaisija.  m-  merchants  and  cul(iva{ors : 
and  1.  (lie  Siidnis.  or  suhoidinale  cultivators,  who  are,  in  fact,  tiit  slave  populati(ui 
of  Iliiulostan.  Each  of  tiiese  trilies  is  suhdivideil  into  several  more,  of  wliicii 
the  number  is  iiiicerlaiii.t  This  siiii,Milar  thraldom  prohibits  all  iiitermixturi'  or 
association  of  castes:  ye(  iio(withstaiid!ni;  (he  severes(  social  and  bodily  penaKies. 
the  impure  or  mixed  cast(>s  are  very  niimenuis  :  for  of  (hese  (he  Pariahs  alone  are 
said  (o  constitute  <uie  liftli  of  all  (Ik  people  of  India.  Iiiferii>r,  if  possible,  to  (hese 
are  (lie  I'allis  of  .Madura,  and  (he  I'uliahs  of  .Malabar,  whose  (ouch  is  delileiiuiit 
even  to  a  Siidra. 

The    Hrahminicai    reli;iion   of  the    Hindoos    is   essentially   idolatnnis.      The 


*  Mi'ioi.w,  Kucyc.  of  Cvo::.  p.  !)!17. 


t  Di'iiDis,  lV(i]ili'  o\'  Iii(li;i,  ji.  31. 


:)<i 


VAIMI'/riKS  OK  Tlli;  HUMAN  SPECIHS. 


'rriiiinrti.  nr  Irinilv.  !■*  ciMiipiKctl  uf  Hnil  imi.  Vislmii  iiiul  Sivn.  \villi  an  inritiilr 
I'Miiiificiitiiiii  III'  iiiiiiiir  ilrilii's.  ltiiiliii«iii.  \\lii('li  i^i  a  ixrsccnliil  scliisin  itl'  llir 
lir.iliiniiiicMl  ci'icd.  Il;l^  ^till  mmiii'  I'hIIdnvc  s  in  India.  aniiiiit;\\|ii)in  arc  llic  .A///<.v 
111'  VM^Ii  in  India.  Mniait  s  and  (  r_\|iiii.'  AN'liat  is  niindi  more  ninaikaldc  is  tlir 
lad.  tlial  <<n  llw  .Malaliar  ciiasl  is  a  cdliin,  nl'  Cliiisllans.  wliusc  li'adilidns  extend 
liack  III  till  time  nl'  SI.  'I'lnmias.  Annllui'.  and  ^(ill  nmre  iinsii|)|iisticati'd  lindy 
111  tlieni  iiceiiiiies  the  interiiir  nl'  'rraxan'nre.  They  iniialiileil  llnir  |ire>enl 
jiicalities  ceiilui'ii^  liefiire  tile  iiiiiilern  di>ciiv(r\  III  tlie  |iassaf;e  til  India  li\  the 
l'a|ie  III'   (iiiiid   Ilii|ie. 

Hindustan  wa^  aiinini;  the  ( mintiii  s  wliieli  were  oMrruii  and  eiiniinei'i d  liy 
Jeiiiihis  Khan  and  'rimiir.  I5u(  in  tlie  year  I  ■>.''i.  Snltaii  Ualier.  kini;  of  l'er»ia. 
s(-i/,ed  ii|inii  India,  -uhdninu'  liie  native  inhahitants.  and  drivini;  oiil  the  Muiiiiid- 
Tartais  nf  the  tiiiii  e\ivtiin;  ilyiia-ty.  lie  (stahhsiied  his  ennrt  at  neliii.  and 
India  li'diii  that  i  p'n  h  \\a^  caih'd  the  Miiiiiil  /■^iiijiin.  tiie  soverei^jn  liiiiiseU' 
asNiiniiiii;'  the  title  III'  ihe  (ileal  'Mii^ni:  hut  this  unee  |iii\\eiriii  diiniininn  sunk  intu 
(•niii|iarative  iiisii;:iilieauee  iluriiiii  tin-  eaii_\  jiarl  nl'  the  past  century.  The 
nnrtiii  ill  ilindnns  h.i\iiii;  inin_:h  d   Inr  ci  ntiiries  with  tlie  Miiiiiinl-Tartai's.  r' c'ivcd 

in  eiillininll  with  ih.ise  |len|i|e  the  cnUMiit  ii  lual  lianie  III'  MdiTllln.  wllicil  elllili,;i'es 
I'd'sian^.  (inek-  nl'  Uaetriana.  ami  Aiahs.  wiin  ;iie  called  .Mniiis  :  hut  the  laltir 
aii|iellal  inn  is  iimve  --IrietlN   a|ipiied  In  tie'  Mahniiiedaiis  niily. 

The  peiiple  nl'  lliilil  h:i\  ^  n|||y  lieeli  called  llinilnii>  since  tin  Tartar  Ciilli|Ues|  ; 
|irivini|s    |i,    that    I'Miil    a'l    the    inhaiiitaiils   whn    prnl'essed    |lie    lirahininical    I'aitli 

Were  called   (ii  lllnii-. 

We  may  add  lliit  the  ;iipM'\>nr  Kiimpi  .  w  linse  ni'iiiiii  lias  lieeii  Ml  Iniii;  a 
parailn\  In  the  learned,  are  imw  ascerlaiiied  In  he  nf   Ilindnn  I  \tractinn. 

The  niiniiial  cniiiitiy  nl'  the  ilindnns  has  lieeii  a  (luestiiin  aiiiiiiii;'  iiistiii'ians. 
Till  ir  I'A'renc.  I'nr  the  nnith.  added  In  the  trailitinns  nl'  the  I5raliniiiis,  and  variniis 
cnllateral  circunislaiici  s.  li;i\e  h  d    Mnry  de  St.  \'incenl  and  .Malte-Hriin  tn  Mippnsc 

the  cradh'  nl'  these  penple  In  lia\e  lieeli  the  Inl'ty  talile-lalld  ahiillt  tile  s'llirces  ill' 
the  Indus,  and  the  elevated  xalliysiil'  Seriiiai;iir  :  while  1  leereii  and  ntliers  are  nl' 
the  niiiiiinii  that    ■■the    I'lahniiiis.  and    perhaps    the    Kishatiiya   and    Vaisya    castes 


I  [i.!;i:ii.  \  iir.  1.  p.  1  "i  I.  - 1 1.  |i.  \".  71.  ."lO.  .  /iii.  nl.  —  1!mi1I,|s|ii,  lliuiijli  i.|'  iiiiii  h  inure  reiTiil 
dull' il. Ill  ill.'  ]iniiiiiu.'  Ilrihiiiii.i.  il  i' Irjimi,  is  Mi|i|).isrii  in  li:i\r  ;in-rii  m  IikIki  h  lliiiusaml  years 
Iii'I'mit  Chn-i.  :iiii|  In  ii:ivi'  \r-\  iiiii!y  I'olliiwi-rs :  I'lii  in  ilii'  si\ili  iTiiiiir\' ol' niir  era  a  |»'iN('.'ulion 
aiMs  ■.  will.  Ii  lAjii.llr  i  n.Mrly  :ill  ili.-  li^.!l|'sI^  \\„u\  I  Iiii'LiMiiii.  winner  lliry  Imili  relliL'i:  ill  llic  fi'iilral 
aii'l  r  '■"ii-ni  |iriiviiii'.s  nl    Asi  i. 


TIIK   INDOS'I  ANK;  [  VAIILY. 


37 


were  orifrin.tlly  a   ncr  "I"  lutilhcin  (•oiuincnus  nf  I'.iir  cDiiiplcxioii ;    wliilc   thtr 
Siuli'iis  anil  (illirr  iiift  ri(ir  IiIIms  \\<tc  an  alimi^jiiial  and  (larkrr  racr,"* 


^1'  Mill;;  a 

i^li)|i;in>. 

(1  \;iri(His 

'mrccs  (if 

•rs  ;irc  (if 

»va   ca>tfs 


\i,lj;.  —  llii  l/if  lli.sniililiincis:  liitirern  l/if  lliiiilniis  iiml  /\<;i//iliil>in.  —  Ill^l(l^y  :iliil  llir  iirts 
iliM'.pviT  iii:iry  rc'iii;irk.il.|c  aiMLn'ics  Kilui'iii  llic  llllM^»^  .iml  l^uv  I'Imii'-,  wln'in'' lln'V  luivi'  liccii 
MiiipiiM'il  liy  ^(lllll•  iilili'  wiilcr.s  In  lir  iillilcilcil  iialiuiis.  Tlial  llnii'  was  cvtcii.sivr  and  liiii;;-iiiMlirmi'il 
ml.  riuiirsi'  Ijclwccii  llii'iii  is  Milliriciilly  nl'^  iiiiis,  aii'l  liisldry  s|ical,s  vauiii'ly  olcoiKiiicst  and  iMiL'rali'Hi. 
Wliicli  was  llic'  ilciiiiiiiaiil  |](iwit;'  'I'Iii'  Kiryi'llaiis  vriy  iialiually  ili'iaili'd  lliis  |iiiiiil  m  ihcii'  n\Mi 
la\.ir;  liii- llicy  asscil  llial  Osins  crussrd  Alalia  In  lln'  iiliiius!  iiilialiili'il  ]iarls  nl'  India,  iiliil  llial  hi' 
ImiiIi  many  citn's  ilirii'.  ••  lie  Irli  Ii1<cwim',"  says  Diiiddiiis,  ••  many  nlliiT  marks  o(  lils  liciii^  In  llii'sn 
pans,  wliii'li  have  indniTil  lln'  mlialnlaiils  In  lichcvi'  and  alliim  lliat  llns  irml  (Osnis)  wns  horn  Ml 
India."!  'I'hiis  il  a|i|irars  llial  in  llir  au'''  "l  Duiiliaii^.  llir  llniil.np-,  imi  ciiily  wni^lii|i|i.d,  Iml  ilannnl 
a.s  (iri^iii"!  In  llii'iiisrlvrs,  ihr  iiniiia|ial  dn  iniiy  nl'  ill''  l)jypliiins. 

'I'lii'si'  rrsi'inlilaiii'i-s  mav  I"'  Irarnd  llirnii:.'hinil  llm  inyllmlirjy  and  nsai.'ns  nf  ihc  (wo  iiahniis. 
Apis,  ilic  I'lirvplian  Mull,  was  ilir  s\inlinl  ni'  (Knis;  and  lli.'  Uiiih'  Hull  is  iln'  aininal  mi  wlinli  Siva 
Is  1.  pri'sciiiril  nil  llin  Indian  paL'Milas.  \\'.irslii|i  was  l.i-inwiij  ahki'  on  llii^  (laiiL'cs  and  llic  Nile, 
llnlli  n.ilinns  wnrsjiippnl  ijii'  ,1111  and  iIm  s,  rpnii ;  aiifl  cm  n  .il  llir  pri'snni  linu' llic  (di|i'c|s  li.ld  in 
till'  i.'rca|nsl  vi'iii'Miiiin  \<v  \\ir  lliiiilnn>  Ml'  ihc  \islmii  srci.  ar.'  ihn  .<yr,  ihr  innnkt  \ ,  ihr  liinl  lallrd 
(lanida.and  lla  siTp.ni  Capilla.'  Amnn.'  llm  s\nil"il'- nl'  ^iipnismnin  in  nai'li  an- srr  lir  splimx. 
llir  Inliis.  ilii'  Im'.Miii  and  tin'  i m^-,  ••  Tlir  rni.r  iiiiMihi  wlin'li  o  i  nii-.|  milv  nlisrrvrd  in  llm  liands  nl 
llli!  .MInllc  slaliirs,  is  iinlliui"  lull  llf  ynm-liDLMm  nl'  111.'  IIm. I. in-;  anil  II  is  a  ri.n'm-  I'ai'l  lli;i(  m  lli.. 
/('CIV/ (vi//(;  miauTs  III'  Ims,  dii'-'  up  ln-ar  li.  r  I.  nipli  at  I'a -nini. -li.' ImI.U  m  la  r  hl'IiI  liand  an  i  \  u  t 
rnpn-i'iilalinii  ni  ih.-  Ilniilnn  Imjiiii  .mil  ymii  r.milinii'd."^j 

Tlirir  all'inl;.  i-  :.Un  rrrn.jm-.'.l  m  lla  ir  almn-l  r\rlii-i\r  vr'.'rl.dilr  dirl.  llii  ir  ns,.  .i|'  a  sai'crilnlal 
laii-'ii.'iL.'r,  lliiar  mnnrrniis  aliliilinii-.  and  li\'  ih.'  ir.-lilnii'Hi  "l'  ((/»/i'v.  whi.li  ihr  r/j\pii;ins  mf. .rci'd 
Willi  .1-  iniii'li  riL-'i.hirs-  as  ihi'  lliml.i.is  d.i  lin\i.  .■\ni..liL'  lli.iii  im.  inrrli  iiu.'  ..r  arlifir;!-  .■mil.l  r\.  irisr 
•  iin  nilLa'  \.i.  ali.in  lliaii  lli.il  '.i  hi.-li  hi-  parrnls  h.id  Inll.iwnl  h.  l.nv  him;  .mil  Ihis  sysinii  L'a\r  nsr  m 
ill.'   s;im,.    r\i'liisi\-.-iirss    in    ih.'ir  d.nn.snr   arrairjianrnls  w  hii  li    is   sn   rrm.irkahlr  ainnlii'  lli.'  i Irril 

Illll.ln.is,  wlln   will   linl   p    rmil   llirir  Vt'lliK  m  l!|.|r  \  I'S.srls  In  hr  Inlirln'.l   li\    a  sIrallL'.r  ;    I'nr    I  Irl'mlntlls 

nhs.i  \-.'s  ihallli.'  I;l'\  pli  Ills  wniiM  II. Il    iisi'  a   kml.'   h.'l.ni'jiir.'  In  a  (ir.'.'k,  ■•  ma   will  ihr\-  r\  m  r;ii  uf 
ill.'  ll.sh  nl'sii.-h  hr.isis  as  hy  ill'  IT  1  iw  ,ir.'  piir.\  Il  ii  li.is  h  '.11  rill  Willi  a  dr.  I'M  11  kml'.'."" 

Similar  aiial.iiii.s  ar.'  disi'rrnihlr  m  lli.'  anhil.-.auri'  ,,\  ih..  iwn  nalimis,  w  li.ihrr  il  rrlal.s  in  ihrir 
n;minlilliir  l.'iiipli's.  or  lln-ir  sii|.|,.nMiii.,iii  s.nniii;  ri.  -.  or  liir  siaiii.iry  ami  iiimm  .l.'c.ii.iiiniis  nl'  ilirir 
sliipnidniis  I'difni's.  |',M  II  Ihr  i.lirlisl;  |s  srrii  III  llir  r\ra\alrd  niimlr  ol  K\l,is,iii  India-,  aii.l  ihr 
anli.pr-  pa_nid.r.  nf  ■['.iiijiirr  aii-l  ('lialamhrn.iin.  .-ir.-  lull  sh.di  nn-ihl'i.-alioiis  ol'  ihr  |-;..ypliaii  p\  r.imid." 
Dr.  Kussrll  m.-niiniis  ih.-   mi,  r.-siinu'  I'arl.lliat  "ihr  Srpoys  wlin  |..iiird  lln-   ririiish  .irniy  in   l-l.'Vpl 


'   l,l!..  •'(  Dnl.  rl  iiimm;,'  hii-.-.il.  ,\rl.  Ihii.l  i.  s,  |..  la:i. 

I   ll..,.rM's  lli.„l,in,s,  11.  1,  .li.ii.  -J.  1  111  i:. ,1s.      (1,1  li,,    |',..|,1,    ,  1   li„|i:,.  |,.  .-,|. 

§  l.ilir.irj-  nl'  l-aiti-rliiiMiiiL!  Iv,i..ul.   \rl.  Iliii,l,„,s,  I,  |,.  li',:.  ,  ll....ni's  l):...|,,rMs.  II.  I,  ,-W.\\^.  ,\. 

•;  1-a  riau't,  i';i|i.  .\  M.-'llus  i.;,-i  is  iils.i  t.  i'.t.I.  .1  in  (I.  m  -i-,  wh,  r,  in  ii  is  si.u,  ,1  il,,,i  "ihr  l-:;;\i,ii;nis  iiiijjiii  n.,1  .  ;a 
tin-.iil  will,  llii-  llilin-us;  r.,r  lli.u  is  .iii  ;,l ,iM:ili,,n  i,iil..  lli.-  Iv_'\  |,li.ii,s."     CI,;,)!.  \lii,,  \.  :i-J. 

"  Mai  iili-K,  lii.liiiii  \iili.|.  v.. Is. -J  .111,1  :l,j,„,,sim.-  Sir  \\  illi.ilii  .l.,ii,s  .1,  riv,  s  lli,-  ii.iiii.  ..I'lli,  rivi-r  .,1'  l-:,_'y|,l  IVmih  ili,. 
S.iiisoril  wor.l  nilii,  him-;   ,,ii,l  lli,-  1,„1m,  is  ,-.iili,|  .\ /.„■.'.  in  lln-  i.iily  p.irl  ,-1' lis  i-.,iirsi-  iVi'lil  ihr  I, In,-  ,-..|..r  ..Ills  w.Mirs. 

10 


JM 


VAinri'iKs  or  'riii;  human  simh  iks. 


IIImIi   I      1.1'hI     I  I||I<  lllll'-nll,  IIIMUIIKiI    IIi.iI     III'  \    IoIIIkI     llnir    HUH     ll'lll|i|i  s    III    llh     I  lllll^  III      Dniill  I   I,  all'l 

wrir  LTi  ,ill\  1  *;i^|iciaii  .1  ,il  ilir  iMlu  ■>  liii'  tin  ir  in  .■!■  1 1  uT  lli''  .im  init  ilnlii  ^  «  Iimm  imi^'i  -,  air  ^lill 
IHiMitiil,  ami  llii'V  I'T'iri  III' il  lo  iniioMii  ilii  ir  ili  v<inHii>  \v  illi  all  iIh' I'l  n  iiniiih  >  piai'li^ril  in  lluir 
iiwii  laiiil,"' 

V  •nil;    XKiNC.dl,  TMiCMI    1•\MII.^. 
'rili>    Vll^l     rillllilN.  wllirli    is    <m1|iiI     |i_\     till'    \iilicp||s    llMlilr'.  .if    Tall;!!'.   Mollifiil 

and  S('\lliiaii.  iii>\\  ii('('ii|ii(  s  iiiai'l\  liall  nl'  A>i;i  mikI  pail  i>l'  l'',ui'ii|ir.  anil  i> 
('i)m|iii>i  il  III'  TM  lal  liriiiicliis  s|ii  akiiiu:  dilli  I'tiil  laiiujiiimi-.  u  I  imsstssini;  a  i;(  mral 
I'i'sciiililaiii'r  ill  llii  ir  iiiaiiiii'i's  and  |iii>iiiial  a|i|irai'aiit'r.  In  (irdcr  to  av  oid  i'('|ir- 
tilidll  \\r  >liall   |il'ii('(  I  il  at   unci'  In  t;'i\('  siiinr  acciinill  nl'  llli  ^i    mvi'I'iiI   ili\  isiiuis.  j- 

I.  '/'//<  l''iiiiiish  llrtnic/i.  iiY  '/'i/iiii/i'i.  or  lli(>r  tlir  rinmt  inlialiit  llic  nmlli 
III'  l'liii'<i|ii' III  Iwci  II  liir  iiiMli  and  li 'pIIi  di  :;i'i  i  nf  nnrtli  laliludr.  'i'liiiii'^li  a  lulnjiy 
frniii  Asia,  liny  liavr  Inr  nian_\  aLi;i »  in'rii|iiiil  tin  ir  |iiisi  nt  ^laN.  and  an  now 
>ulijrcl  In  Swrilni.  'i'lirv  all  nf  iniddliii:;  >talnir.  w  illi  lirnad  latis,  ilaik  r>i< 
and  >ailii\\  ciiniidixiiin.  'V\\v\  lia\r  srlmnls  and  acadrniirs.  air  ^Inw  Iml  sjinwd. 
and  lia\r  niadr  cnnsidiraldi   |)iii;irrv>  in  liir  arl<  and  srirncis. 

'riir    llliil'iilllf:  ITMinldi'   tllr    rilllls    in    ixtrlinl-.   lull   ||lr_\    all'  s|n|lid.  >ns|ii(inns 

and  tliii\isli.  win  hit  lluir  |iii\iily  and  \a^alinnd  haliiN. 

'I'll!  ('/iimiiiyh  iiilialiil  lln  |irn\iniT  nl'  Ka'>aii.  Tlirv  \\,ir  iiriL:;iiiall_v  a 
pa-t'iral  and  wandrriiiii  Iriln  .  ami  r\rn  imw  iir\i  r  dwrll  in  Inw  n> :  Iml  lln'_\  lia\i 
a»nni'  d  aurii'nlliiral  lialiiK.  limiiiili  willimit  iiidu^lry  nr  i  iilrrinisr. 

'I'ln  Miinlr'unn  air  -iitjiij  nn  ||,i'  rivii's  Oka  and  \iil:;a  in  Ilir  i;i)\(  rnniriil 
nf  Ka'<aii.  'I'hrx  air  nl'  a  lirnwii  riiniiilrxinii.  w  illi  liar>li  liair.  and  liaii  I'acr.  nl 
inailivc  lialiiK_\i'|  Imnrsi  and  liiis|iil  ilih  . 

Tlu'  /o//»/r.v.  w  lin  aUn  inhaliil  tin  iirnvincc  nf  Ka-iiii.  air  nf  iin  ai;rr  {iiiMin 
and  niidillinu;  stalnir.  and  n  >!  iiildt'  llir  Finns  innrc  lliaii  an}  iialinn  lliat  di  rivo 
il>  nrii;in  I'lniii  llinn. 

'I'llr    l'o'j;<llll.s.   wlin    li\M  II    in    Ihr    I'nIrsK    nnrlll    nl'    Mnlllll     I'lal.  ale  nf   ;i    >r,\\ 

(iixpnsiliiin.  Iiniirst.  >liri\\d.  and  lalHiiinnN.  \i[  lickln  and  slmcnly  In  i  \ci  >s.  Tlir} 

are  a  pastnral   Irilu'.  and   tlic   nnillirrn    linrdi'   dninoticalr-"   tlir   reindeer.  Otiiei 

c'liinnuinities  of  (lie  Fiiini--li  slnck  inlialiil  tlie  Hiissjaii  iimvinee  ni'  I'irniia.  wlieri 
they  are  called  I'erniiaiis. 

■  Alic.  aii'l  Md'I.  I',.'y|'t,  liilr."l.  p.  Jii.— See  ;iN.i  I I"ii  (^u:^ll.  lirv .  \\1.  \i.  I'J,      ■/;;,'.  til. 

'  'riiii  lllall■l■lal^  III'  lliis  'hiii'Iir  all'  ili  riv  il  aliiiii>.t  i  \(  lii-ivrly  iH'ni  'I'o'.'kr's  Kiissia,  /Hissini. 
aiiil  Aiii-i.  l',n\/y..  Ili^lniy  "I'  lli'-  Tail, u-..  — In  'li^tiiliuiiiiL'  lli''  .M'iii'.''il-'rari  ir  raiiiily  niln  luaiiclns,  I 
liavr  ln'i'i'  'jiivlly  L'livi.  1111 1|  by  lliu  dillfnaiL'!'  iii  laiiL'iiai;!',  ami  lia\  '■  I'lilluUTd  lln'  Ihsl  iianictl  iilltlior. 


TIIK  ,M()N(i(U.-'l'Ain  AH  lAMILY. 


Tl 


Drlhli  M,  .mil 

I"!  il  Ml  till  ir 


ir.  Mn|ii;ii| 
i|i('.  Mini  i* 
i  a  ;:i  nri';»l 
Miiil  ri|M'- 
\  i>i(iii-.t' 

till'  iiiii'lli 
li  ;i  iiilnll} 
il    ;irt'    iKiW 

(lurk  iyr< 
III  sliri'Wtl. 

>ii>|iiciiiu^ 

riLsiiiiilly   II 
llli'_\    IlllVr 

iivcllliurli! 

II     i'lU'C.    Ill 

U'l'  pi  r^mi 
;it  (Irlivo 

III'   a   ii:l\ 
•sS.       TIl.N 

r.     Otiui 
ia.  wluTi 


^i;l,  /Missiiii, 

IiLUIcIk'S,    I 

ji'ii  aiilliur. 


J.  'I'lif  .I/'"/«'"/.'< /(/oy^c  riiiliiiici'  MM  ral  >.iil»iinliiiati' (livi<«ii>ii>.  nl  wliiili  (lie 
CiilniKihti,  wliii  air  till'  iiiii'l  |ii'iiiiiinriil.  iicciipy  llif  \m  ^tiiii  siclinii  nj'  tlu'  jjrtat 
.MoiiHiil    nuiiiii.      '•'riiry   lire   cliaraclriiM  d   liv  nliliiinilv  "I    tli>'  ('\rs,  wliidi   ari» 

iKpi'i's^i  il  lii\val'il»    till'    lli»r.  illlll   liy  till'  I'liMlldrd   illlil'lial  allL^li'  nl'    llli'  l^^lil|s;    li^ 

till  j  I'  lilacli  ami  x'ai'dly  cnivril  rMhi'nws:  liy  llir  im^r.  wlacli  is  iilli*i;i'llii'i- Miiiill 
anil  Il;il<  iniiii;  |iartii'iilai'ly  lii'uail  luwaiiU  lln  I'mi  In  ,iil  :  ii\  iii^li  clH'ck-liiiiirs.  anil 
niiiiiil  II*  ail  ami  I'acr.  A  iilack-liriiuii  iri<'.  Iai';;i'  ami  lliick  lips  xlioi'l  cliiii.  wliili 
ti'i'lli.  I'i'iiiaiiiiii'j;  linn  .mil  mhiiiiI  imii  in  ailv!iii('ril  ai;r.  ami  lart^r  cars  slamlinu;  nit' 
1111111  till'  In  III.  air  miivi  I'sal.  'i'lny  air  nl'  niidilliiii;  »i/.i'.  and  \\c  sir  very  Tew 
tall  jiiiipir  aiiiiini;-!  lln  in:  Ilir  wmin  ii  ar>'  paitinil  ir|\  small,  and  \riy  delicately 
I'liinied.'  '  'riir\  liave  a  u'liiid  iiinli  I'slanilini;  and  ijiiiik  eiiiiipn  lieiiNinii :  ai'r  liM'ly 
and  MMelalde.  yil  i\lirmil_\  iinpinN  idiiil.  and  lliievisli.  Iiiil  iml  liispnMil  In  eiinlly 
ivi  II  III  llnir  pndali'iy  excnrsinns.  'I'lny  are  divided  inln  loiir  principal  liihes, 
lln  IviiM'Inil-.  Derlii  Is,  Suniinars  and  'I'lii'^^nls.  which  I'ur  a  Imnj;  lime  cnnstiliiled  an 
imli  peinleiil  and  pnwirl'iil  iritinn:  lint  llieir  liiirde^.  wliicli  are  iinw  si.lijrcl  |ii 
ltii»ia.  at  pi'iM'iil  inlialiil  tin  diM  rt>  lirtwei  ii  the  risi  is  Dun  and  N'lili;;!.  and  the 
III  1  river  rrniii  Uris  in  Uie  Caspian  sea.  'I'lny  are  part  idnlater*.  part  (lirisliaiis. 
and  their  n  liiiimis  riles  are  cliarael;  ri^ed  hy  siijn  r>|iiiiiii  and  iin'iiii'«laiiey. 

'I'/ii  Hiinil.s.  In  llie  iiiiiidle  III  the  past  ceiilnr_\  tin  liiirats  inhaliiled  the 
l;i)\i  riiiiii  III  111  Irkutsk,  alnni't  rniiii  llie  Veiii^ei.  almin  the  Miim;iili,iii  and  Chinese 
hiM'dei's.  Ill  ilir  Ani;'ara  and  'ruii'j;iisk,i.  and  thence  In  the  lake  Itaikal.  which  latter 
place  appears  to  have  lieeii  tinir  primitive  Imnie.  In  persnual  appearance  the 
llnrats  miicii  lesemhle  llie  Kalmucks.  _\et  they  are  le^s  inclined  to  cnrpiileiicy, 
••'I'lnir  111  sh  seems  xidili  n.  and  llnir  cniinleiiance  is  pale  and  m  liow.  'I'hcir 
hndii  >  have  Very  liltle  solidity  ami  siiiimlh.  A  l{iis>iaii  ol'  the  »aiiie  ^\/.r  weighs 
much  more;  and  either  in  play  or  earnest,  overcomes  >eveial  IJiirats  with  ease."h 
They  ale  indolent,  dishonest,  and  s|iii'iih<.s.  and  have  scarcely  any  posMssions  hut 
their  docks.  Allied  to  the  IJurats  are  the  Kitlhiis.  who  iiihahit  the  conniry 
hitweeii  Siheiia  aiul  the  itnat  desert  of  Colli;  ;i  superstitions  and  uncivilised 
people,  who  are  said  to  present,  in  their  domestic  ci'.ioins.  a  hniniliatiiii!;  picture 
oj'  hnmaii  de'j;radation. 

J.  7'//c  'Viirliir  liniwli.  'I'iic  Tartar  hordes  were  oriijinally  derived  from 
(in  at  Tartary.  Ill  other  words  iVniu  the  vast  territory  het ween  Sihcria  and  the 
mountains  of  India,  from  the  river  Onral  to  Monnolia.  one  part  of  whicdi  is  now 
coiniueheiided  in  Si)oiit;aria.      \v[  at  this  time  they  have  ceased  to  maintain  their 

•  1'ai.las,  in  l.awiciHv\  Lirluivs.  p.  -,jii.  t  ■|'u,.ki:,  1{iism:i,  IV.  p.  1  Jj. 


•10 


VAUll/riES  OF  THE  ^U^rAN  SPECIES. 


sovrreijiiity  iu  tliis  r(i;i(iii  t'.\('(i)(iiii;  in  JJokliara  ami  sonic  other  eastern  provinces, 
at  tlic  same  lime  liiat  tliey  liave  cstalilislicd  tlicniseivcs  in  countries  yet  further 
east,  and  possess  a  emner  ot  Europe. 

The  TurhirH  of  Kostin  anil  (Jrcnhio-i;  liave  ae<|uired  nuieli  of  the  Hussian 
mien  and  exterior.  'IMiey  are  thin  in  person,  have  a  fr( sii  coniphxion.  with  small 
e^es  and  no>ie.  and  iiuiit  liair.  Tlit  y  are  well  made,  liave  a  sprightly,  aj:;reeahlc 
address,  and  are  said  to  excel  in  the  meelianie  arts. 

The  'J'ounit'nnis  diller  from  the  former  in  their  lart;e  heads,  and  rohust 
forms  inclined  to  nhesily.  yet  they  speak  the  Tartar  lam;uasi;e. 

The  AoLi-di/  'rurliirn  occupy  Lillle  'I'arlary,  cmhracinj;  the  provinces  of 
Krimea.  Kulian  and  part  of  Circassia.  !)el\vceu  Itussia  and  the  lilack  Sea.  They 
have  much  the  exterior  of  the  proper  Mongols,  as  seen  in  their  small  eyes,  their 
lariie  ears  and  their  clumsy  perscuis ;  and  the  rcsemhlanee  is  further  s\istained  hy 
their  rude  and  deceitful  manner,  and  their  ])nuieness  to  rapine.  They  constitute 
many  hordes,  which  are  for  the  mo>t  part  nomadic. 

Dui'iuij;  the  (  vpeditions  of  tiic  Taitars  to  the  west  of  Asia,  the  luliiclin  fixed 
themselves  in  the  province  of  Hokhara.  on  the  frontier  of  I'ersia.  whci'e.  more 
provident  than  the  other  hordc'^.  they  formed  a  permanent  settlement,  chanjiing 
liieir  pastoral  and  nomadic  life  for  that  of  ai;iiculture.  and  their  movahle  tents  into 
M'ttlid  hahitatioii>.'  Tiieir  ian<iuau;e  is  one  of  the  sweetest  dialects  of  tlic 
Tartar  lannuaiie:  ami  tlie  peoplr  of  IJokiiara  are  themselves  anuui^i  the  hands(uiiest 
of  this  family,  owiiiu'  to  tiieir  proximity  to  I'ersia.  and  their  iiitermairiai;(  s  with 
the  iiati\c  iiihahitaiits.  and  with  cajitivis  |Vom  (ieoriiia  and  (.'ireassia.  It  is  even 
a.sserted  that  no  less  than  lliree-l'i)iirliis  of  tiie  |{okliaiiaiis  are  of  skive  extraction, 
and  that  tiieir  features  im  joiiiiir  identity  tiiem  with  tiu'  Tartar  race.t 

The  I!<i.sr/i/,iis  dwt  11  im  till'  iiv(  IS  Ouiai.  Vol;j;a  and  Kama.  Tiiey  have  the 
larire  ears  and  sniall  ey(  s  nf  tlie  .'Moni;(ds.  and  their  hair  is  often  red  or  chestnut 
color.  Aiiioiii;  them  arc  iiidi\  iduajs  of  the  most  ripiilsive  physioiiuomy.  while 
the  manners  of  tlie  horde  are  i;ross  and  liriilal  in  the  extreme.  •■ 'i'liey  have 
natural    ;:o(id    scnsr.   Iml    not    tlie    jiast    iiieliiiation    to   eiilti\ate    their   intellectual 

fieulliis;  tlle_\  are  cn;UMir<  oils.  s||s|iiciiius.  <ilis|  iliate.  si\(rc  and  eo|lse(|Uently 
danjieroii>.  If  they  \ve|-e  nut  Well  junked  al'ti'r.  tlley  wiillld  none  of  them  lollow 
any  oMur  trade  than  lliat  of  pilfering;  and  plunder.  "+ 

The  y/«;7//((//;/:<.s    ro\e   oMr  the   descifs   hctweeii   the   (H»  and  the  Irtisch.  in 


■|' ii  .    liu-MI.    II.   [..    I 

■I'nnKl:,  ({ll-l.l.  II.  1..    1- 


H  MiM:«.  'I'r :iv.  Ill  lliiKli:ua.  11.  p.  lo,;,     ,/i/i.  i  il. 


I 


'J'lIK  3I()\G0L-TARTAU  FAMILY. 


41 


II  provinces, 
yet  further 

llie  IJussian 

witli  small 

y.  ai^recaljle 

ami  rol)ust 

niviiu'cs  (if 
Sea.  They 
I  eyes,  liieir 
iistaiiied  hy 
y  constitute 

'.shcck.s  fixed 
rliere.  uKire 
it.  chauuinji; 
e  tents  hito 
■cts  (it  the 
liandsduiest 
riafjes  with 
It  is  even 
extraelion. 

'V  have  tile 
)!■  ehestliut 
iiniy.  while 
'I'hey  have 
intelleetiial 
in>>e(|uently 
Kill  Inllow 

■  Irtiseli.  in 

in.  lit. 


Siheria.  Their  features  partake  .nost  of  the  Kalinouk  character,  although  their 
lan,<;;uac;e  is  a  Tartar  dialect.  They  have  few  wants,  are  dull,  indillerent.  inollcn- 
sive  and  honest.  Unlike  the  neighhoring  hordes,  they  were  never  known  to 
conihine  for  predatory  purposes. 

The  Kirgmiam.  although  their  language  is  Tartar,  have  the  strong  Mongol 
i'eatures.  with  a  sharp  and  llerce  look,  indicative  ot  tiieir  real  character.  They  are 
proverbially  fickle,  undertaking  the  lashest  and  most  contradictory  measures,  one 
moment  revolting,  the  next  returning  to  obedience.  In  spite  of  treaties  and 
largesses,  they  cannot  forego  their  characteristic  love  of  plunder  on  i^vcry  occasion 
that  oilers:  and  after  having  oppressed  all  the  barbarous  nations  around  them,  they 
liave  in  turn  become  the  tributary  vassals  of  Russia.* 

Beside  the  !\Iongul  and  Tartar  hordes  already  enumerated,  there  are  many 
others  llial  are  so  evident:/  a  niixture  of  both,  that  they  cannot  justly  be  classed 
witii  either.  Such  are  the  Tchoubuim,  between  llie  upper  parts  of  the  Ob  and 
Yenisei;  a  people,  fickle  and  auiliiilatory  in  their  habits,  yet  docile  and  readily 
instructed. 

The  Yaki.h.  persecuted  by  tiie  Hurats.  lied  to  the  north  from  the  Sayan 
niouiitains,  and  now  dwell  on  the  shores  of  the  Lena,  in  tiie  government  of 
Irkutsk.  It  i*^  rare  to  sei^  either  short  or  tall  persons  among  them,  and  in  feature, 
as  in  language,  they  are  both  Mongols  and  Tartars.  They  are  slow,  kind  and 
honest,  and  derive  their  cliief  siibsisteii  .'e  fnuii  their  herds.  The  Yakuts  have 
been  placed  hy  some  writers  as  a  horde  of  the  Polar  race. 

To  the  north  of  Cbiiia.  in  the  ])rovinee  of  Kin.  live  the  MauiMitm.  one  of 
the  most  brave  and  politic  of  the  Tartar  nation-..  Altliougli  tiiey  do  not  speak 
the  Tartar  language,  they  are  in  all  other  respects,  in  manners,  customs  and 
personal  appearance,  a  cognate  branch  of  that  people.  Tlicy  invaded  China  in  the 
I7th  century,  ellictcd  a  complete  comiuest  and  placed  on  the  throne  a  king  of 
their  own  nation.  They  have,  however,  rather  adopted  than  subverted  the 
Chinese  government  and  institutions,  and  tiie  two  nations  appear  to  be  now- 
blended  ill  singular  liarinoiiy. 

To  the  north  and  east  the  :\Ioiigol-Tartars  gradually  mingle  with  the  tribes 
of  the  Polar  race,  until  their  characters  become  blended  in  the  Kanistehatkans. 
the  Tiingusiaiis.  and  the  iiiliabitants  of  the  isle  of  .Je/.o. 

AVe  may  here  add  a  few  wonU  respecting  the  Hi  ns.  'I'jiese  people  were 
genuine  Mongol-Tartars,  wiiose  original  seats  were  west  and  north  of  China;  and 


-T, 


11 


"Kr:.  I!ii«-.i!i.  II.  p.  'J  1 1.  oTi. 


42 


VAinirriEs  of  the  human  species. 


it  would  appear  tlml  tlic  i;it'at  Cliincse  wall,  which  was  erictcd  thrci'  centuries 
hei'di'e  Christ,  was  (le>ii;iieil  to  i)revent  the  inidads  (if  the  IIuiis.  Their  iiiiu;rati()iis. 
like  those  (if  the  othei'  hordes  of  their  race,  were  unlimited,  and  they  at  length 
appeared  in  two  divi^iiuis  on  the  >kirts  of  I'urope.  one  near  the  Caspian  sea.  the 
other  on  tiie  Voli;a.  Tiiesf  at  leniith  invaded  Europe  itself,  and  drove  the  Cioths. 
A.  D.  37").  heyond  the  l)anni)u  into  the  Honian  territory.  'I'hey  then  took 
possession  of  all  the  country  hetween  the  Danuhe  and  the  Tanais,  and  cstahlishcd 
their  empire  in  I'annonia.  Tiiey  repeatedly  ravaged  (ireece  and  Asia  Minor, 
until  at  length  their  ferocity,  and  haliitual  predatory  im'oads  on  the  neighhoring 
provinces,  led  tlie  prince^  of  eastern  Europe  to  comhiue  for  thiir  destruction, 
wliie!)  was  ell'eeted  in  tiie  ei^iitii  century,  when  they  were  all  desti'oyed  or 
driven  out  of  tiie  country:  for  tlie  picsent  Hungarians  are  not  the  descendants 
of  the  lluus.  hut  of  tlie  (Julh-;  who  succeeded  them  in  the  possession  of  the 
country. 

'Tlie  preceiliiig  d(  tails  iilustrale  the  fact,  that  no  alisolule  line  of  demarcation, 
geographical  or  physical,  can  lie  drawn  hetween  the  several  liianclies  of  the 
Mongol  family.  However  tiny  dilVer  in  language,  and  occasionally  in  exterior, 
and  wliatever  may  \u\\v  lieeii  their  original  eliaracteri^tics.  tliey  are  now  so  hhnded 
thai  every  liorile  possi\ssrs  some  o|'  the  lineaments  of  all  tiie  others. 

Tile  name  Tdi/dr  \\,\^  (ui^iiially  contiued  toa  single  horde,  hcing  derived  from 
a  ilislingnishcd  kiiaii  or  chief:  auil  in  proirress  of  time  this  designation  emhraced 
all  the  trihes  from  the  ()\us  te  Ihi'  country  of  the  -Monitols.  hetween  whom  and 
Europe  the  Tartars  were  iuteipo^eil  as  a  sort  of  hari'iei'.  'I'he  Mongols  themselves 
occupied  all  tile  triritory  ea-t  of  the  'I'artars  :is  far  as  China,  and  to  the  north  of 
that  kingdom,  (ieiiglii/  Kliaii.  thoiii;li  a  Moiigid.  Iiegan  his  eareer  at  the  head  of 
;i  Tartar  horde,  hut  lii^  sjuLiuiar  success  soim  comliined  lioih  nations  under  his 
sway.  the  Mongols  taking  precedence  :  whence  it  happens  that  from  the  tiuu'  the 
Tartar  history  hegiiis  to  excite  attention,  it  ceases  to  he  that  of  a  particular  nation. 
••  Distrihnted  under  tiie  hanners  and  conimauders  of  the  Mongols,  these  enjoy 
with  posterity  the  glory  of  (Ik  J!'  eoii(|Uests.  wliih  the  Tartars  ;;re  constrained  to 
hud  their  name  to  the  devastations  with  wiiieh  hoth  nations  everywhere  marked 
ilie  hloody  |)i'ogi'ess  of  their  armies." 

The  rapidity  of  the  c.'niiuests  of  the  Mongol-Tartars,  and  the  cruelty  aiul 
rapin('  that  marked  their  course,  are  without  a  parallel  in  history:  for  at  the  death 
of  (ieiighi/.  nciirly  all  Asia,  exei'ptiug  China  and  tiie  Indo-Chinese  nations,  united 
ill  vassalage  to  form  that  mighty  dominion  sinc(   calh  d  the  Mogul  empire. 

Tile  latter  name  was  more  recently  restricted  to  the  Mahomedan  jiossessiuns 


THE  TURKISH  FA^HLY. 


43 


'('  ccniiirit's 

iiiinratii)iis. 

y  a(  length 

iaii  si'a.  the 

tilt'  Ciiitlis. 

llit'ii   (iKik 

(■stal)li<iii('tl 

Isia  Minor. 

iciglilxirini; 

IcstrnctiDn. 

'stroycil  (ir 

ilosci'nilaiits 

^ion   of  the 

L'lnarration. 
lies  of  the 
in  t'Xtciidi'. 
•  so  l)k  lulcd 

■rived  IViini 
1  I  inhraccd 
wlinin  and 
tlicuisclvcN 
111'  imrtii  of 
tile  iuad  of 
>;  under  his 
R'  tiiiic  the 
liar  nation. 
ie>e  enjov 
istraiiied  to 
■re  marked 

riielty  and 

liie  death 

mis.  united 

re. 

jiossessions 


in  India,  ol"  uhieh  Delhi  was  the  capitol.  The  Mogul  empire  was  invaded  hy 
the  Persians  in  1738,  and  has  sinee  declined  into  total  insignilieanee ;  the  nominal 
Cireat  Mogul  being  at  this  time  a  mere  stipendiary  ol'  the  British  East  India 
t'onriany.* 

fi.  TIIK    ■ITKK.ISIl    l-'AMll.V. 

The  primitive  Turks  appear  to  have  heen  a  .Ahmgol  nation ;  hut  their  rapid 
eoiiiiuest  of  s(Uiie  of  the  fairest  portions  of  the  Caucasian  region,  and  their  early 
amalu;amation  with  tiie  Circassians.  Georgians,  (Jreeks.  and  Arabs,  has  totally 
ciiaiiiieil  their  [diysieal  character,  and  rendered  llieiii  a  liaudsiuiie  people. t 

'I'he  modern  Tuiks  are  of  a  middling  stature,  with  an  athletic  fnrm  and  \vell 
proportioned  limbs:  the  head  is  round,  the  eyes  dark  and  animated,  and  the  whole 
face  expressive  and  inttlligent ;  wjiile  the  short  nose  and  open  nostrils  are  indica- 
tive of  .Mongid  extraction.  In  manner  they  are  proverbially  courteous  and 
taciturn:  but  their  true  cliaraeter  is  marki'd  by  vioitnce  of  passion,  cruelty  and 
viiidictiveness.  Inttlligcnt.  and  ready  in  the  aciiui^ition  of  every  species  of 
knowledge,  they  Vioiild  soon  assume  an  elevated  liteniry  laiik  were  it  not  for  the 
tramiueN  of  su[)erstiti(ui  and  I'atalism. 

According  to  Hitter,  tiie  'fiii'ks.  under  the  name  of  Hioiig-iiii.  had  their 
primitive  seats  in  the  north  of  China,  ■•vhere  they  foi'iued  two  kingdoms  in  the 
first  century,  disappeared  from  history  in  the  fourth,  recovered  tluir  power  in  the 
tiftli.  and  were  subseiiuently  merged  (together  witli  the  Tartars,  who,  as  we  have 
-(111.  were  also  Mongols.)  in  the  armies  of  Genghiz  Khan.  The  Turks,  at  a  later 
period,  separated  from  their  Mongol  masters,  and  established  themselves  in  Pi  rsia. 
whence  passing  into  Asia  INIinor  they  made  icpeated  attacks  on  the  (ireek  empire, 
which  they  hnally  suljverted  in  liie  middle  of  the  lifteentli  century.     The  powerful 

•  111  India  tliurc  rcnmiii  smiio  iraci.s  of  iliu  ancioiit  MonaGl<i,  who  liavo  [iroliably  iicciipii'd 
ilitii- prrsriit  scats  tVcim  imiiicnuoiial  liiiii'.  Siicli  arc  tlic  llliccis  ami  ('nioaiid  Irilics  nf  (^.irzcrat  and 
other  ]iails  of  wcslciii  India,  who  aiipcur  tn  he  hiaiiclics  cif  the  same  L'l'cat  I'aiiiilv  '•  winch  [icrvadcs 
all  ihr  niiinntaiiKUis  Centre  1)1'  India,  the  Ciaels  nl'  the  cast,  who  have  |iriihahly  at  some  iiericd  hecii 
driven  I'rcini  all  these  wiidcrin^sses  hy  the  trihcs  imssi'ssini:  die  lirahniinical  I'aiili."  In  the  same 
groiiii  may  he  placed  the  I'nharrees,  also  of  central  India,  the  Cohatars  in  the  sonthern  peninsula,  and 
tin;  ,lants  in  the'  wcnI.  The  latter  retain  the  warlilie  and  pastoral  hahits  ol  the  ancieiil  Scythians. 
Ukuku,  .Narrative,  &e,,  1.  ]i.  In  I.     ,Ji/i.  cil. 

t'l'iiis  tact  has  led  v.mie  writers  to  class  ilic  'I'nrks  with  the  Caneasiaiis.  and  to  donht  the  Mongol 
ori'-'in  ol'ihc  parent  stiicl<;  .■ni  ohjeclion  that  may  he  met  hy  a  fact  I'roni  Professor  I'allas,  who  says  that 
even  the  mixed  hlood  of  the  rcpiilsivedi)ol<iii'_'  ('alnincks  and  lins^iaiis  produces  heanliUil  children. 


I 


44 


VARIH'IMES  OF  THE  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


ami  Jcalinis  Moni^dls  Cnllowcil  cm  tlic  lootslcps  of  tlicir  (■(inner  allies,  and  entering 
Asia -Arinor.  lielValeil  lliem  in  a  pitehed  haHle.  Hut  liie  Turks  rec-DVered  them- 
selves after  a  desperate  stnm-;;le.  drove  the  JMonj^ols  out  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  reu;ained 
the  aseendauev.  and  have  kept  it  from  that  linu'  lo  the  present. 

We  now  find  them  in  possession  of  vVsia  Minor,  Syria,  European  Turkey, 
Egypt,  and  various  strong  holds  on  the  Harhary  coast. 

Osnian.  the  Turkish  chief  who  van(iuished  the  Mongols  in  Asia  Minor,  trans- 
mitted his  name  to  his  nation,  whence  they  call  themselves  O.smmilics:  which  in 
Europe  has  been  perverted  to  Ottomans.* 

10.  TItK  CIIINKSIO   FAMII,V. 

These  people  are  rather  below  the  middle  stature,  stout  limbed  and  inclined 
to  flesh.  The  head  is  large,  rounded  and  s(uuewhat  conical,  owiu'j;  to  a  high, 
retreating  forehead.  The  face  is  tlat.  and  the  cheek  bones  expanded;  the  eve  is 
small,  half  dosed,  and  drawn  ol)li(]iU'ly  upwards  towards  the  temple,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  upper  lid  i>^  a  little  projecting  beyond  the  lower:  the  eyebrows  are 
black,  lii^hly  archid  :uul  linear:  the  nose  is  small.  Ilattened  towards  the  nostril, 
broad  at  its  root,  and  -ejiarated  from  the  foreliead  i)y  a  -trongly  marked  dejires-iion. 
Tlir  moutli  is  large,  and  tlie  lips  rather  lleshy.  They  have  uniforndy  black  hair: 
and  the  complexion  of  youii^-  persons  of  the  higher  classes  is  fresh  and  fair,  but 
that  of  the  multitude  is  iialiid  or  sallow,  and  has  been  C(unpared  to  a  dried  leaf. 

••People  in  Europe  have  been  strmgely  -in'sled  in  their  notiiuis  of  Chinese 
physiognomy  and  appearance,  by  the  tigures  represented  on  those  specimens  of 
manufacture  which  jiroceed  fmiu  Canton,  and  wiiieli  are  commonly  in  a  style  of 
broad  caricature.  A  Cliinis,.  ,,f  i'ekinu-  miiilit  as  well  form  an  idea  o(  us  fnmi 
some  of  the  performances  „{'  Criiiksli;ink.  The  con-eipieiu'e  is.  that  a  character 
of  silly  l(\ity  and  farce  lias  jieeii  asMiej;,!,.,!.  i,,  tjic  niiuds  nf  niaiiy  persons,  with 
the  most  steady,  considerate  and  matter  of  fact  people  in  the  world.  Their 
features  have.  |)erlia|is.  |i -^  nf  (he  jiarsh  aui;ularity  of  the  Tartar  counlenance  in 
the  -(iiiili  tb;in  in  i'c  kin;:-.  Among  those  who  are  not  exposed  to  the  climate,  the 
couipiexion  is  iull\  as  fair  as  that  oC  the  Spaniards  and  i'ortuguese.  Cp  to  the 
aij;e  of  twenty  they  are  often  vei'y  good  looking:  soon  after  that  period  the 
prominent  cheek  bones  ^^eiierally  give  a  harshness  to  the  features,  as  the  roundness 

•  I-"er  a  Iji-icl'  aihl  LTipliir'  vi.'W  .n'  il,,.  r,,iin.rii,,iis  1„  tw,,',,  ih,.  -rurKs,  •['arlars  and  .Moiil'uIs,  in 
relaliuii  111  l.inL'iiiiu'i',  liiMm-y  iin,|  |.iiysi.-i|  o!i:ir;irler,  -n'  \Vim.:man\  l.i'i-turrN.  ]i.  110. 


THE  CHINESE  FAAHLY. 


4. J 


iiul  cntrrinc; 
vend  tlicin- 
('}'.  rci:;aiiic(l 

■an  Turkey, 

linor,  (rans- 
".V.  ^vlli('h  in 


11(1  iiiclinrd 
to  a  liii;h. 
;  the  eye  is 
at  tlic  sanu' 
felji'dws  arc 
liic  nostril. 
(l('])n'ssi()ii. 
I)lMck  liair : 
nd  fair,  but 
ricd  leal', 
of  Chinese 
leeiniens  of 
n  a  style  of 
of  US  from 
I  eliaraeter 
rsons.  with 
Id.  Tiieir 
ileiiaiice  in 
liniale.  the 
l'])  to  the 
])erio(l  the 
roundness 


of  youth  wears  olF."*  The  old  people  of  both  sexes  are  for  the  most  ])art  much 
wrinkled  and  very  Uijly ;  and  tlie  women  are  proverbially  celebrated  for  the 
artificial  sniallness  and  deformity  of  their  feet. 

The  Chinese  skull,  so  far  as  I  can  Judirc  t'roni  tiie  specimens  that  have  come 
under  my  inspection,  is  oblong-ova  1  in  its  ijeni ml  form  :  the  os  frontis  is  narrow 
in  proportion  to  the  width  of  the  face,  and  th.>  V(  rt.  \  is  prominent :  the  occiput 
is  moderately  (lattened  :  the  face  projects  more  than  in  the  Caucasian,  giving  an 
angle  of  about  seventy-live  dei^rees :  the  teeth  are  nearly  vertical,  in  which  respect 
they  diller  essentially  from  those  (,f  the  ^lalay;  and  tiie  (u-bits  are  of  moderate 
dimensions,  and  rounded. 

Tiie  moral  ciiaracter  of  the  Chinese  is  thus  summed  up  by  Dr.  ."Vrorrison. 
whose  opinion  is  derived  from  loinr  and  iiitimat<>  aeiiuaintance  willi  these  people. 
"The  good  traits  of  the  Chinese  character,  amongst  themselves,  are  mildness  and 
urbanity  :  a  wish  to  show  that  their  conduct  is  reasonable,  and,  generally,  a 
willingness  to  yield  to  what  appear-  so:  docility,  industry,  sub(n-diiiation  of 
juniors:  respect  for  tiie  aged  and  for  ])arents:  acknowledging  the  claims  of  poor 
kindred.  These  are  virtues  of  puidic  opinion,  wiiicli.  of  course,  are  in  particular 
cases  often  more  show  tlian  reality:  for.  on  the  other  hand,  the  Chinese  are 
specious,  but  insincere :  jealous,  envious,  and  distrustful  to  a  high  degree.  Con- 
science has  few  checks  but  the  laws  of  the  laud:  ami  a  little  frigid  ratiocination 
on  the  fitness  of  things,  which  is  not  generally  found  etreetual  to  restrain,  when 
the  selfish  and  vicious  propensities  of  our  nature  may  be  indulged  with  present 
impunity.  The  Chinese  are  generally  seltish.  c(dd-blnoded  and  iiiliumane."t 
•■He  might  with  great  propriety  have  added,"  says  Mr.  Ellis,  -ihal  in  the  punish- 
ment of  criminals,  in  tiie  inllictioii  of  torture,  tluy  are  barbarously  cruel:  that 
huinan  suiiering,  or  human  life,  are  but  rarely  regarded  by  tliose  in  authority, 
when  the  inllictioii  of  the  one.  or  the  destruction  of  tiie  otiier.  can  be  made  sub- 
servient to  the  ac(iuisition  of  wealth  lU-  power." 

The  intellectual  character  of  tlii'  Ciiiiiese  is  deserving  of  especial  attention, 
although  in  letters,  in  science  and  in  art.  they  are  the  same  now  what  they  were 
many  centuries  ago.  They  have  tlieir  nalioiial  music  and  tlieir  national  poetry, 
but  u{  sculpture,  painting  and  architecture,  they  have  no  just  conceptions,  and 
their  national  pride  prevents  their  adopting  tiie  arts  of  other  countries.  Their 
faculty  of  imitation  is  a  proverb:  and  tli(  ir  mechanical  ingenuity  is  universally 
known.     ••Tiiat    nation   cannot   be  viewed  uitli  indilVerence  uhieli  possessed   an 


I  M 


l)Avn:s  D.-.np.  of  il,o  i:,,,,,.  „|  Clmv.K  1.  p.  -:,.!.  t  MoiuusoN,  in  C.ul/.lali;  Iiilio,l.  i-.  2S. 


12 


•16 


VAi{ii"ni:s  or  tiik  ihman  simxiks. 


ort^iini^cil  lidvcniiiiiiil.  :iii  iirmv.  a  wriltcii  limminnc  lii>liiriaiis  ami  (illu  r  litciati. 
ill  a  pciidd  sii  rniiotc  as  In  he  ciicval  \\  itli  llic  iniiiiciliatc  siicccssdi's  i)t'  the  iiispircil 
liistdiiaii  ol'  (  rcaliiiii.  ami  llic  la\\i:i\(r  nf  tlir  ancient  |i(ii|ilc  of  (Jnd."*  TlifJ' 
liavi'  a  ciipiiMis  litcialiirc.  IkiIIi  aiiciciil  ami  iiiiidrin  :  tlicy  have  piisscsscil  tile  art 
of  jjiiiitiiiu:  l'i>r  ciiilil  liuiulrcd  viai-:  and  (heir  w riltni  laiii;iiai.';('.  \\ illi  llic  sanic 
charac'ti  Ts  that  tiny  ux'  at  the  piociit  dav.  is  nf  extreme  aiiti(|iiitv.  not  li'ss. 
at'('(ir(lin;j;  tn  i{eiiui-at  and  otlirr>.  than  Inn  th(iii>and  years.  A  solitary  I'aet  will 
prove  this  i)n>itiiiii.  Vessils  of  pdicelain.  (if  Cliiiiise  inaiiul'aetnre.  have  of  late 
been  rejxatedly  I'nnml  in  the  catacdinhs  ol'  Thches.  in  Kirypt.  Snine  (d'  these  are 
as  (dd  as  tile  I'haiannic  period  :  or.  in  other  words,  they  jnnst  iiave  In  eii  made  at 
least  lil'leeii  liiiiidred  years  liel'iire  the  Christian  era.  The  inscriptions  on  these 
vessels  have  heeii  read  with  ease  hy  Cliiiiese  sciwdais.  Mid  in  three  instances 
ivcoi'd  the  lollo\\ini;  lei;'nd  : — The  llower  opens,  and  lo !   another  year.f 

The  civilisation  ol'  China  is  marly  a^  old  as  that  id'  lyiivpt.  and  has  pndiahly 
remained  stationary  for  liiii'ly  ceiitniies;  and.  althon^;!!  it  is  hased  on  a  heartless 
r<li^inn.  no  donhl  cmliraces  a^  many  Imth  (d'  tiie  comforts  and  liixnries  of  life  as 
the  social  institutions  of  Muiope  :  at  the  same  time  that  similar  wants  ami  iiidiil- 
•ieiices.  in  these  widely  siparated  comiiuiiiilies.  are  often  liratilii'd  hy  very  diU'ereiit 
yet  ei|ually  adiqnate  iiieans.  European  civilisation  has  borrowed  larjicly  from 
China,  the  Chinese  nothiii;i  from  Hurope.  When  the  kiiin'  "f  Wrance  intioduccil 
the  luwuy  of  silk  st(ieKin:;s.  says  Air.  Harrow,  the  pea'-anlry  of  the  middle 
provinces  (if  Ciiiua  were  (dotlud  in  silks  from  hi'ad  to  foot:  and  when  the 
md)ility  id'  !-imland  were  sleejjiiu;  on  straw,  a  jieasant  of  China  had  hi»  mat  ami 
his  pillow,  and  the  man  in  otlice  enjoyed  his  silki  ii  mattress. 

'I'hese  were  ei|nally  the  luxuries  of  their  ancestors,  anil  they  have  not  chosen 
to  improve  upon  them.  To  prevent  innovations,  the  laws  prescrihe  for  every 
tliim:.  and  a  man  must  dre^s.  and  huild.  and  rei;nlate  all  his  actions  accordinu;  to 
a  certain  lorm.  Hence  it  has  been  observed  that  i..nmo\abieni--s  is  the  character- 
i>tii'  of  the  nation;  every  im|)lement  retain^  its  orii^inal  sjiape  :  every  imtiition 
has  slopped  at  tin-  Ihst  slip.  '|'li,.  piou;;li  In  still  drawn  by  men:  the  written 
characters  of  their  inouns\  llabic  langnaiic  stand  for  ideas,  not  for  simple  sounds: 
and  the  laliorioiis  tasl^  of  merely  learninii  to  read,  occupies  the  time  that  niinht 
he  employed  in  the  acijuisition  id'  many  branches  oi'  useful  knowledge.]: 

The  relii;ioiis  of  China  are  three — that  of  Confucius.  Laoii-tse  and   ISiullia. 


'  i;i.i.i-.  Iiitr.iil.  In  (oil/.li'l's  Voy.  p.  1.!. 
J  Oiitlilii.;!  iif  I'lav,  llisl.  |i.  17. 


t  W'll.KlNsn.N.  .\|1C.  F.^'Vl'l.  11 


10t<. 


1 


rilK  INDO-CIIlNHSi:   FAMILY. 


'47 


thcr  lilcnili. 
tlir  iiisjiircd 


'I'l 


icy 


I'SSfll  the  ill't 
illi  tl 


ic  siimc 


(y.  iidl  less. 
wy  lact  will 
liavc  (if  late 
III'  llicsc  arc 
ecu  made  at 
IIS  (111  tliese 
•e  instances 
■•t 

as  prdbahly 
I  a  lirartlcss 
IS  III'  lH'c  as 
'  and  iiulul- 
ry  dili'erent 
iricdv  I'liiin 


iiit  induced 
lie  niiddic 
^vllell  tile 
is  mat  and 


It  a|i|)cais  tliat  tlic  urcat  ])liiiiis(ij)li(  r  df  Cliiiia  is  actually  Mdrsjiippcd  liy  liis 
ciMintryincii.  tlial  iki  less  tliaii  lil'tccn  linndred  and  sixty  temples  are  dedicated  to 
him.  and  liiat  upwards  of  sixty  tliiiii>,ui(l  animals  of  diircrcnt  kinds  arc  sacrificed 
III  liis  manes  every  year.*  Tlie  Lami-lM'  ddclrine  appears  to  he  a  mere  tissue  ol' 
moral  siihlleties  ;  while  the  IJndhiMii  ol'  the  Chiiies(  is  essentially  the  same  willi 
llial  of  the  neii^hhoriiiu;  nations — a  ijross  and  eiicrvi 


ting  id(datr>-, 


The  Japanese    hear  a  striking  rcscmhlancc   to  the  people  of  China,  ^vl 


lOSl' 


features  the  former  pos>css  in  an  exa,gi,a'rated  denre( ,     Accordiiii,'  to  'J"liiinl)er<^ 
le  ^•reat  annle  of  the  eye  a  deep  furrow,  which   makes  the 


••  the  ev(  lids  |'(irni  in  tl 


Japanese  hmk  as  if  they  were  sliarpsiirlited.  and  (iiscriniinates  them  from  tiic  oliier 
nations. "t      In  general  they  are  of  short  stature,  with  lieavv  limh^.  Iar"-e  heads  and 


sunken  iyc<.     Like   the   Chinese  they  are  lal 


)orioiis  arlilicers.  hut  less  iimeiii 


oils 


than  tiiat  nation,  nor  have   tiiey  ciiualled   them   in  liie  art  of  navimition.     They 
have  two  relinious  sects,  hnt  the  dominant  creed  is  tiial  of  JJndlia.  mixed  up  with 


some  peculiar  superstitions.     Their  vernacular  I 


oiiii'iie    IS  sail 


ltd  I 


lave  no  resem- 


hlance  Id  that  of  tiie  Chines,.,  hut  tiay  derive  their  ciassicid  or  learned  laimna;; 

from   tiial   people,     'i'lieir  alphahi  t.  iiist  ad  of  whole  wnrd 

oniy.f 

The   peninsula  of  Corea  is  iuhaliited    hy  a   li 
however,  in  tiieir  exterior,  and  !(■>>  advanced   in  t 


s.  de>i"iis  siiiijle  letters 


ranch  of  this   familv.  rougher. 


le  arls  tiiau  tiie  Chi 


whose  vassals  tliiy  are.     Tiieir  veruacnlar  laii,uiia-c  and  alphahel   are  ailn 
peculiar,  but  they  are  reipiired  to  use  the  Chinese  characters. 


iicM'  priiper. 


•tiler 


not  chosen 
•  for  every 
ccordiiii;  to 
'  chaiacter- 
'  iinentiiin 
he   written 


e   sounds; 


that    niiiiht 
nd   Hiidlia. 


II.  TIIK    INDO-ClllNKSK    K.VMILV. 


The    liido-Ciiine 


se   nations   have   heen   so   called 


more    on  account   of  their 


iMiiiiapliical   position  hetwirn  Ilindostan  and  China  than  for  tl 
from  whom  they  dill'er  widelv.     The  Indo-CI 


leir  resemhiance  to 


the    lliiuh 


H'ldiaus,  \v{   tiieir 
tiire  Willi  the  Iliiuj 
and  religion  of  liiat 


liiiese  are  real  Mon- 


o  some  iiitermix- 


iximily  to  India  has  nndonhtedly  niven  rise  t 
oos.  and   in  some   instances   the   partial   adoption  of  the  letters 


The  nations  enihraced  in  this  family  are  those  of  Ava.  Pe-ii.  Aracan.  S 


Cochin-Cliina.  Camhodia,  T: 
The  states  of  Ava.  Pe 


iompa.  Laos,  and  Tomiuin. 
?n  and  Aracan.  constitute  the  B 


urmese  eiupin 


lain. 


The 


I.  108. 


Mi:iiiiriisr,  ('liiii;i,  p.  |i,i 
'I'll  Ki:v,  .Miir.  Crnj,  III 


t.M,. 


Al.TK-BlU'N,  II.  ]).  ,),i7 


jOO, 


•18 


VAmi:Tii:s  ok  tiu:  iii'man  sphciks. 


((implcxioii  (if  till'  iiili;iliil;in(-*  varies  I'nim  hmwii  In  iicnrly  Mack.  Their  figure  is 
slimt  ami  rnli\is(.  ami  in  pliysiimiiomy  tliey  reseiiililc  the  Chinese,  yet  are  luiieh 
uiilier.  'i'iiev  pnil'ess  the  reliiiinii  (if  Hiidha.  Their  literature  is.  for  the  most  part, 
iiietrieai.  e(iiisistiii;X  111  sunns  ami  nmianees;  a  I'ael  whieh  eiirrespiuuls  with  their 
iiKiral  charaetcr,  I'm'  they  are  rcjireseiited  In  he  a  lively,  imiiiisilive  race,  vnlatile. 
inipatieiil  ami  iiaM'iiile.  They  are  Ljreatly  int'erinr  to  liie  Chinese,  and  have  made 
hnt  little  proi;ress  in  the  nsel'ul  ails.*  IJesides  tiie  Hurmese,  the  kinu;(lom  of  Ava 
contains,  especially  towards  the  imrlh.  many  wild  trilies  of  people  who  have  no 
seeming  allinity  with  the  dominant  impulation.  and  who  are  said  not  even  to  he 
Undhists.  ami  to  speak  dialects  and  perhaps  lani;nau;es  of  their  own.t 

The  , h-(ir(inc.sr  iuv  mncli  the  most  nncnltivatcd  and  liarhai'ons  ])cople  of  this 
family.  They  are  accnstomed  to  llatten  the  hi  ads  of  their  children  hy  means  of 
a  jilate  of  lead,  applied  soon  alter  hirlh.  and  they  slit  and  distend  their  ears  to  a 
fright fnl  ihnree. 

The  Sianu'sc  present  >ti'iint;  analoijies  to  the  liiiiinans.  'I'lie  following 
graphic  desci'iptinn.  from  the  pen  of  my  friend  Dr.  HMschenherger.  will  convey 
an  accurate  idea  of  these  p<'iiple.  "Their  average  height,  according  to  tlu' 
measure  of  Mr.  Crawford,  i^  live  feet  two  inches,  which  I  suspect  In  he  near  the 
truth,  from  the  few  to  wliom  I  have  ajiplied  the  rule.  The  lower  limhs  are 
sloul  and  well  fnrnied:  llie  Imdy  is  long,  ami  hence  tile  figure  is  not  graceful. 
'I'iie  -lioiildei's  are  iiroad.  ami  the  iiiiiscles  of  the  eilt^l  are  VM'll  de\eloped.  'I'he 
neck  i^  vlmrl  ami  the  head  i-  in  fair  proportion.  Tiie  hands  are  large,  ami  the 
ciiiii|ile.\ion  of  a  (lark  oli\r.  Imi  not  jetty.  Among  females  nf  tjic  iiiirlicr  classes, 
wlio  pa->.  their  time  nm^tix  williiii  the  har'ni  ol'  their  ImcN.  the  »kin  is  of  a  very 
mneli  li:;liler  line:  in  Mime  iiivlaiieeN  it  niighl  he  (h-eiilH  d  as  a  very  dark  hrunelle. 
Tile  I'orelii  ad  is  narrow  at  the  sii|Hri(ir  part,  tlie  lace,  hetwcen  the  cheek  hones 
hroad.  ami  the  eiiin  i<.  aiiaiii.  narrow,  so  that  the  wiiole  eonlnur  is  rather  lo/.eugc- 
shajied  than  oval.  Tiie  ( ye^  are  lemarkalilc.  for  the  upjier  lid  lieing  I'Xteiided 
lieliiw  the  under  one.  at  tile  eiirner  next  to  the  nose,  iiiil  it  is  not  elongated  like 
that  or^an  in  tlie  Ciiinesc  or  Tartar  rac(  s.  'I'lie  eyes  ure  dark,  or  lilack.  and  the 
wiiite  i>  dirty,  or  of  a  yeiiowiNJi  tint.  The  nostrils  are  hroad.  hut  the  nose  is  not 
flattened,  like  that  of  the  Al'riean.  The  mouth  is  not  \vell  formed,  the  lips 
projecting  slightly  :  ami  il  is  always  (lisligured,  according  to  our  notions  of  heauty, 
hy  tii(  universal  and  iiisi;iistinL;-  hniiit  of  chewing  areeamil.  The  hair  is  jet  lilack, 
reiiileiit.  and  coaise.  alniosi  !iris||y.  mid  is  worn  in  a  tuft  on  the  top  of  Die   head, 


"  CiiAw  lOjin,  .\\  :i,  &!■..  ]). 


+  Ihi'l,  |..   I7n. 


1 

i 


THE  INDO-CHINESE  FAMILY. 


49 


icir  finiirc  is 
it  are  iniicli 
(•  most  part, 
<  with  tliL'ir 
ICC.  viilalilc. 
I  have  made 
(loin  (if  Ava 
III)  have  no 
even   to    he 

ople  ol'  this 
)y  means  oC 
cir  ears  to  a 

'  i'ollowini; 
AJIl  convey 
linn  hi  tlie 
be  near  the 
:r  linihs  are 
lit  jiracel'ul. 
ijied.  'I'lie 
ne.  and  the 
;lier  classes. 
is  of  a  very 
k  hninette. 
Iieek  hones 
er  lozcniTf- 
U  extended 
iirated  like 
•k.  and   the 

nose  is  not 
d.  the   lips 

of  hcauty, 
s  jet  hiack, 

the   head, 


ahout  linir  inches  in  diameter,  the  rest  heini?  shaved,  or  clipped  very  chisc  A 
lew  scattering  hairs,  which  scarcely  merit  the  name  of  heard,  grow  upon  tlie  chin 
and  npper  lip,  and  these  they  custinnarily  pluck  out. 

"The  occipital  portion  of  the  head  is  nearly  vertical,  and.  compared  with  the 
anterior  and  sincipital  divisions,  very  small ;  and  I  remarked,  what  I  have  not  seen 
in  any  other  than  in  sonn'  ancient  Peruvian  skulls  from  I'achacamac.  that  the 
lateral  halves  of  the  head  are  not  symmetrical.  In  the  region  of  lirmncss.  the 
skull  is  very  prominent:  thi'i  is  remarkahly  true  of  the  talapoins."*  Mr.  Finlay- 
son's  ohservalions  are  lo  the  same  purpose.  ■•  The  head,"  says  he.  ••  is  j)eculiar : 
the  diameter  from  the  front  hackwards  is  nneommnnly  shoit.  and  hence  the 
general  furni  is  somewhat  cylindrical.  'I'he  occipital  foramen  in  a  great  numhcr 
of  instances  is  placed  so  far  hack,  that  from  the  cniwn  to  ihe  nape  of  the  neck  is 
nearly  a  straight  line."| 

The  moral  character  of  the  Siamese  ajipears  to  he  at  a  very  low  ehh.  The 
intelligent  voyager  lirst  (pioted.  dcserihes  them  as  suspicious,  vacillating  and  cruel. 
Cringing  and  servile  to  th.ir  superiors  in  liu'  exlniue.  they  are  arrogant  and 
tyrannical  in  reg.ird  to  those  wiio  are  lichiw  them  in  rank.:!:  Their  virtues  ami 
(heir  v^ees  are  venal  ;  and  tiie  services  of  the  judge  and  the  assassin  have  each 
their  jiriee.  "I  regret."  says  Mr.  (iiit/laiV.  -not  to  have  found  one  honest  man  : 
sordid  opjiression.  priestcraft,  allied  with  wretehediuss  and  tilth,  are  everywhere 
to  hv  nut  with."  They  are  remarkahle.  nevertheless,  for  hiial  resjiect.  and  regard 
for  their  rulers. 

The  iidiahitants  of  Citcli'ni-Ch'ntti.  or  .hiiKini.  are  smaller  in  stature  than  the 
Siauuse.  and  they  are  also  le>s  cluuisjlv  formed.  The  general  form  of  the  face  is 
round,  so  tiial  the  two  diameters  are  nearly  (([ual.  The  foreluad  is  short  and 
hroad.  but  the  occipital  jiortiou  of  the  head  is  more  elongated  than  in  the  people 
of  Siani.  Tiu'  chin  is  large  and  broad:  the  heard  grisly  and  tiiin,  the  hair 
copious,  coarse  and  black:  the  nose  small,  but  well  formed,  and  the  lips  moderately 
tiiick.  Oliesity  is  rare.  The  color  of  the  Cochin-Chinese  is  usually  its  fair  as 
that  of  the  inhabitants  of  -southern  Eurojie.  yet  the  dark  Malay  Inu'  is  not  unfre- 
(lueiitly  nut  with.  Tiu'v  are.  lu^vertiuless.  a  coarse  featured  people,  aud  render 
themselves  repulsive  by  the  constant  u:e  uf  areea  and  betel,  wliieh  reddens  the 
li])s  aud  blackens  the  teeth. 

•  \'iiy.  Uoiina  \\ir  \Vnrl,l,  |,.  ji||i,— In  ilic  s;miL'  wuik,  p.  JOo,  llie  ivader  will  llii.l  soiii'^  ilolailoi] 
lUtMSllirllU'iits  of  Siaiiii-,1.  lirads. 

+  Sunn  anil  Coi'lnn-China,  |i.  J."l.  t  \"oy.  p.  301. 

13 


,'50 


V AinrriKs  uv  'vuv.  iitman  simxiks. 


They  Ml'c  Miiil  to  lir  tlic  liiivc^l  111  llic  (iiicnliil  iiii(iiui>;  liiMiil-iniliiicd  ;iii(l 
polite.  Iiiit  cxtraviinaiitly  I'oml  of  (tii|ii(tlc.  So  vdMitilr  m-  tlitir  Iccliiii;^  aiul 
actions,  lliat  lliry  iiavc  liccii  compan  il  lo  tlic  monkey  rare.  wIiom  all(  iiljnn  i- 
|)frpetuaily  chaniiiiiL!;  rroin  one  ohjcft  to  aiioljier.  Hence  while  tiny  are  more 
active  and  warlike  than  t!ie  Chinese,  they  want  the  industry  and  peiseverancc  of 
thatnation.*  Tiieir  lani^nan'e  is  a  diiilid  of  Hk  Chinese,  thonj-li  c(tn.sidefai)ly 
altered,  ami  their  written  cliaiacteis  are  tin  same. 

The  Liiiis.  or  Ciians.  to  the  norlii  of  Siam.  aiv  wri  Ichedly  poor,  dirty  in 
their  hahils.  sportful  in  their  t(  nip(  r.  careless  in  thi  ir  actions,  and  ureal  lovers  of 
iiinsic  and  dancini;.  Their  laimuane  is  sirfl  and  mehidions.  and  very  similar  to 
that  of  the  Siamese. 

The  Kiiiiit/is.  or  inhahilanis  of  Camhoiiia.  to  the  southeast  of  Siam.  are  of 
hiijher  antiijuity  and  more  literary  cliaracic  r  than  any  of  the  surronndinii  s|;i|es 
They  nuist  he  a  very  imaninalive  pople:  for  Mr.  (lul/laH"  slates  that  nearlv  all 
liieir  lio(dvs.  Willi  the  exceplinn  (if  their  national  laws  and  history,  are  in  poetry. 
Tlie\  ;u'e.  ne\ erllieless.  a  Coarse  people,  criujiini;  or  insolent  accordini;  to  circum- 
stanccs.f 

'I'he  natives  of  llie  Nienliar  islands  inpeni'  to  he  of  Indo-Chinese  extraction. 
Till  ir  cilor  is  a  deep  copper,  ami  they  have  thick  lips  and  wide  months.  It  is 
asserled  tiial  they  conii)ress  the  jieads  of  newly  horn  infants  in  such  manner  as 
to  llattrn  the  occiput  and  cause  ijie  teeth  to  projeet  outwards.  They  live  in  a 
very  uuci\ii.-il  st.iie.  compel  their  wiimea  to  cultivate  the  ground,  and  have 
hitherto  resisiid  ^11  uuasuris  fur  the  melioration  of  their  condition. | 

I-'.    Illi:    rnl.M!    FAMILY, 

This  singular  race  is  e\cliisivi  ly  si(  n  on  the  northern  skirts  of  the  continents 
ol  Kurope.  Asia,  and  .Vim  rica.  'I'Ik  y  are  of  sliort  stature,  of  clumsy  proportions, 
wilh  lar-e  heads  and  short  necks.  They  have  tlie  Hat  faces  and  sniall  noses  of 
liie  .Mou'jiol-Tarlars.  witli  s,nue  ohliipiity  in  the  position  of  the  eyes.  Their  color 
is  lirown.  liiihtir  or  darker,  hut  often  ilisi^uiscd  hy  accumulated  hlth. 

The  concurrent   lestiuiony  of  all  voyairers  -hows  these   people  to  lie.  hoth   in 


•  I"iN!.\VMiN.    S;.iMi    ;iiiil    (Mrluii-Chii.a.    p.    ."i".  — lir-,  ni:Mu;i;(ii;!i.    \oy.    [k    ;).' 1.  — I!a)i!io\v. 
(''ii:!iiii-('l.iii:i.   ]i.   .li^s. 

*  liri/I.AlT,  TlllVr    V,,y,   lo   1 1 1,  •   ( '.  ,;i-|  ■■  ill"  CI ,;! !  1 .   1 1.     IT. 

:  Ti-i  i:i:v.  .M:ir.  C.  n,-.  III.  p.  ,ijs. 


THi:   I'OLAIl  FAMILY. 


51 


litliirrd  ;iiul 
relinks  and 
iilli  iiliiin  i> 
y  aic  iiiorr 
icvcraiicc  (il 
(Uisiilti'iilil} 

II'.  (I illy  ill 
al  liiM'is  of 
'  >iniilar  Id 

Main,  arc  (if 
diiin'  slates 
nearly  id! 
•  ill  piictry. 
Ill  circiiiii- 

fxtraclidii. 
Ills.  It  is 
iii.'iiiiier  as 
•y  live  ill  a 
.  and    have 


ciintiiients 
ii'iipnrlidiis. 
dl  iKises  oj' 
I'lieir  edliH 

le.  Iiiilli   ill 

1.  — I!a)1!I0\V. 


a|ipijiiaiice  and  iiiaiiiier.  aiiimm;  llie  iikisI  repidsivi-  ol'  tlie  liiiniaii  species:  yet  tliey 
possess  coiisideralde  dillereiices.  wliieli  will  lie  liesi  ciiiisidered  ^;e(i;iraplii(idiv. 

At  llie  iKirdiwesleiii  exlieniily  <il'  Kiin)|»e  are  llie  /,(iji/iiiii/irn,  wlio.  liy  |irt  lly 
u;eiieial  eiiiisi  III.  have  lieen  enumerated  witii  the  I'oiar  I'aiiiily.  althinisih  liieir 
dialect  is  nnire  closely  alli(  il  lo  the  I'MiinisJi  than  lo  any  other.  'I'liev  liave  llie 
llal  face  and  diminutive  stature  n\'  the  Sanioyedes ;  Imt  ihrir  hair  is  brown,  their 
chieks  hollow  and  their  eyes  u;ray.  Their  complexion  varies  IVoiii  yellowish  lo 
dark  hrown.  " 'i'lieir  manner  of  life  renders  Iheiii  hardy,  a^ile  and  supple,  hut  at 
the  same  time  much  iiiidiiied  to  laziness.  'I'hcy  have  plain  common  sense,  are 
peaceahle,  and  ohedieiit  lo  tlieir  supi  riors.'*  in  their  dealiiiijs.  however,  they  are 
descrihed  as  mistriisll'nl  and  niven  to  cheating. 

The  Oxiiiiks  present  a  reiiiarkalde  example  of  a  nation  composed  id'  three 
^nvat  coinmnnities.  each  of  which  dill'ers  in  customs  and  lannna;;e  from  the  (dliers: 
of  these  the  norlhcm  horde  is  of  Samoyede  extraelion.  wliile  the  soiilliern  is  allied 
to  til.  Finns.  They  are  of  the  middle  stature,  with  a  pah  .  yt  llowish  complexion, 
hai'sii.  dark  hair,  together  with  the  ordinary  exterior  of  tlu'  Pidar  race.  TIk  v  are 
of  the  piih  ninalie  temperament,  limiii.  indolent  and  unehanly  in  their  lial.its,  yit 
of  docile  disposjiion.  and  possessed  of  mucii  naliiral  kindness.  In  common  \\it!i 
most  of  tl„.  coiiiiate  trihes.  they  have  reduced  tlieir  women  to  tiie  condition  (d 
slaves. t 

The  SiiJiioi/nlt.s  call  theinsi  Ives  C/msora.  which  im  ivly  means  iiitii.  Tliev 
iiihahit  the  frozen  margin  of  Asia  from  the  (ir.tli  di-ree  of  nortii  latitude  to  the 
sea  shore,  and  extend  also  into  Kurope.  'I'hese  peoph  are  s.d.lom  more  than  live 
feet  hii;li.  "They  s.  em  all  of  a  heap:  lia\e  short  le-s.  small  reck,  a  lar-e  head.  Hat 
nose  and  face,  with  the  lower  part  of  the  face  projectiles;  outwards:  they  have  lariic 
mouths  and  ears,  little  Idack  eyes,  lint  wide  eyelids,  small  lips  ;md  little  feet." 
The  women  reach  maturity  early,  and  arc  ofleii  iiiotiiers  at  lwei\e  years  of  a-;( . 
'I'hey  ;ire  more  savaije  than  the  Ostiaks.  and  extremely  inditrereiit  on  all  tiiose 
siilijects  that  excite  the  feedings  of  o'.lier  |hi  ph'. 

The  Tinii^iisiims  rove  tiie  deserts  whicdi  extend  t'rom  the  Yenisei  eastward  to 
the  ocean.  Their  features  resinilde  those  of  the  oilier  families  of  ihjs  race:  ImiI 
their  complexion  is  fresli.  and  their  wmneii  ;ire  said  to  he  of  a:z;reealde  appearance 
ami  manner.  The  men  have  a  hoarse  voice,  and  possess  si<rht  and  lieariim-  in 
perfection,  with  a  sinijular  olituseness  of  the  ornaiis  (d'  touch  and  snu  ll.'>     Thev 


*  'I'lMiKK.  Uils^:  I,  I.  |i,  ,1, 
■  I'miJ,  111.  p.  l.>. 


*  'I'lioKK,  l{ii>Ni;i.  &■■..  I.  p,  1 ; 
§IIirI.  Ill,  p.  77. 


—  I'aI.I.  \s,  \ny.    1\',  11.  ,■-,.' 


rii 


VAiMKTiKs  or  'rm:  ihm w  snxiKs. 


an-  IViiiik  iiiul  s)ui<;niiir  in  lluir  iiiiiniiii'.  jivitm'  (d  tlidt.  rniiiil  jiikI  taNclMKid. 
iiii|iri>viili'iit  jiiul  iiiMiisililc  in  their  snciiil  rtlatidiiH. 

'I'lir  i'<il>(ii;i(ins  IraNtiM'  llic  icv  region  In  (wciii  llic  Nakinils  and  llir  Kni/iii 
iiccan.  and  avoid  all  ullirr  |i('ii|)lr. 

Tin  KtininrltiilliiiuK  liavi'  llic  iili_\sical  trails  ii|'  Ijir  adjai'iiil  Polar  trilics. 
i'XC'i'|itini;  that  their  women  aie  handsomer:  lint  their  moi'al  and  inlellectnal 
cliaraoter  is  diU'erent.  Tiiey  are  said  to  possess  a  slmni;  int  nioiy,  and  a  reniaik- 
ahle  tai'l  at  niiniieiy  ;  despise  jalmr.  whii'h  they  resinne  oidy  IVoin  the  neeessities 
of  the  passini;  lioiu'.  and  are  <'o\vai'dly  in  the  e\tr< me.  It  niiisl  he  admitted  that 
the  sdnlhern  Kainschalkans.  in  common  with  the  sdnihern  tiihes  ol'  Tunnnsians 
and  (Miaks.  have  so  loni;  mixed  willi  the  proximate  .Monifol-'I'artar  hordes,  that 
it  is  in  sinne  measure  arbitrary  to  class  llieni  drtinitively  with  either  family,  for 
their  characters  are  olivimisly  deriveil  from  lioth. 

The  /\'nri(i/{.i.  who  iidiahit  noith  of  the  Kauisdiatkans,  arc  dull  of  conipre- 
licnsion.  olistinate  and  reveniieliil.  \et  industrious  and  su>ccptilile  of  frieiulship. 
Till  ir  laniiua'j;e.  thoui;h  in  many  respicis  peculiar,  lias  a  neai'  allinity  to  that  of 
their  ni  inhliors  the  Tchukchi. 

Tile  Tr  huh  Ins  I'esenii)!.'  the  Koriaks  in  person,  nianiicrs  and  lannnaifc.  ami 
form  the  intermediate  link  In  tween  tlw  latter  nation  and  the  INdar  trihes  of 
America.  They  ar<'  harh.irous  and  cruel,  and  repui;nant  to  every  form  of  civilisa- 
tion, "in  siiort."  siiys  Mr.  Tooke.  "they  ari'  naturally  as  wicked  ami  as  dani;erous 
,is  the  Tunu:usians  are  niilil  and  pintle."*  In  per-un  thi_\  are  small  and  spare, 
yet  liave  the  round.  Hat  face  of  tiie  other  pen])le  of  this  race.  Their  chief  riches 
consist  in  herds  of  reindeer,  of  ^^llich  animals  it  is  not  inu'omnion  fur  individuals 
til  ])ossess  ten  thousand.! 

The  KiirilUinx  inhaliit  the  Kurile  islands,  which  slretrh  t'nim  the  |)cninsiila 
of  Kaniscliatka  almost  to  .lapaii.  'I'hese  people  have  i^oud  complexions  and  a 
(•iipi(uis  heard,  hut  in  other  particulars  res<'ml)le  the  adjacent  hordes. 

t  lossiuii  to  the  Ann  rican  continent  snc  lind  the  l'(dar  race  coniposed  of  the 
r.skimaux  and  (ii'eenl.indi  rs.  who  are  lioth  tjenerally  included  in  the  former  name, 
an  ,\l;iuidiiu  word  sjirnifyiuLi  "eaters  of  raw  llesh;"  hut  their  own  national  desiijna- 
lion  is  Ktriilil.  They  are  the  s(de  inlialiitants  of  the  shores  id'  all  the  seas.  hays, 
inlets  and  islands  oj  America,  north  of  the  (iOtli  decree  of  ninth  latitude,  from  the 
e;isteru  coast  of  (ireeuliuid  in  lounitudc  21".  to  the  straits  of  IJehrini;  in  longitude 
Ml'-  west.      On  the   .\tlaiitic  thev  also  skirt  the  coast  of   Lalirador.  and  are  even 


'l^iKvn.  III.  ]..  177. 


+  Ilil(l.  Ill,  p.  1S7. 


i 


I'm:   I'OLAU   I  AMILV. 


HI 


fiiNi'homl. 

Ill    rro/rii 

i|:ir  (liln-*. 
iiti  II)  iliial 
a  rnnnik- 

lirt'is»i||fs 
iiitliil  that 
l'iiiii:;iiNians 
Kinli's.  that 
I'aiuilv.  \'i>v 

it"  ('(iniprc- 
friciuMiij). 
'  tn  that  (jt 

i;uair<'.  and 
r  trihcs  of 
of  civilisa- 
(laii;;rr()ii>> 
and  ^llart^ 
lief  riolus 
individuals 

'  ]ii  iiinsnia 
(Ills  and  a 

isrd  of  ihf 

nu  r  name. 

al  (icviiiiia- 
scas,  hays, 
.  from  the 

I  l(in;;itiid(' 
I  are  even 


seen  as  far  tiMilh  ns  the  Straits  of  Melie-lsle  and  the  (iiilf  r)f  St.  liawreiicc.  In 
the  west  the}'  extend  nloii^  the  shores  of  the  I'aeilie  Ocean  sonlhwards  as  far  as 
MnnnI  St.  Klias  and  llehriiif^'s  Day.  elnl)ra('in^  the  Konaji  and  smne  othi  r  tribes, 
inrlndini;  the  islanders  of  Kadjaek.*  'I'hey  oeldmn  \>ander  iiiori'  llian  a  hundred 
miles  from  tlw  sea.  and  siilisist  in  a  i;real  measure  li\   lishiiit;. 

The  western  Kskimanx,  or  those  livinn  lo  tin  west  of  Mackenzie's  liver.  are 
said  liy  Cajitain  II' eehey  to  he  taller  in  s|,i(ure  than  the  eastern  trihes.  their 
nvera'^e  heii^ht  hein^  ahoiit  five  feet  seven  and  a  naif  inches,  'I'liey  are  also 
heller  lookiiii;.  more  itiduslrioiis.  and  more  iraseilije  and  warlike.  'I'lieir  eoiinle- 
nanees.  however,  are  i'e|iresenle(l  as  miieh  deformed  liy  hahitual  sore  eyes,  and 
leelh  worn  down  hy  the  eoiislanl  masliealion  of  hard  suhslances:  and  ahove  all  hy 
the  harliarous  euslom  of  sliiiiiej;  the  jdwir  |j|i.  and  wiariie.;  in  the  a|)erluri'  an 
elliplieal  piece  of  wnod  or  Imne.f 

Captain  liyon.  in  his  account  id'  i^e  Kskimaux  seen  '  v  him  at  i^loolik  and 
AViiiler  Islaiiil.  oil  the  iioiljieasl  coast.  |i:s  i^ive'i  a  del;<''ed  and  nra|diie  description 
of  llie  Ameiican  division  ol'  this  race.  "'I'liev  iiiav."  a\s  he.  ■•  iiiiu-e  propi  riy  he 
leniinl  a  small  lliaii  even  a  middle  si/.ed  race:  foi'  llinirj;!)  in  some  I'l  ''  instances, 
and  in  particular  families,  the  iinn  are  tall  and  s|..iit.  \el  lii  ';i'i  aler  |Mirlion  are 
heiiialh  the  standard  id'  what,  in  Europe,  would  he  call::!  ><  men.     The  tallest 

I  saw  was  live  feel  nine  iiiehis  ;uid  lliree  i|iiailers  in  hciniit;  the  si  .test  only 
four  iiil  leii  inches;  mid  the  liinhest  woman  v  •  ,.  e  feel  six  inchis.  ,;!iile  the 
smallesi  was  four  feet  einlit  inches  only.  Even  .a  tin  yiuiit;  and  sinuiu;  men  th' 
muscles  are  not  clearly  deliiied.  hut  are  smoDthly  eovi  red.  as  in  liie  IJmhs  m 
womi  11.  Ilowevir  proniiiieiil  and  well  shaped  ill.  cliesi  u\;\\  he.  the  neck  is 
small,  weak,  and  often  shrivelled.  They  all  stand  well  on  their  feel,  walkiiej; 
erect  and  freely,  with  llie  toi  s  ralher  turned  inwii  '  and  the  le;is  slightly  howed. 
'i'lir  neck  and  shoulders  nl  the  yoiini;  women  are  ijenerally  in  ^nod.  though  1  rriie 
|iroporlioii :  and  the  arm  and  wrists  are  sometimes  liandsome.  The  I'cet  of  h  ith 
siAis  are  sm:i||  mnl  neat,  well  joini'd  at  the  ankle,  and  free  l'rop>  hiemislies.  The 
coiiiplexioii  of  tile  Kskimaux,  when  clearly  shown  i)y  a  previous  washiiu;.  is  not 
darker  than  that  of  a  l'ortnf;iiese  mil  such  parts  of  the  hody  as  are  constantly 
covered,  do  not  fall  short   in   fain.,  the  generality  of  the  natives  of  the  Medi- 

terranean. A  very  line  healthy  hliish  tinges  the  cheek  of  females  and  younii 
children,  hut  the  men  are  mor"  iiielined  lo  a  sullow  complexion. 

''The  inner  corner  of     ;e  eye  points  downwards,  like  that  of  a  Chinese  :   and 


i 


(iAi.i.ATiN,  iM  Anliu'iiliiL'.  Aiiirr.  II,  p.  U 
14 


t  Dkei  UEV,  Voy.  II,  1'.  .57(1. 


54 


VAHIK/nES  OF  'Pill':  HUMAN  SPHCIKS. 


tlic  iMniiu'ulii  laclirviiialis.  wliicli  in  KurDiiians  is  (xpdscil.  is  covcrid  \t\  ii  inrm- 
l)i'iiii('  wliii'li  passes  (ivcr  il  vertically.  'I'lic  eves  arc  small  and  black,  cxiircssivc 
anil  sjiarkliiii^  wlicii  animated.  iVnotlicr  peculiarity  is  the  pnimincncc  of  the 
cheek  hones;  and  it  is  in  consc(|nen('e  of  this  form  that  the  noses  of  siu'li  as  arc 
full-faced  are  lit<rally  huried  hetween  the  projections:  and  one  of  onr  cliief  belles 
was  so  remarkable  in  thi^  way  that  a  nihr.  when  placed  from  cheek  to  check, 
uonld  not  toncli  the  nose.  'The  month  is  icenerally  kept  o|)en  with  a  kind  of 
idiotic  expression,  so  that  the  teeth  of  either  jaw  aic  generally  shown.  The 
month-  are  lari;e.  'I'he  teeth  arc  strong',  and  deeply  tixed  in  the  ijnms  :  they  are 
foinu  (1  like  ronnded  i>or_\  pe;;-.  and  are  Hat  on  the  upper  end  as  if  tiled  down. 
'I'he  chin  is  small  and  peaked  :  ;iiul  what  we  call  a  double  chin  is  rare."* 

'The  K-kimaiix  of  I'rince  Ite^ent's  hay.f  to  the  northeast  (d"  Hallin's  J5ay. 
ai:d  aiiout  7ti^  Morth.  are  of  a  dirty  coppei'  c(dor.  and  very  corpulent  :  while  those 
on  the  wc-t  -ide  of  IJallin-  I5ay  lia\e  clear  coniplexions.  which  ludy  beconu' 
darker  by  old  au:e  and  exposnre.+ 

On  the  ic_\  ■•liores  of  the  lireal  i-laiul  of  (Jreenlaiid.  are  seen  the  ea-terniiiost 
tribe-  of  this  -insular  race.  'I'hi  ir  IVaiures  do  dot  materially  dill'er  fmm  those 
already  de-cribeil.  but  their  eomidexion  i-  decidedly  darker,  varyiuii  from  brown 
(o  olive,  while  at  Opperuiviej,  they  an  as  dark  a-  niui.ittoe-.  Jt  is  needles-  to 
add  that  many  are  mmdi  li-liler.  and  others  (|uite  fair,  hi  the  moral  -cale  they 
rank  i  xtremi  ly  low.  Cr.iiil/.  the  mi— i(Uiary.  who  livcil  many  years  amoni:  them, 
relm  lantly  (b cfire-  that  ••  il  i-  no  inju-tiee  to  allow  them  no  true  virtue,  and  only 
the  ali-iiice  of  certain  \iee-.'7/  They  are  crafty,  -en-ual.  nnjirateful.  (di-tinate 
and  unfeelinn'.  and  much  of  thiir  allecticui  for  their  children  may  be  traced  to 
purely  -I  lli-li  moti\es.  Tiny  ib  vour  the  um-t  di-^mi-lim:  alinuiits  uncooked  and 
uneh  ailed,  anil  -eim  to  ha\e   no  idia-   beyond   providini;  tor  the  present  moment. 

\\'ilh  res|)ect  to  the  niiual  and  intellectual  ciiaracter  of  Ihi- widely  di-tributed 
iamily.  little  need  be  aililid  to  what  ha-  already  been  -aid.  'Plieir  mental  faeultie-. 
from  infancy  to  old  a'j,' .  pre-rut  a  cnntinutd  ehildhood:  they  reach  a  certain  limit 
anl  expand  no  failhei'.  What  ('rant/,  -ay-  of  the  (ireeidaTiders  may  be  applied  to 
other  tribe-,  viz:  that  tlwy  po— e—  simplicity  without  -illiness.  and  nood  -ense 
without  the  art  id'  ica-onim;.;      Tliev  are  fickb   and  facetious,  and  their  ciumubial 


'  I'livnt.- .liinrii:il.  llnslmi  r.l  y    ,>  J  ,'. 

■  (    illiil  alsi  iM.'  Jn/ir  ///;'/.  ,',//ir/>.  linvs,  \'.,\.  1'  I'l,  |..  M  'i. 

I'a!!Iiv.  I'lr  I  \'..\  .  |).  -■-,'.  §  Cji  s\  I/,  Ills!    ,■(  CrriMilaiiil.  I,  p.  l-S. 

.  III--I.  Hi'  (Ir.  .■iilaihl.  I,  |i.  I  !-|. 


M 


THE  POLAR  FAMILY. 


55 


1  liv  a  iiR'in- 
k.  cxprissivf 

I'lH'C    (if    tlic 

such  as  arc 
cliicf  belles 
ek  Id  check. 
)i  a  kind  of 
iiwii.  Tlic 
IS :  tlicy  arc 
tiled  (Idwii. 

lallin's  J5ay. 

\\lliie  lhii>c 

rilv   hccoine 

ea>tiriiiiiiist 
fnim  IImi'nc 
Timi  hriiwii 
needles-^  to 
1  scale  (hey 
iHiiii;'  them, 
e.  and  ciidy 
I.  elivlinate 
I'  tl'aeed  tii 
eii(duii  and 
it  nxinieiit. 
distributed 
al  t'acnltics. 
I'i'fain  limit 
•  anplied  to 
H'ood  sense 
r  connubial 


l.SS, 


iulidelity  is  a  proverb  anionj;  voyagers. ^  In  i;lnttony.  sellislincss  and  iniiiatitudc, 
they  are  perhaps  nMe(i\iallcd  by  any  other  nation  of  people:  and  they  arc  habitu- 
ally nnt'eelini;-  without  desinnint;  to  be  cruel. f  On  the  other  hand  they  are  mild 
in  their  tempers,  and  Iractaiile  in  their  manners:  but  their  ehier  redeemin;;  viituc 
is  till  ir  londnes"  for  their  children,  which  know-  no  Ikmmius.  Thcv  are  devoid 
of  warlike  propensities:  and  even  the  resistanci'  made  by  the  Sanioieiles  to  tlu'  }okc 
of  (he  Russians,  has  been  two  or  three  local  and  a!)ortivc  attempts  al  insurrection, 
liutlbn  states  that  (iuslaviis  AdoJiihus.  Kinij;  id"  Sweden,  attempted  to  (liscii)line  a 
regiment  of  Laplanders,  but  they  could  never  be  brouiiht  to  action. J  Finally, 
tlioui'-ji  uroNsly  puerile  in  tiieir  superstitions,  tiny  have  no  combination  of  senti- 
ments that  di'Mi'Ms  (he  name  of  reliLcion. 

-Most  readers  are  aware  that  colonies  of  Scandinavians  and  Icelanders  ijiojiled 
(ireenland  in  the  middle  ai;es.  Since  tiie  fonrleenth  century,  however,  nothing 
has  been  heard  of  them,  and  they  were  -upposed  to  have  been  blocked  up  and 
deshoyed  by  tin  accumulatinn-  icr.  whence  (he  name  of  Am/  (,'mnlaiii/.  In 
1829  the  Danish  novernnient  sent  Captain  (Jraah  to  explore  (hese  icv  solitudes, 
and  to  ascrrlain  at  least  the  locality  of  the  lost  colony.  This  enterprisiui;-  vo\aner 
discovered  a  conimunily  nf  which  he  i;ives  the  followiiii;  account:  '-Thcv  have 
little  analou,y  with  the  Kskiniaux.  and  resemblr.  on  the  eoiilrarv.  the  Scandiiiaviaiis 
oj  Europe,  'i'hey  have  neither  the  Hal  beads,  short  liroad  jiersons  nor  Habbv 
featuivs  of  the  Eskimaux:  but  ari'  foi'  the  most  part  above  the  middle  stature. 
haviiiL;  the  European  form  of  head  and  expression  of  cinmteiiauee.  Their  persons 
are  rathei-  meagre,  hut  nervous  and  liiiely  tormed.  without  any  ai)|)earance  of 
weakness,  luid  they  are  more  active  ami  robust  than  the  inhabitants  of  th,.  weshru 
coas(.  The  color  of  the  skin  of  Die  women  and  children  is  i|uite  clear  and  pure 
as  (hat  of  Europeans,  and  they  have  ofii  ,i  brown  hair,  which  is  never  s,ri,  in  the 
other  iiilialiitants  of  (ireenland. 'V;  The  moral  character  of  thes,.  pcopl,.  js  s;,id  lo 
be  eliaracterised  by  !;reat  honesty,  simplicity  and  truth:  yet  they  are  ijai^aiis.  have 
their  sorcerers  like  (he  Eskimaux.  and  speak  probably  a  dialed  of  (heir  lauiiua-e. 
for  Captain  (Jraah  could  not  understand  i(.  It  will  be  readily  surmised  from  (he 
precediu-  fac(s.  (ha(  thes,    people  constitute  the  real  remains  id'  the  Scandinavian 


*  I'  MUiv.  Si'i-diiil  \'uy.  ]i.  ;V2'i, 

ffli^ysouplMu,.   ,|,Mrny  riuMivu   w ;„,.  |„M   ,l,,,r  iKuvnl-.  :u„l   l.ury  :,liv ■  „li.-ru-,.,. 

d.'slr.,y  siirl,    „:,|    |,,,,„|,s   ;,s   |,;,vo  l,y  |1„,|-    iMliniiilir.   I, „IR.   a    liunh.;,,   oi,   liir   ,x 

CiiANTZ,  /oca  dial.,  „n,l  Im.i.i.,  r„,j.  /o  lluil.snns  11,,;/,  ,,.  I'M. 


i-'oiiiiiiuiiilv, — See 


X  SiiNMN|\  I!iiir,iii,  \\.  I..  ii7. 


§.luui-.  lioy.  C.ocig.  Sdi'.  of  LoiiJliii,  \|I,  p.  ;> 


10. 


56 


VAHIF/riKS  OK  THE  HUMAN  SPECIKS. 


colony  wiiicli.  to  Kunipcaiis,  hiivc  liccii  lost  for  iij^cs:  ami  (heir  long  intercourse 
willi  tlic  (incnliiiul  tiilics  Iims  led  tliciii  to  ailopl  the  superstitions  of  that  people 
and  more  or  jess  their  lani^uaije  and  mode  ol' iiiV. 


I.i.  TIIK    M ALAV    FAMILY. 

'I'iie  iitad  of  tile  Malay  is  lari^e.  and  liie  nose  siiort.  depressed,  and  llattened 
towards  tlie  nostrils:  the  eyes  are  small,  hiaek.  ohlique  and  expressive;  the  lace 
is  hroad.  eompnsMd.  and  very  ]irominent,  and  the  month  and  lips  are  larf^e. 
Their  limhs  are  Ihiek  ami  they  are  helow  the  middle  stature.  The  color  of  the 
Malay  is  a  decided  hrown.  often  with  a  hron/.e  tint.  Their  hair  is  lonu;.  Mack 
and  lank:  hut  they  have  little  heard,  and  this  they  for  the  most  part  eradicate. 

'i'he  skull  of  the  Malay  presents  the  followiiiii  characters:  the  forehead  is 
low.  moderately  pnuninrnt  and  arched  :  the  occiput  is  much  c(unpressed,  and 
oftru  projcetim;  at  its  upper  anil  lateral  jiarts:  the  orbits  are  ol)li(|uc.  ohloni;  and 
remarkahly  (|nadrannular.  the  upper  and  lower  mariiins  heinj;  almost  straii^ht  and 
paralh  1  :  the  nasal  hones  are  hnnid.  ami  llattened.  or  even  concave:  the  cheek 
l)on(  s  are  hiirli  ami  evpanded  :  tin  jaus  ari'  greatly  projeeted  ;  and  tlu'  uppi  r  jaw. 
tojitllier  with  the  teeth,  is  much  iiicliiuil  outwards,  and  often  nearly  horizontal. 
The  tei  111  are  liy  nature  remark, ilily  tin,  hut  are  almost  uniformly  filed  away  in 
front  to  eiialde  them  Id  imhihe  till'  fiiliir  iti  the  betel  luit.  which  renders  them 
black  ami  nusi^liHy. 

The  facial  :iiinle  is  less  than  in  the  Moni;ol  and  Chinese:  for  the  averai^e. 
derived  from  ;i  measurement  of  lliirleen  perfect  skulls  in  my  possession,  nives 
about  se\euly-tliree  decrees. 

Vmniu;  a  considerable  numlier  of  Malays  wIkuii  I  li;nc  seen  in  this  country 
as  mariners,  ihire  has  been  a  remarkable  uniformity  of  appearance:  as  mneli  so. 
indeed,  as  if  they  had  bel(im;eil  III  tile  same  siicial  family.  Kveii  their  complexion 
sii  Ills  iinle  altered  by  the  diveisilinl  latitudes  tliiy  inhabit:  and  Mr.  Crawford 
has  remarked  that  they  , ire  ;i  very  disiinet  people,  sirikiniily  ;dike  amom;  tliem- 
sehes.  but  unlike  all  olhei-  nations." 

I  111  Malays  ari'  a  strietl\  maritime  nation.  makiiiLC  considerable  vipvai^es  in 
their  liLjht  vis.els.  and  for  the  most  part  establishing;  themselves  (ui  the  rivers  and 
aloiii;   tlie   sea   coasts  of  the   islands  they   inv.ulc.      They    possess   an   active   and 


•  IihIi.ui   .\irhi|.rl,  V.  I,  |..  ,'-,._>!.  I.rsvuii  ;\  ,,y.  ,lii  (  e, |iiille.  /oul.  [i.  1:),)  siipi)„.ses  llic  Malays 
to  !)'■  a  iiiixi'il  race  <if  liKld-CaiirasKins  aij.l  Moiiucils. 


THE  :\I  VLAV  FAAFILY. 


57 


;  intorcoursu 
that  pi'ople 


iiiil  llatUni'd 
iC ;  till'  liice 
s  arc  larnc. 
I'lilor  of  the 

loiiii.  Mack 
•adicatc. 

lorclitad  is 
)rcssc{l,  aiui 

(ililiiiii;  and 
slraiijlit  and 
:  IliL'  clicck 
:  iipiK  1'  jaw. 
■  liiiri/.niital. 
lid  away  ill 
•ii(l(  r»  thciii 

lie  average, 
ssidii,  jrivcs 

iiis  coiiiilry 
!■-  niiK  li  so. 
(•oiii|)|c.\ioii 
".  C'rawl'oni 

lollij    lilclli- 

\o_vai;('s  in 
•  livers  and 
active   and 


enterprisinj;  spirit,  hut  in  tiieir  1eiui)er  are  ferocious  and  vindictive.  Caprice  and 
treachery  are  ainoiiii  tiieir  eharac(eri>tic  vices;  mik!  their  iiaiiitual  piracies  on  the 
ve>-sels  of  all  iialions.  m-i'  often  coiulueled  under  tlie  ina>k  ol'  peace  and  friendship. 

The  .Malays  are  said.  Iiy  liic  annals  of  their  natiim.  not  to  he  natives  of 
M.ilaeca.  as  tiieir  name  iinporl>.  and  as  straiinir>  lia\(  'j,enerally  ^upjio-ed.  hut  to 
have  originated  in  the  district  >>i  Mcnaiiiikahao.  in  iln'  island  of  Sumatra.  They 
date  their  first  nii;iralions  !'r  uii  the  parent  hive  in  Ihe  year  I  I  (i(».  tirst  fixiiii; 
themvlvcs  in  (he  peninsula  of  Malacca,  where  they  huilt  the  city  of  Sinijapore; 
and  it  was  from  this  c(doiiy.  and  not  from  the  pareiil  stock,  that  (he  Malayan  name 
and  nation  wcw  so  widely  di<-eniinated  ov<r  the  Archipelago.'  The  Malays 
arc  now  jirovcrhially  scattered  throU!;liniit  (he  liuliaii  -lands,  and  have  es|)ecially 
cstahlislicd  themsehes  in  Sumatra.  Java.  IJoriu  o.  Amlioyiia.  l''iirinosa.  Celelies.  (he 
I'hilippincs.  the  Moluccas,  and  |i:irls  of  Cryion  and  Madairascar. 

The  Malay  iuJialiilant-  of  Sumatra  corrcs|)0!i(|.  .n  |ii,.jf  exterior,  to  the 
characters  already  niveii  of  this  race.  exce|iliMii-  (ha(  their  complexion  is  vellower. 
and  they  are  said  to  lladeii  the  heads  mid  noses  of  liuir  children. I  In  the  interior 
of  tile  island  live  the  liallas.  a  people  of  still  fairer  ciiiiiplexi(Mi.  hut  Ihe  most 
hahilnal  and  remorseless  camiihids  on  the  face  of  (he  earth.  Acconiiiiii  to  Sir 
Stamford  KalUcs  -they  have  ;i  rei'Milar  i;overnmeiit  and  delilierative  assimjilies ;  (hey 
possess  a  i)eculia«-  laii;;iia--c  and  writdii  characer.  cm  generally  \vri(e.  and  have  a 
(ah  lit  for  elo(iueii<>c:  (hey  acknowlediie  a  (iod.  ar'/  lair  and  lioiiorah  ;•  in  (hiir 
dcaliuj:<.  crimes  amongst  them  are  few.  and  (hiir  couiiliy  is  liii;hly  cultivated  : 
and  yet  these  people,  so  far  advanced  in  civilisation,  are  camiihals  upon  princi|)Ie 
and  system."  Nay  more,  they  not  only  eat  (heir  vi<'tims.  hut  eat  them  alive:  in 
other  words  they  do  not  previmisly  put  them  to  death:  and  these  victims  are 
th(  ir  own  p'oplc.  and  not  uiirre(|Uently  tin  ir  own  relati(Uis.  Su  h  is  (  c  penaKv 
for  adultery,  miilniuhl  r(d)l)ery.  for  intermarryiiit;-  in  (he  same  (rilie.  and  for 
(reaeherons  a((aek-  (Ui  a  house,  village  or  person.  Prisoners  taken  in  war  are 
eaten  at  once  :  and  (he  slain  are  devoured  in  like  manner.t 

I'll.'  inhahilaiMs  of  ,i  vx  \  arc  of  a  yellowish  complexion,  and  remarkahly  W(  II 
formed.  Their  wrisfs  and  ankles  arc  very  small,  althoinrh  they  are  otherwise  of 
a  robust  make,  and  resemlde  the  Chinese,  het  ween  w  Ikmii  and  (he  other  Malavs 
(hey  are  a  connectinu;  link.     The  Javanese  are  more  (raclahle  and  less  sanuninary 


s  the  .Malays 


•  Ciewvt-ieoi.  livlian  .\iv|ii|irl.  K,  p.  ;!7ii.  t  Maiisiu:n'-  Simiaira,  p.  .is. 

:  I.il'e   aiiij    I'lilili.-  Srrvi.vs  ,,|'  Sir   S.  |{:illl,.s,  |i.    IJ-,.     Qimlr.l   ai   llir   I.ihiary  «(  l-ailerlaiiiiiii; 
KMOWliMlu'r,  arlii  |i'  .New  /.ealaU'lils,  |i.  lo;, 

15 


58 


VAKliyriKS  OK  TlIK  HUMAN'  SPKCIKS. 


tlwii  till'  (itlur  iNl:iiiil(  r> ;  iiiul  in  llitir  (Idincvtic  irlnlimis  tluy  Miii)r(i;iili  iiciucr  to 
till'  iis;iu;fs  (if  civilised  socictv.*  'I'hc  Sinidd  piiiplc.  lidwcvtr.  wlm  iiiliahil  the 
inoiiiiliiiiiniis  (ii>tiicts  III'  llic  islaiiii.  iirc  in  all  rcspccls  a  imicli  iiulcr  |uiiiilc,  'I'lic 
C/iiicrrliis,  willi  lair  cuiiipli'xion.  wliili-  liair  aiiil  iVclilc  cm  >.  arc  (ilivicuisly  Alliiiiiics. 
altliduiili  tliL'ir  iniiiilur  was  furiucilv  very  ciuisiili  ralilc 

III  tiiL'  i^rcat  i-'laiul  (if  HoiiSKd  (lie  .Malays  have  pdssissidii  df  the  entire  sea 
eoast.  anil  the  shoits  df  all  the  navii;al)le  rivers.  They  furni.  hdwever.  lint  a 
fraclidnal  part  df  llie  inhaliilants  df  |{driie(i :  f(ir  tile  niduntaindus  region  nf  the 
interiiir  is  pcdpied  liy  the  savan'c  Dayaeks,  and  i'^idahaiis.  whd  Ik  hniu;  jierhaiis  tn 
another  race:  yet  tiny  are  represented  mn  hcnLC  fairer  than  the  Malays,  and  more 
sannuinai'y  and  ferdeioiis.  t  r.i.r.in.s  has  hini;  heen  in  possession  of  two  Malay 
nations,  the  iJiii;!--  and  Macassars,  who  divide  the  island  lictwecn  them  ;  the  latter 
ar^'  reputed  for  tliiir  hravery.  which  appears  to  he  rather  a  temporary  despciatiim 
than  cddl  cdurane. 

'riie  Malays  of  the  Piiii.ici'isr.  Ai<(  Micr.i. V(;d  are  said  to  res(  nilile  the 
Suniatrans  and  .Macas>ars  in  person,  as  \v(  II  as  in  laniiiiai;e  and  manners.  'I'licy 
ar(  docriiied  liy  Znnii^a  as  po>s(>>in;;  a  i;ood  statuic,  an  olive  complexion,  lial 
noses,  larije  eyes,  and  lonii  hair.  'I'hey  call  liienis(  Ives  Ttiiids.  oi'  'I'nirtlos.  in  the 
island  of  Luzon,  and  lii.sai/ii.s  in  the  ci  iitral  islands.  'I'he  interior  and  nuMin- 
taiiious  parts  df  ilic  lar^ei'  islands  of  this  urou]).  especially  Luzon.  Mindanao  and 
Mindoro.  arc  peopled  hy  a  very  diU'erent  race,  who  possess  all  the  characltrs  of 
Neirroes,  and  are  icttarded  as  the  ahdriiiinal  inhahitants. 

'["he  Malay  inhahitants  ol  llie  Moi.i  ( cv  Isi.vnks  occu|iy  all  parts  of  them 
excepting;  the  nunintainous  interior,  wliii-ii  is  ])ossessed  hy  the  Alfoers.  a  Nci^ro 
Irihe.  'I'he  \\(imen  of  Amhdyna  are  reinarkaldy  handsduie.  and  have  nmre 
rcscmhlancc  to  the  natives  of  New  Zealanil  than  to  the  iieii^hhorinu;  Malay  islands. 

FoitMds\.  although  hut  twenty  leaijucs  distant  from  tlie  coast  of  China,  is 
inhahited  liy  Malays  of  rude  and  intractahle  ciiaracter. 

'I'iii-  island  of  Ceylon  has  a  nunn  idus  .Malay  |iopnlation  on  ils  coast,  and  they 
are  repr(  rnted  as  a  sjnuidarly  lawhss  and  desperate  piople.  The  same  remaik  is 
a|)plical)le  to  su<'h  of  this  nation  as  have  estahlished  thems(  Ives  on  the  eastern 
coasts  df  .Madagascar. 

Ijesidi  s  the  .Malay  and  Nei;rd  raci  s.  the  Indian  Archipela;i(i  is  peopled  hv 
•j;reat  nuiniM  rs  of  Cliim  sc  and  Aialis.  anionij;  \\iiom  the  latter  tri  joyed  the  almost 
exclusive  privilege  of  th(  se  seas  iietwecn  tii(    nintii  and  fourteenth  centuries,  since 

■  It  Mill-.  .1  u  :i.  I.  |i.   "7. 


THE  POLYNESIAN  FAMILY. 


j!i 


I  iitiircr  to 
inliiihil  llic 
>J)1.'.  The 
j'All 


IIIIOCS. 


which  pcridii  ihvy  have   hucii  siiiMrscdcd  hy  the  .Malays.     Tlic  IliiidoDs  and  liuh 
Cliiiicsi'  have  also  coiitrihiitcd  larijidy  to  pcojilc  thcsr  islands. 


1  I.   'I'lll';    l'il|,\  NK^IAN    IVWlll.'i'. 


entile  sea 
vcr.  hut  a 
:iiin  of  the 
|)('rlia|)s  to 

and  more 
\vo  Malay 

llir  latter 
espcralioii 


mlde    the 


T 


lev 


exinn.  flat, 
^".v.  in  the 
id  inonri- 
laiiao  and 
raeti  is  of 


'  of  tlieni 
.  ;i  Nes^ro 
i\e  more 
V  isl.inds. 


CI 


una.  is 


ind  tl 


ley 


■niark  is 
eastern 


d.ll    hy 
alinost 


es.  since 


The  nanir   l^)l.^  m>i  a  has  Ik 


■11  LNveii  hv  neoinaiiliers  to  all  tlie  islands  in  tl 


I'acitic   Ocean    Iroiii    the    Ladroiies   to    Haster    Island,  eniliracinji  also   tlu;    I 
i;roii|).  the   Carolinas.  the   Sainlwich.   Friendly,  Sucietv.  N 
the  Aianinesas  islands. 


elew 


V.  Navii;ators'.  Harvey's  and 


The    Polynesians  are  of  the   middle  slat 


lire,  and  athletic,  with  small   hands 


heavy  linihs  and  lari;e  feet.     Their  faces  are  round. 


or  didicatidv  oval,  and  soiii 


that   eompi'i'ssed.      The   nose 


\V(  II  formed,  straiiiht  or  aquiline,  yet  sometime" 


>l)read,  without.  lio\vev(>r.  iireseiitimj;  the   jiecnliar  tlatness   that   distinuniisl 
Nenro.*     The    forehead    is   low.   hut    not 


les   the 
recedinti:    the    eves  hiack.  hriirht    and 


expressive:  the  lips  arc   full,  and   the   teitli   reinarkahly  line.     Their  complexion 
varies  from  nearly  white  to  olive,  and    from  dark  hrowii  to  nearlv  hlack  :  hut  the 


latter  color  is  said   to  result   eliiellv  from  elahorate  latti 


liiiii.  and   is   particularly 


ohserved   in  persons  advanced    in   yeaivf     Their  hair  is  hn\<£,  hlack  and  cnrlin;^. 
and  not  nnfreiimntly  more  or  le<s  iVi/./ded. 

voyan-ers.  however,  have   noticed   the  -reat   disparity  that  exists  hetwceii 


All 


respects  stature,  features  and  complex 


ion. 


the  phdieians  and  the  aristocratic  class,  as 
The  privileired  order  is  niiicli  fairer  and  much  taller  than  the  other;  their  lieads 
are  hetter  developed,  and  their  prolile  shows  more  regular  features,  inclndiiiii  the 
arched  and  aqniline  nose.  The  imhdeiil  liahits  of  this  caste  tend  also  to  ohesity. 
wlii(di  often  hecomes  extreme  after  middle  life.f 

The  eastern  liroiips  of  the  Polynesian  islands  present  the  most  iileasinst 
examples  of  this  race.  Thus,  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  the  inhahitants.  who  call 
tliems(  Ives  Kanakas,  are  the  most  docile  and  imitative,  and  perliajis  also  the  most 
easy  of  instruction,  of  all  the  Polvnesians. 


'IMie   Archipc  lau;o.  called    the   T 


in(;a,  or  Fiiir.NDi.v  Isi.axks.  is  comjiosed  of 


tiiree   -roups,  the  Ton-a.  the  Hapai.  and   the    Hafaloo    Islands,  one  hundred  and 


fift 


y  in   nnniher,  coiitainiiii;  a   vast    po|)nlation  of  the    Pidvnesian  race.     ••  T 


leir 


features   are   verv   v 


irions.   insoniiKdi    that    it 


is   scarcely   possihie   to   fix    on   aiiv 
I  '.ieneral   likeness  hy  means  of  which  to  characterise  them,  unless  it  he  a  fulness  at 


Rr-inFNiiKiKinii,  Vcu'.  Ivniiinl  tli(>  Wiirld, 


p.  r>l. 


t  PoieiKii.  V^.v.  II.  p.  1  1 


\v 


ii.i.iAMS  -Missionary  I'ailiTprisos  in  ihr  Snuih  Sea  iNlaii.ls.  p.   lilo. 


CO  VAini'TIES  01"  'I'HE  HUMAN  SPECIKS. 

Ilir  pniut  of  the  no.c.  N\liicli  is  very  vunmum.  15nl  „„  llw  .iIIut  liami  mc  met 
uitli  ln.sMlivds  ..r  truly  Eun.p.au  lacrs.  ami  many  -..nninc  Ifunian  noses,  anu.n-st 
Ili.iH.  'I'li.ir  eyes  anil  tr.tli  air  -o.mI  :  l.nl  tlu-  last  nciliicr  so  ivniarkably  white, 
norsow.'il  s<l.  as  is  oll.n  lonnil  ainon-sl  hulian  nations."*  Tiie  nTn.ral  com- 
plexion is  -a  east  deeprr  than  tlie  eopi.er-hrou  n."  althon-ji  many  liave  a  (rue 
olive  tint,  and  others,  especially  anionic  tiie  wcnnen.  are  com])aralively  lair. 

The  inliabilants  of  'roiiiiatalioo  and  the  adjacent  islands,  are  warlike,  vindie- 
live  and  snjji-rstitious.  and  even  indni^c  in  occasional  camiihalism.  \\liich  they  are 
Slid  to  have  harn(  d  from  the  Feu;ee  islanders.  '{'In  y  maintain  the  institution  o( 
castes  to  a  de-ree  not  surpassed  hy  tiie  Hindoos:  for  they  extend  it  even  to  their 
i;ods.  whom  they  divide  into  six  dill'erent  classes. f 

The  people  of  the  S(.<■||•.T^  iM.wns.  to-ether  with  tliose  of  tiie  i;Tonps  called 
the  (iiorsian.  Austral,  and  Ilarve_\'s  Mands.  are  ucneraily  less  muscular  than  the 
Sandwich   islanders,  whom,   in   other  rev|Mcts.  they  clostly  resemhle.     Thev  are 

well   formed,  and  oft,  n    lieantifuUy  jM-oporli d.  and   possess  an  uncommon  share 

liotii  of  activity  and  -raeefulne-v.  'i'hrjr  eonntenanee  is  np.n.  ;ind  the  facial 
an,-le  is  „ft,.n  as  mm,,,!  :,s  in  liir  Kiiroiiran.  The  eyes  mv  Idaek.  \n\i^h\  and  full: 
111."  ii|)s  ralhrr  tumid.  liir  terlh  remarkahly  iiood.  and  the  nose  rectilinear  or 
aquiline.  The  ulmlc  face  is  round  or  oval.  •■  irillioiil  ani/  nstnih/„iiri'  l<>  l/ii 
(iiiiciiliir  fonn  <>/ //,,  ■V„rl<,r  r/.w^r*.'!:  'ri,,.!,.  i,.|j,.  j^  |,,„^,  ,|,|,|  Idack.  u;enerally 
strai-iit.  hut  often  curly,  and  Mimetimes  fri/zhd.  "The  prevailing  color  of  tli<. 
nati\es  is  an  olive,  a  hrimze  or  a  n  ddi-li-hrown— e.|ually  removed  from  the  jet 
Idaek  of  the  African  and  tlie  Asiatic,  (lie  y\\u\\  ,,f  tiie  .Malay,  and  the  red  or 
copper  cidor  of  the  aliori-inal  American."  Vet  tlu  co|,,r  of  tlie  people  ,.f  some  of 
(lies,,  islands,  and  esprciallv  in  Ih,.  llarMy  and  Austral  islands,  is  as  fair  as  that  of 
the  inhaliilants  of  s,,,,,,.  pa,.|,  of  s,,utliein  Europe. 

Forster  has  oivm  a  -raphie  description  of  the  |)((iple  of  Tahiti.  'i'heii 
com|)le\ion  is  wliitr  tinctured  \\,i|,  jirownish  \ellow.  from  wliicii  there  is  every 
lint  to  a  swarthy  hue.  The  shape  of  the  face  is  niore  nuind  than  oval,  and  the 
featuns  very  syniiii.  Irical  and  often  heautiful.  Their  hands  and  (in-ers  are 
delicately   formed,   hut    their    leet   are    disproportionately    lari^e.       J, ike  the  other 


'  (■|iok\  r.a^l  \  (i\  iL-.  ,  1.  p.  :.-i), 

'  Mmoiimiii.Toiilm  Ivan.l-,  |i.  .,10._I(    ,,s  wmiliv  efnanaik   llul   aiiinn-   lli.'   T,  iiL'a    ,.ro|,|r, 
rhil.lini   ,-i..|iiire   iLm-   i;,,iL  /;/  i„li,  iil,i,„r  J  nnn  II,,'  iimllin's  siilc.      Maioum 
was  llic  .iisiorii  .il'lhi'  Nalrl,./.  ,,r  I'|,,ii,|a. 

"     |■:M,I^,    I'nKlH's.    U'S    II.    |>,     17. 


iiii.  |i.  :'J'i.     Siicli  alsT 


I'm:   POLYNHSIAN    FAMILY, 


61 


ul  we  inct 
s.  iiiii()ns;st 
lilv  white. 


•;il  coi 


II- 


ivc  a  ivnv 

lir. 

kc,  viiulic- 

li  llic}  lire 

titiitiiin  (if 

11  to  tluir 


\\\fi  CMllcd 

r  tliaii  the 
'I'liev  arc 
null  share 
llie  faeial 
and  full: 
iliniar  or 
i(T  /()  the 
,u;(iiii'ally 
liir  (it  tlie 
11  Ihc  jet 
le   red   or 


IS  tliat  of 


'I'heii 


IS   cveri 
and  tl 


le 


iijers  are 
lie  other 


I'dipl 


ishiiiders  of  this  race,  tliey  are  I'lekie.  iiid(deiit  and  sensual,  yet  win  n  eiiijaned  in 
war  the}-  rii;;lit  with  threat  intrepidity.* 

The  MAiKjinsAs  Jsi.AMis  present  a  popiilalion  very  similar  to  that  ol'  the 
Soeiety  Isles;  in  youth  sprii^htly  and  heaiitiriil.  soiuewhal  darker  tliitii  the  Taliitians, 
and  less  incliiud  (o  lle>ii. 

IuEastkii  Island  (wliieli  is  lifteeii  iiundred  niiiis  from  the  nearest  iiiliahited 
islands)  the  natives  jiossess  a  (awiiy  skin,  a  slender  frame,  and  well  proportioned 
liinlis.  hut  with  features  less  pre|)ossessiiit;  than  tiinsc  of  the  islanders  already 
notieed.      Some    remains   id'  eyel(i|ieaii    airhileelure   and   senlpture.  indicate    the 


presciii  I 


it  poiuilation  to  I 


le.  ill  eoiupaiisiin.  an  it^iioraiit  and  degenerate  vae( 


Of  all   the    I'ldynesiaiis   the    \i:«  Zi;ai,am»i'.iis  are  the  most 


saiiiiuinari 


and 


intraetalile.     Their  eonii)iiied  tieaeherv.  eruellv  and  eannihalism.  have  made  the 


m 


proverliial  ever  since  the  discovery  (d'  their  island  liv  T 


iismaii 


Captain  Crozet, 


wlio 


crew   they  attempted    to  distroy.   illustrates    tjicir   character  in  very   fi 


eW 


wo 


re  tail,  athlelie.  and  Mditiirahlv   w 


ids:    "Thi'y  treated   us."  says  he,  "with   every  sIidw  of  friendship  for  thirty- 
three  days,  with  (he  inlenlion  nrcdini;  us  on  (lie  thirty-fourth."     These  islanders 

ell  shaped.  Their  cnmpli  \ion  is  varied  helween 
wliite.  hrowii  and  hlaek  :  hut  in  tiie  majority  (d' the  eoiiiiuon  people  it  is  of  a  deep 
hroii/e  color.  Tile  iieller  (lasses  have  till'  (dive  and  yi  llowisii  hrowii  tint  id'  the 
Malays,  with  hair  ioni;  and  hlaek.  and  generally  more  or  less  fri/./.Ied.  The  New 
Zealanders  practise  the  operation  of  tattooiiiu;  with  an  elahorateiiess  and  perfection 
elseulieiv  unknown.  It  is  a  priiicijial  means  cd'  disliiiclinn  lietween  the  chiefs 
and  eomnion  people,  and  may.  accordiiiir  to  its  pattern,  "lie  regarded  as  the  crest 
or  coal  of  arms  of  the  New  Zealand  aristoeracv."t 

The  Fci^ee  islanders  vie  with  the  New  Zealanders  in  treachery  and  eannihal- 
ism.     Captain   Dillon  ;i;ives  a   iiielaii(diolv  narrative  of  the   murder  id"  fourteen  of 


his  men.  most  of  wiiom   were  siili  .eiiuentlv  hak 
preseiiee.J 


I'll   III  ovens  and   devoured   in   his 


'I'lle    Til, 


konians   are 


rohust  in  form,  and  iiioilensive  and  hospitahle  in  their 
manners.  Tiiey  live  almost  e\(dusiv(  ly  on  viiietaide  food,  which  has  heen  sug- 
iic'.trd  as  the  cause  (if  their  sinunilar  docility. ?;  Tlicy  are  id'  a  hright  copper  cohir, 
and  use  the  het(  1  nut  like  tile  Malays. 

All   the    i'olyiiesiaii    islanders  are   characterised  hy  a  v(datile  disposition  and 
fugitive   liahits.      Tiiev  act    iVmn  tlie   impulse  of  the    monieiit.  without   retlection 


I'KIl,  \'iiy.   R.iiiikI  lllr  WolM,  |1    J.'il. 


t  ICi.i.i-,  I'olyii.'S.  I{i's.  I,  p.  j;. 


\'iiy.ii.'i'  111  i) 
16 


i-.'(iv.  r  llic  l'':il,'  ..(    I.I  I'.Touvf,  1.  [I.  pi,  S;c.  §  llml.  It,  p.  l,)."] 


61 


VAinri'iKs  oi'  'riii;  iir.M w  simu  ii:s. 


and  aliiiiiNl  willidiil  nintivi'.  'I'tiii^  llicv  aii'  kind  (ir  cruel,  |(ii|na('iiiii>>  nr  taciturn. 
acli\c  <>i'  iiuliili  nt.  acciii'dinii.'  tit  llir  priunptin^s  ot'  capiicc  nr  |iaN>iiin  :  ami  tlicy 
liavi  l>icn  Irulv  >aid  li>  [iosm  vs  ijic  luiMcs  n|'  ciiiidi'iii.  with  the  vices  (if  men. 
The  nmri  llieif  chai'actei'  lias  hein  >ludied.  the  nunc  (\ident  it  liec(inu'>  that  their 
u;oiid  (lualilies  were  i;reatl_v  o\(rraled  !i_\  the  lir^l  \nvai;crs  anil  niissionaries  whn 
vixited  tiiein.  The  c(irr<('tiie^s  nl'  tiu^e  reniark-;  is  sustained  hv  IIk  la\il\  (d 
mni-al  I'eelinii  tinciU'j,iiout  these  islands;  li_\  liieir  ah^urd  superstitiims  and  human 
sacrifices;  hv  tiieir  reimirsi  less  criK  Itv  In  luisnners  taken  in  war.  and  their  t:eneral 
recklessness  df  life;  and  last,  nid  least,  hv  the  .Arreois  sncietv.  (now  ha|i|Ml_\  (diso- 
Icte.)  which  enjoined  the  minder  of  tlie  iiU'spi'ini;  of  its  memheis. 

The  I'ldvnesians.  neveitlu  h  ss.  are  intellit;ent.  imitative,  and  ainenalde  to 
instruction.  ;is  is  manilVst  in  their  rapid  progress  in  i  lementarv  literature  and 
tile  more  useful  arts:  and  if  we  (  \cepl  liie  New  /ealaiiders.  the  I'etiee  islanders, 
and  a  few  other  '.jrnups.  periiaps  no  p> uph'  on  the  lihdie  have  heeu  more  readilv 
amenahle  to  the  usai;es  of  civilised  life,  and  the  doctrines  id'  Christianil y.  Their 
inti  Ih'Ctiial  capacities  have  hy  smne  authors  heeii  considered  (ipial  in  ail  lespccts 
to  those  of  the  Caucasian  race;  wITkIi.  ho\,ever.  is  hy  no  means  certain;  for 
altlioii<;h  they  rapidly  acquire  idea*  hy  nieaiis  of  acti\e  perceptive  powers,  thiir 
relleetivc  faculties  have  not  iiilheito  exjianded  in  iiinportion. 

In  tlleir  uncivilis((l  stale  ihey  are  sii|nii|;,||y  devoted  to  tlie  pastiinis  of 
hiixiiii;.  wreslliii;:-.  ar(dier_\  and  hoat  racini;-;  hut  tlieii'  niosi  stiikiiii;  prediieelion  is 
for  maritime  aiiiuscmcnt  and  ad\eiilure.  Their  canoes  m'e  lariie.  and  coiis(rueteil 
with  ijri  at  ingenuity,  ami  will  in  niau\  instances  aeeommodale  lifty  nun.  In 
these  vessi  Is  they  prosecute  tlleir  wars  upon  the  neiiihhoriui;-  islanders,  and  iiiuh  r- 
take  consideralde  voyages  I'or  profit  and  pleasure.*  'I'lieir  fondiu  ss  for  the  sea  is 
in  fact  n  national  and  dominant  iVature  in  their  (diaracter.  and  shows  ilsell'  in  the 
eagerness  with  which  tlwy  enti  r  as  snilms  in  ihe  ships  of  all  nations;  and  their 
injienuity  is  in  notliini;  sd  conspicuous  as  in  the  construction  id'  their  vessels. i- 

r.    ■Illi;    A.MKKH  AN    lAMII.V, 


The    concurrent    testimony  id'  all   travilhrs    i;oes    to   prove   that   the    native 
Annricans  are   possessed  of  certain  physical   traits  that    serve  *,o  identifv'  them  in 


4 

"I 


■  I'"iir  an   iiisli'iiclivi'  :iri(iiiiil   o|   iIm'   ]Miiir:ii  li'il  iiinl  Min-i '■.fu!   vin  .-ilt-.  hT  lln-   l'nlu;(^i,iii^,  see 
l^i.i.i-,  1.  p.  IJ 11,  mill  II.  |..  'j|. — Wu.i.iAM^'  Suuili  S'  .1  |s|;iihIs.  jp.  IJJ.  — Iii;i:(  in:v,  \  ey.  I,  p.  1  7  J. 
'  Kiiiisl  F.ii.  Olis,  |i,  -I'm. 


TIIH  AAIHI?ICA\  FAMILY. 


CJ 


"V  iMcituni. 
1 :  1111(1  llu'v 
i'i>  i>r  men. 
•N  lli;il  their 
iiiaiio  \\li(( 
If  liixily  ol 
iind  liiniiiin 
itir  uriicijil 
ipiiilv  iiliMi- 

lU'll.'lllll'     III 

iMliiic  itiid 
I'  i^lMiidci's, 
lire  niulilv 
V.  Tlicir 
il  r(»|M('l.s 
iliiiii  :  for 
tvrr^.  tli(  il 

ii^tinits  ol' 
ilccliiin  iv 
iiisdiHicd 
nil  II.  In 
lid  iiiidi  I'- 
tlir  ^v:\  i^ 
iir  ill  liic 
and   lliiir 

<C'l>.f 


iiiiMJiliis  till'  niii>^t  niiiiptr  iVmii  cicli  nllur;  imr  dn  tlii'v.  as  a  ijiiifnd  nilf,  a>>>iiiii- 
lati'  Ic^s  in  tlitir  nmral  cliaiactt  r  and  i^ai^c;.  ||  j,  niil  In  lif  di  iiicd  lliat  diHirciit 
Iriliis  iiccasii>ii;di_v  |insiiit  \,v\  i  .Nsjinilar  iValiins;  Imi  ihisc  diirtiinccs  air  niurc 
(diviiiiiv  in  Mnall  (■(miiniinilir>  lliaii  in  ('(dliclixc  na(iiin>^.  'riicrc  air  aUn,  in  llicir 
aniitiliidiiiiius  laii'^naiics.  Hu'  tiacis  nf  a  (•imuiinn  uii^in:  and  it  iiiav  ln'  asMiiiicd 
as  a  I'at't  liial  nii  other  race  of  nun  inainlaiiis  such  a  -Irikinn-  anain:;v  throiii;li  all 
it-  >nl)(livisi(iiis.  and  amidst  all  its  vaiietv  of  piivsical  eiriMiinslances, 

I5y  what  rule  of  Aiitlirti|iu|(i:;\.  tlun,  are  we  to  moui)  tlie  Ann  rican  nations 
into  laiiiilies.  or.  as  some  writers  ha\e  attempted,  into  specii  s  ?  The  inLjenious 
l5oi_v  lie  St.  Viiu'viit  has  eiuhavorrd  to  siiow  that  the  Americ:r  race  emhraces 
lour  siiirirs  e.vclusive  of  the  IMvimaux:'  hut  he  has  eertainly  Tailed  to  |)niut  out 
any  diU'ireuees  that  have  a  (daiiu  to  speeilie  (diaraeli  r. 

It  appears  to  me.  as  hen  toroie  indicated,  tliat  liie  mos|  u.,ima!  divisiou  id' 
the  American  race  is  into  two  lamiiies.  one  of  wiiieii.  tiie  'roltecan  lamiiy.  hears 
e\idence  of  centuries  of  (leiiii-ci\iiisiiiioii.  while  the  ollnr.  under  the  cidlective 
title  nf  the  American  family,  eiuliraces  all  the  harharous  nations  of  the  new  world 
exceptin--  the  I'idar  trilns  or  M.iu'.;ol-Aiuericaiis.  Some  writers,  however,  suppose 
even  the  Kskiiuaux  to  he  a  part  of  the  sinue  ori^iinal  stock,  partly  hecause  lln  n  is 
Slime  lesenihlaiice  in  IVatuies.  p;irtl_\  from  parlial  analogy  of  lam^iia-e.  and  part  1\ 
aijiin  fnmi  a  determination  to  mei-e  the  Aim  rican  in  the  Mou-nliaii.  It  is 
oli\ioiis.  nevertheless,  that  the  eonliuent  of  America  was  ori-inallv  innpled.  as  i| 
yet  is.  hy  a  very  distinct  race,  and  that  the  Kskimaux  arii\iiu;-  in  small  and 
stra^iulinn-  parties  iVom  Asia.  neeess;u'i|y  adopted  more  or  less  of  ih,.  lMni;nane  and 
customs  of  the  peii|de  anioiin-  whom  they  settled:  hence  the  llskimaux.  and 
es|)i  ciall_\  the  (Ireenlaiiders.  are  to  he  regarded  as  a  i)arliall\  mixed  race,  amonu- 
whom  the  physical  character  of  the  Mnn;:olian  jiredoniinates.  while  tlnir  laiiu,iiaj;e 
presents  ohvious  analoiiies  to  that  of  the  (;iiip|)ewyans  w  ho  horiler  them  to  the 
south.t  ill  the  .Vmerican  family  itself  wc  ohserve  several  suhordiiiate  i;iou|)s 
or  hranchcs  which  may  he  designated  under  (he  fiillowini,'  heads  : 


le    native 
them  in 


1'.   ITJ. 


I 


•  l''nr  ■■\iiJi|iN',  llir  Mi'Vi'Mii-  :inil  ^.i■llvl:lll^  ;iiv  imiishIi-itiI  col.'U.iIi'  umIi  llir  .MjIiiv--,  iiial  iiiv 
].y  tills  aiilliiir  nl'irnl  In  liis  S: pliiiiidii  (/'ir/is.  lluiii.i  iie|iOiiii:iiiiis.l  \\\s  Culii iiiliiiiii  \ii,iii\. 
lluiiui  niliMuliicils,!  Ill'  Ml|i|iiisrs  In  |i:ivr  IkiiI  llirir  oriL'ilial  sials  aiiiuiii.' llir  AllrnlKiin  lumiiilaiN!.. 
lll'l  III  h.Ur  Sl>li';li|  IIhiiimUTs  iVnin  ll,,-  |,;iv||i  ,,|'  iIm'  SI.  I ,:i U-ICIIIT  111  I'lnllil.i,  ill,'  W,  ,|  III, Ill's, 
jlipiiilili.is.  'I'lrrii  Kiiiiia,  aiiil  O,,,  ma.  'i'iir  .hiirrinin  .7<((/i'\,  llniao  aiii'i  |,  anus,  inriiiiii  s  tl,,. 
MilnMillhc  Ornuico  and  llir  .Kiiia.'aii,  aii,l  ili.iv  ,,f  ISra/il.  rara-iiay.  \i'.  'I'lii'  Imirili  m  I'lilu'^nnUm 
7;it/i'v.  imliiili's  lliiMiatiiuis  111' 111,'  lar  s,iuil). — l.'lliiiinir,  r.^ifcs  S,'),  lo  vl  11. 
t  AiclKi'iiliit;.  .ViiK'i.  II.  [1.  lis. 


Gl 


VAiMKi'ir-s  oi'  Tin:  ihman  simuiks. 


I.  '\'U<  ,lpi)iiltti/iiim  liriinvh  w.\\  iiicliiilr  all  llir  nalioiis  nj'  N'niili  Aniiricii 
i\c(  pliii:;  llif  M(\i(MiiN.  louic  tin  r  w  illi  till'  liiln*  iinillicil'  llic  liMinI'  Aiiiii/iMis 
ami  ( a^l  nl  llic  \ll(l^^  'I'lir  In  ad  i'^  I'liiiiulril,  llic  iinsi'  lai'mc  ^aliiiit  ami  ai|iiilim' : 
till'  <  yi"^  dark  lirnwn.  and  witli  lilllc  or  mi  (dili(|uily  nf  pn^itinii :  llii'  nmiilli  ix 
laruc  and  -traiulil.  Iln'  lii  111  iicai'ly  vertical,  and  tin'  wlndf  lace  lriaiiu;nlar.  'I'lir 
mck  In  liiiii;.  till'  (III  >l  hi'iiad  liiit  ranly  di  i  p.  tlir  Imdy  ami  liiiilis  tniiM-iilar.  ami 
>ii  Idnni  di^piiMil  til  idii«ily.  In  cliarailt  r  tlic-r  naliniis  arc  warlike  crm  I  ami 
unl'iiri;ivinii.  'I'lnx  Inrn  willi  avi  r^inn  tmni  the  rr^lrainlo  ol'  ci\ili^i(l  lil'c  ami 
lia\c  n\adi'  Inil  fiidnii;   pmnrcss  in  mental  culture  nr  llie  U'Ml'nl  art>.* 

1.  Tile  linizilidii  Unnir/i  is  spread  nver  a  ureal  part  id'  Sontli  America  i  ast 
of  the  Andes:  its  ueourapliical  position  may  lie  indicated  in  general  terms  as 
eniliiaced  iMlweeii  llie  rivers  Ama/.on  and  La  IMala.  and  liclwceii  the  Amies  ami 
tile  Atlantic:  tliiis  incluiliiiu;  the  whole  oC  Hra/il  and  l'arau;nay  north  of  the  ;J")lli 
deiiree  of  south  laliludi.  The  physie:i|  Uaits  of  these  people  dill'er  hilt  little  (yoMl 
tho^e  of  the  Appalaciii  III  hraiicli  :  tlii_\  possess,  perhaps,  a  laiiier  and  more 
expamii  il  nose.  :iiid  larger  niontlis  ;ind  lips.  The  cms  ,ire  small,  more  or  less 
ohliiiii.  and  s,  t  far  apart:  the  in  ek  is  ^liort  and  thick.  :iml  the  Imily  :ind  limhs 
stout  and  full  iM  11  to  clnm^iiii  ss.T  In  character  the  IJiii/.iliaii  iialioiis  scarcely 
ilill'i  r  lioni  tile  Appalachian  :  none  of  the  Amiiie;iii  tiihes  ;ire  less  susceptildc  of 
culli\alioii   r,„::-   i!:'sr:  and    what    they  are   laiiiiht  hy  conipiilsiuii  in  the  inissiDus 

sehloiu  exceeds  the   hlllllhlest   i  li  lui  |ils  of    kliow  ledi;e.| 

t.  77i(  l'(ilii:^(ini(in  lirniicli.  This  Mrnuji  inelniies  (he  ii;ilioiis  soiilli  of  the 
La  Plata  to  the  Str;ii|s  of  Alauilhui.  and  the  mouiilaiii  trilies  of  Chili.  They  arc 
lor  the  most  pMil  ilistim;uishi  il  for  their  t:ill  s(;ilure.  their  line  forms  ;iiul  their 
imlomitahle  coiiiaue,  of  :i||  which  traits  the  Araiicaniaiis  possess  a  coi|spic\iiius 
>liare. 

I.  'I'hi  riKis'uiii  /li(iiii/i.  Tlii-e  people,  who  inliahit  the  island  of  Terra 
del  I'lleLiii.  are  often  called  I'dhiiSiiilKnis;  hill  lliis  name  is  ohji  etioiialde  hec:il|se  it 
is  also  applied  to  iiiiiiii  rolls  tiiln-s  of  cominoii  liiili:iiis  who  inhahil  llie  plains 
from  the  liio  (Il    la   riala    li   the   Straits  of    M;iLi(  llaii  :   w  herefore.  as  a   more    local 


''ri.i>  il.vi^hm  IS  ii'iiilv  nil  iilir;il  uilli  ill.'  r«//(;/(///i/;(  vy/M /I  \  ,  I  [I'liio  riiluihlhiu^'  111  lim)  de 
S|.  N'liiivnI. 

'  I  li'iiv.-  iln  ^.-  riur.irii  IS  I  liii  iK  lima  ;iii  iiis'  i  i-ii..ii  nf  llir  ti'inilihil  |il.ili-s  in  ilic  lolin  Alias  of 
's|:i\  iiihI  M.iiiiiis's  'I'l  iM  i-  III  liei/il. 

:  'I  l.i^  iln  1^1.111  is  iihip.si  il,r  sjinr  u  nil  ihr  ./iiitriidn  s/icdi  i  ul  M.  liiir\ ,  ami  is  riiiliriniil  in  ihu 
-■r.'iiii  l.riuiii-'  tli:il  ii.ili.i'  III  ll.i    ■  !:i--irii  jliiiii  ul    M.  jjiiiiioulllis. 


^ 


TIIK  AMKIUCAN  FAMILY. 


f)5 


4 


(lt'««inniiliiiii.  it  is  i)n)|«isr(i  In  atli'|il  tin  iiiuiii'  nl  Kuc^inns.  Tluir  "wii  niiliniial 
ajipcllatiiiii  is  Yiivaumwunmv.  'I'lu  y  rove  over  a  ".tnilr  waste  wliicii  is  (•(imputtil 
III  lie  as  lart;i-  as  IIk'  lialf  ul'  lirlaiid.  anil  Ml  llirir  wlmir  niiiiilirr  lias  iiccii 
ciimpulcil  liy  KorsliT  al  luo  linMisaiul  souls.*  'rin  |)li\sical  as|)(cl  of  llitsc 
luDiiif  is  ailiincllicr  irpiilsjvr.  ami  tlnir  (Iniiicsiir  iivai;rs  liml  tn  liciiiiilin  the 
(IcjVfts  nl'  iiatiii'i'.  Tiiry  arc  of  low  stature,  scliiiini  rvccidium  live  IVtl  I'nur  nr 
live  iuclit's.  'i'lu  y  have  larnr  In  aiK.  hriiad  lac*  s.  and  small  tyts.  Tlitir  flicsts 
art  lari;c.  tliiir  ImkIj.s  cluinsy.  with  lariir  km  is  ami  ill-shaprd  l(i;s.  Tliiir  liair 
is  lank.  Iilack  and  ''nin-si'.  and  lliiir  i'iini|ili'\iiiii  a  dri'idi"!  Iiniwn,  like  thai  of  the 
niiire  mirlhern  trihes.  The  ex|iri'ssi(in  (if  I'aee  is  vaeanl.  and  Ihcir  mental  i)|)era- 
linns  are  In  the  last  dei^ne  s|ii\v  and  s|ii|iid  ;  they  are  alninsl  des|it\ile  nf  the  usual 
curinsity  nl"  savatjes,  caring  little  I'nr  any  thin'.;  that  does  nnt  minister  tn  their 
present  wauls.  The  ditlerence  helween  the  I'neiiians  and  Ihe  niher  Americans  is 
nil  dniihl  attriliMlalili  In  the  i  llrcis  n|'  climali  and  Incalily.  and  Ihe  eiinsei|nenl 
haliil>  nl'  life,  whicii  ti  nil.  in  this  instance.  In  drpre»  ,ind  hrnlalise  the  mind,  and 
tn  impair  Ihe  jiliysieal  man. 

(1(  Hi  ml  Olmrrii/iiHin  on  IIk  /{(irhiiniiix  Xiilidiix  conijiosinii  llii  .  Iiiiiriran 
Fdiiiili/. — .Mier  examiiiim!;  a  i;ri  al  mimher  nl  skulls.  !  find  llial  llie  nalinn>  east 
nf  Ihe  Alleijhaiiy  innunlains.  |ni;-elh(i'  with  llie  cnnnali  Irilus.  have  Ihe  head  ninre 
elnnualed  than  any  niher  Ann  ricans.     This  remark  applies  especially  in  Ihe  ijreal 

liinipe    sinck.  Ihe    IrnijUnis.  and    llie    ('liernkeiN.       Tn  the  west   iif    Ihr    Mississippi 

we  aijain  nu'il  with  Ihe  elnni:aled  Inail  in  Ihe  Mandans.  IJiearas.  Assinalmins  and 
Slime  ntlnr  trihes.  ^  el  even  in  these  instances  Ihe  ciiaraclerislic  Irnncalinn  nl'  the 
nccipiil  is  mnre  nr  less  nhvinus.  while  niaiiv  nalinns  east  nf  the  Hncky  Mniintains 
lia\e  the  rnnmled  head  s,i  ehaiacterislie  nl'  the  race,  as  the  Osaires.  Ollnes.  Missunris. 
Dacntas.  and  numerniis  nlliers.  The  same  eniil'nrniatinn  is  cnmmnn  in  I'lnriila:  hut 
snme  nl'  Ihesr  nalinns  are  evidently  nf  tiir  Tnllecan  family,  as  Imth  Iheii'  characters 
and  Iradilinns  li  s|ify.  The  in  ad  nf  the  C'harihs.  as  well  nf  the  Antilles  as  nf 
Terra  Firma.  are  alsn  natinally  rniindi d  :  and  we  trace  litis  character,  sn  far  as 
we  have  iiad  np|i(iitiinity  I'nr  examinalinii.  liirniiiih  the  nalinns  east  nf  the  Andes, 
the  I'ataLSnniaiis  and  the  Irihes  nf  Chili.  In  fad.  the  llali\ess  ei  the  occipital 
pnrtinn  nf  the  cranium  will  |)rnhalily  he  fnumi  In  characterise  a  greater  nr  less 
iiumher  nf  individuals  in  every  existinii  triiie.  I'rnm  Terra  del  Fucnn  tn  the 
Canadas.      if  these  skulls  he  vicwcil  I'rnm  iiehind.  we  nhscrve  tlie  nccipital  nutliiic 


•  01)s.  During  a  Vox.  Uniiinl  the  Wmlil,  p.  2-,''). 


17 


^ 


66 


VAHirriKs  OK  rm:  iiu.mw  spiu  iks. 


to  1)1'  niDiltralrl)  cuimiI  tuilwiinlo,  wide  at  tin'  nccipitul  |iriil\il)i'riiii('i'!<.  iiiiit  full 
rniiii  lliiisc  |)i)iiits  Id  lilt-  (ipi'iiiii);  ul'  ili,-  <  ar.  Kriiin  (In  piirittiil  iii'dtiilHriiiiccs 
llicn-  i-*  a  H'iiflitly  ciirxi'il  >!  i|).  In  llic  NcrtfX.  ihimIik  iiii;  a  (•(Hiiral.  tpr  rallirr  a 
\V('ili;i'-olia|)i'(l  Diilliiii'. 

Iliiiuliiildl  lias  rt'tiiiirkcd  llial  "llirn'  i»  ii<>  racr  mi  ilx  ulnlic  in  uliicli  (lie 
t'riiiital  liiiiic  i>  >')  iiiiK'li  prrssril  liackwai'ilN.  and  in  wiiicli  tlir  Inrilii'ad  is  so 
small."*  It  niii'-t  l>i'  idisi  r\('(i.  ImwiM  c.  Ilial  Ilic  Ihwik  >s  of  tlir  I'cii'clicad  is  in 
some  nica^iiir  ('iiiii|it  ii^alrd  liv  its  lucadtli,  uliicli  is  (rem  rally  ciinsidcralilr.  'I'hf 
tial  r<ii'i'li('ad  was  I  vti'i'tni'd  In  aiilit'iil  aiming  a  \as|  niiniliir  ol'  trilii's;  and  tlii.s 
lanfv  lias  In  rii  llii'  |ii'in('i|)al  inciiiliv)  tn  llir  ninnldiiii;  uf  llu'  head  liy  art. 

Altliiiiii;li  till'  III'!  ilal  cavitirs  at'i'  lai'uic.  Ilir  cms  llniiist  ivis  an-  sniallct'  lliaii 
in  Min'iiprans;  and  l''i'r»i(r  asMits  that  tlic  I'ntlclic  woiiirn  lir  saw  in  (liili  wire 
aliMiJiitily  liiili  oils  li'oiii  till'  sinalliirs>  nl'  till'  cu's,)  'riir  lattrr  arc  alsn  dccidy  set 
or  ^iink  in  tin  In  ad  :  an  a|i|icat'an('c  wliicli  is  niiicli  iiii-nasi'd  liy  tlic  Ii>\n  and 
lii'iiniiinnt  I'l-'intil  rnlLrcs. 

Ainiinii  tin  Nmili  Aiiniican  Indian*  llnri'  i-<  ranlv  any  dci-idcd  o|ilii|iiily  in 
the  |iii>itiiiii  III  tile  c\i>  wliicli  is  Ml  nnivi  r^al  aninnir  tiic  Malavsand  Mnnirnls; 
lull  S|ii\  and  Mailiii*  liaM'  hIim  rvcd  it  in  ^niin  Itia/.ilian  li'ilic*.  and  llnnilinldl  in 
lliiiM' III'  tiir  ( )iinii('ii :  and  aiiniiii;  tin  I'mirx *.  Ilic  I'lincc  dc  Wicd  di  s(  rijics  a 
man  wlm  inin  .  in  tliis  and  ntln  r  i'i'<>|ii el*,  a  marked  rcsi  mlilancc  to  a  Calinnck. 

\\  liat  lia*  111  (11  >aid  nl'  tlir  liiiii_\  mliit*  iililaiiis  w illi  siir|)ii>iiii;  iinilnniiity  : 
tliii*  till'  sn|iiii<>i'  niar'^in  i*  l:iil  s|iu||||x  cnrMil.  \\  lulr  tlic  inlciinr  may  lie  coni- 
pan  d  111  an  invi  ited  arcli.  'Tlic  lateral  margins  rnrin  curves  latlnr  medialc 
between  liic  ntln  r  two.  Tliis  lad  i*  Ihe  iiinre  intcrestini;  mi  arcmint  n|'  the 
iMiitrasI  it  pii'Miits  III  tile  nlilnnn-  nrliit  and  paialli  1  margins  nliservaldc  in  tlic 
Malay.  'I'lie  latter  cniiriiriiiatimi.  Iiii\\c\  i  r.  is  •.ninclinns  seen  in  llie  Am'rican, 
Imt  ciii.  Ily  in  liin>c  skulls  wliicii  iiave  lieeii  altered  liy  pressure  Id  llie  li'iilal 
hmie. 

Tin  nnse  ciin>titnti"<  mie  nl'  tiir  s|rniii;est  and  iiinst  iinil'mni  features  nf  the 
Indian  cmintiiiiince  •.  it  mnstly  pn-eiits  the  decidedly  arclnil  rnriii.  witlnnit  lieiim 
strictly  aipiilinc.  and  still  mme  rarely  Hat. 

'I'lic  na-al  cavities  cDrrcspmid  tn  tlic  size  <il'  the  nnse  itscH';  and  liic  ninark- 
alile  aculcness  nl'  smell  piisscssed  liy  tlic  American  Indian  lias  liccii  attrilmtcd  tn 
the  ureal  cxpaiisimi  ni  tin'  nll'actnry  memlnanc.l:      IJiit  tlie  pert'ecliDii  nl'  lliis  sense. 


'  .Mniiiii,i..|iis  'I'.  I,  ]).  1  'is. 

I    Hl.lMKMlArll,    l)rc.   CniM.   |1.   ',"). 


M-..y.  |i.  1.1. 


TIIK  A.MKIUCAN  l-'AMIhY. 


(•7 


likr  lliat  iif  liiaiin^  iimoiii;  llir  sum-  |iiii|)lc.  i>  |ii  iluips  >  i..  Ily  I'l  In  iitliiliiilcil  tit 
it.i  (•(iii'<lan(  mill  iix'iiluinii  ciiltiMilimi,  'I'lii'  rliiik  Iioiu'j*  iiri-  l)iii;i'  iiml  |iriiiiiiii('iit, 
anil  iiifliiir  rii|(iill.v  loumils  llii'  hiwi  r  jiiw.  nivin;;  tin  I'ium  .m  11111,'uliir  (•(iiiri.iiniilioii. 
'rill'  ii|)|ii  r  jaw  i*  iiltrii  i'li>iit:!ilril  mill  iniii'li  iiicliiKil  niilwiii'dt,  Iml  tin  In  III  iiri' 
fur  llir  iiiii^l  |Mii  \iili(Ml.  Till  Inmr  jaw  i^  limiil  and  |)iiiiili  luiix.  iiiiil  liiiiiralni 
ill  Innit.  'I'lic  Irttii  air  al^i  \>n  larp .  ami  m  Idoin  diTiiytd ;  Inr  iiiiiniii;  llif 
iiiaiiv  llial  n  main  in  Ilir  ^kiill>.  in  iii\  pnsv  s^ion.  m  r  v  Ciw  prtsinl  anv  \u.\\\>  of 
dioiax'.  allliiiiiu;li  Hh  v  arr  ni'lcti  iiiiuli  wmii  down  li\  atlrilinii  in  llii-  niaslicalinn 
III'  liai'il  Mili-<laiiri'<.  Tin'  Imm.  Mack,  lank  liair.  i"  (nniniiiii  In  all  llii  Aiinricaii 
ti'ilii^.  ainiiiiu  ulioni  iin  trarr  <>l  liir  Iri/./lid  |i)('k«  nl  lin'  l'iil\  in'sian.  nr  llir  wmdl} 
trxliirt'  III'  llii'  Ni  iii'i',  lia>>  I'Vt  T  In  in  hIim  tm  li.  Tin  licard  is  vt  ry  dilii'lriil  aiinuii; 
tlir  Ann  rit'ans  iiiiii  rally,  aii''  lln  jillli'  llial  nalmc  i;iM'»  llnni  liir\  a^siiliimisly 
iTiidiiali'  ti'iiMi  rarl\  iiiaiiliiind.  It  is  |iri'tia|is  in  llii>  rc^iicrt  that  \vi  idiM'i'Vr  tlir 
iiran  st  aiialiiicy  In  Iwci  n  tin  Ainriicans  and  Miiiiu;id-.  allliiiii;;li  it  i's  I'r  t'ntin 
lu'iiii;  |ii'i'iiliar  In  llnni  almit'.  Il  i>  nut.  liuwrNcr.  a*'  l)c  I'aiiw  assri'N,  that  tlir 
Itrai'd  i»  wliully  waiiliiii-.*  lor  li'a\illris  have  occasionally  nolicid  il  loiii;  and  lull 
wlni'i'  il  lias  lircii  alinui'd  its  naliiial  ;j;ro\\lli.  l'Aaiii|ilr>  o|  llii>  kind  liaM'  Inin 
|iai'liciilai'ly  oIimtxiiI  aii>oiii;  llir  ('lii|i|ii'\v  xaii^.  iiiid  llic  Slave  and  no;;-i'ililicd 
Indiiii^  of  till'  lar  nnilli.l^  lit  \\i>  and  Claikr  niiiark  llial  llic  licaid.  anions;  llic 
{,'lio|)iiniii>li  wi'sl  III'  ihr  Itncky  Moimlains.  ••  i>  Miy  ol'ltn  siilli  red  to  urow.  nor 
docs  tlni'c  a|>|i(  ar  In  lie  any  naliiial  dclicitnc_\  in  llial  ris|i(ci  ;  |'(p|-  wc  oliscrvcd 
several  men  wiio.  il  liny  liad  ailo|ile(|  ||ie  practice  of  siiavinu:.  would  liave  lieeii  as 
Well  siipplii  d  a>  oiirsehes."!  |,;i  |*ei'iiii>e  oliservid  ^ood  lieai'tls  in  aliiiiil  one  liair 
of  (lie  lndiaii>  of  New  ('alil'oiiiia.  and  llii  list  ji^il  proliaMy  1  radieahd  tiieir*  liv 
art;  and  Molina  >a_\N  liiat  the  ('liiliaii>  occasionally  liave  a>  lliiek  Inards  a>  tlie 
Spaiiiards7/i  ••  Tlie  iiiiislaclio.  wliieli  niodern  Iravt  Hers  Ii:im'  I'mind  aiiion^'  llic 
inlialiilaiits  of  llie  noilliwest  coast  of  America."  says  lliinilioldl.  "are  so  niiicli 
tin;  more  curious,  as  celelirated  iialiiralisls  have  left  the  (|iu'sti(Mi  uude'ermined. 
vvlietlier  llie  Americans  have  nalurally  no  heard,  and  no  hairs  on  ihc  n  »l  of  their 
hollies,  or  whether  lliey  pluck  them  carefully  out.  \Villiout  eiileriiu;  here  into 
pliysidlotiical  detaih.  1  can  airirni  llial  the  Indians  wlm  iiihaliil  the  torrid  zone  of 
South   America    have   neinrallv  some  heard  :  and   that    tiiis  heard   increases  when 


1 
.1 


•  "  I<rs  Aliirni  auis   I'laii'lil    sun. nil   n'lii  irqu  ililr.s  en  cc   i|ili'   li-s  s.iiiii'ils  iiiauiiuaii'lll  .\  Mil  ^'r\ml 
li'iiu'in',  I'l  III  liiirlic  a  I  iii\." 

t  Mai'kkn/.ik,  Trav.  in  N,  Aiiiit.  \<.  Mi,  [  K\[i('il.  II,  [i.  '."ij. 

§  llist.  tif  ('lull,  I,  11.  j:.'). 


G8 


VAIUI/riES  OK  TIIK  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


tlicv  -liiivi'  thcin>*(lvi-<.  i>(  wiiicli  we  liiivc  scrii  fx;mi|)li's  in  the  iiiissioiis  of  thi- 
(J,>|)iicliiii'<  (if  (jMrijic.  wlin-f  Ihi'  liidiiin  sexton^  wi^li  to  rcs(nil)li'  (lie  iiimiks  tlu-ir 
niiolirs.  ]}ii(  niimy  iiidividiMN  me  Ikuii  entirely  witliout  Ixanl.  or  liiwe  no  liiiir 
on  tlieir  liiidies.  M.  de  (J;ile;inii.  in  liis  l;i>l  expedition  to  llic  Straits  of  Magellan, 
informs  ns  tlial  tli(  le  are  many  idd  im  n  amonii  me  I'ataiionians  witli  lieards. 
tlioni:li  tliey  are  slmrt  and  liy  no  nn  aii>  hiisliy.  On  eomparini;  (liis  assertion  with 
tile  fact-  collected  \>\  Marcliaiid.  Mears.  and  e-pecially  liy  \'olney  in  the  norllicrn 
tempi  late  /one.  ue  are  teiiipti  (I  to  Im  licve  that  the  Indians  have  more  and  more 
heard  ill  proportion  to  tin  ir  di-tance  iVom  tiie  ((inator."'*  Mr.  Sciiooicraft 
111  ntioii-  lieards  a-  comnioii  anioini  the  i'otowalomies.  mid  alludes  to  a  xcry  old 
iii;'.n  (d'  Iliat  Irihe  •■  \\ho>e  loiiii,  de-ceiidiiii;'  irray  heard  \vonl(l  not  (li-i;racc  a 
Na/.arite."+ 

A  eopper-coloied  sKJn  \\;\^  Imcii  a'--unied  hy  most  writers  as  a  characteristic 
di-liiieliiiii  of  the  .\mii'ieaiis.  who  h;i\c  Ik  iice  heeii  eaih  li  the  rdjijHr-roldral  race. 
'I'lie  iinesliijiatioiis  o|'  Dr.  .MX'iillidi  sati-factuiily  pro\c  that  ihi-  dexiuiialion  is 
\^  holly  inappliealdi'  to  the  Amerieins  a>  a  race,  and  that  it  i-  more  (diaracteristii" 
of  siinie  niher  and  \rry  ri mote  nations.;  The  error  has  ohvioiisly  arisen  from  the 
ha  hi  I  ml  Use.  aimiiii;'  iiiany  Irihes.  (d'  r(  d  paint  to  a  hrow  n  sjvin.  \\  hich  occasions  a 
copjiery  hue.  IluiMholdl  deelan  >  that  the  denomination  nf  eoppei--colored  iiiuil 
could  II  \er  have  oiii:inaled  in  the  eipiiiioetial  regions  to  ih  sii;iiate  the  .Xinericans: 
ill  I  I  Ciin  fiirlher  tes|il_<  that  amnn;:;  the  liidi\iduals  id'  many  dillireiit  Irihes  that 
ha\e  eeiiie  imdi  r  my  tdis(|-\atii>ii.  I  liaM  never  s,  en  a  copper-coliii-ed  man.  "  A\'e 
consjdi  r.  therefore."  says  |)|-,  M'Ciillidi.  "that  the  eolnr  of  the  American  Indians 
in  !ii  le  I'd  i-  hmw  ii.  dilli  liiii:  in  iiiti  iisily  with  \arioiis  Irihes.  accordiiiL;  to  \arioiis 
locdile.s;  lint  thai  il  is  almnst  inipossilde  to  say  what  that  hrown  ciilnr  |iriiicipallv 
I'l'seii;!  |.  s.  '|"1||.  riiiiKiiiioii  is.  ill  my  apj'i  i  hiiisinii.  the  nearest  approacii  to  it. 
thoii'ih  sijll  iiHi  inaiM  urate  fur  general  enniparisiin.'V")  j  fully  coincide  in  o|;inion 
\Nith  Dr.  M't'iilliih  :  and  In  lii  \c.  ;\  ilii  him.  lliat  no  .pithet  diri\ahle  from  the 
colnr  el'  the  slJn.  sn  ciirreetl\  ill  situates  the  Americans  collectivi  ly  as  that  ol'  the 
Ilriiirii  l{(i-(.  Allhniiuh  till  Aiinricaiis  thus  p,;ssissa  |iervadinn-  and  (diaracti  ristic 
coiiipl'  \inii.  till  re  are  in'casiiiiial  and  Ver\  remarkahle  (h  vialiniis.  inclildiiiL;'  all  the 
tints  finin  a  decided  white  to  an  iinei|iiivncally  lihudv  -Kin.  This  fact  may  he 
siilliei' iitly  illiisti-ali  il  li_\  the  fnlldwin'j;  examples.  Ainmi;:'  the  fair  trihes  of  the 
I'ppei    Or'i.oco.    Ilumholdt    makes    esjiecial    mention    of    the    (iiiaharihocs,    the 


'  I'.., a.  Kssay,  H.  n,.ii.ii',  r.. 
ji'M-  irrlics,  y.  III.  i.1-. 


+  'ri:iv.  Ill  \',ii;.  y  nl  ;lir  M;ss.  [1.  317. 
5.11-1.!.  p.  l*-. 


^1 


■■J 


THE  AMEIUCAN  FAMILY. 


()!) 


Giumiin's.  tlic  Giiavacns  and  the  IMiiqiiiritares.  "The  individuals  of  (he  lair  trihes 
wlidui  \ve  examined."'  says  llial  traveUer.  ••have  tlie  I'ealures.  (he  s(a(nre.  and  (lie 
snioddi.  straiiiid.  liiack  hair  wliieh  eliarac(erise  odier  Indians.  It  wnuhl  he  inipns- 
-ihh  Id  (ake  (iiein  i«v  a  mixed  race.  lik<'  the  (h>een(ian(s  cil'  natives  and  Eunipeair;. 
and  thev  are  luiOier  l'eel)h'.  nor  all)inoes."*  Anmn;;-  (he  Hod'cndys  ol'  I5ra/.il.  (he 
Prince  lie  Wied  saw  sonn'  wiio  were  almost  endn  ly  uhite.  \vi(ii  a  tint  of  red 
njKin  their  checks,  altliiiiisih  the  nsiial  enlor  is  a  reiidi-ili  hrnwn.f  Ahdina  s(a(es 
that  'he  15(iroanes.  wlin  iniiahit  tlii'  Arancanian  jirnvinces  it{'  Chili,  in  (lie  (hir(y- 
ninth  degree  id'  siinth  latitnde.  ■•are  white,  and  as  w<'ll  featured  as  (he  nurdiern 
Europeans. "t  IJonj^iu'r  I'onnd  some  j'ernvian  Indians  al  the  hase  and  on  (he  we^( 
side  of  (he  Coiilijleras  wiio  were  alniosl  as  winte  as  Euriijiean^.  Hartrain  saw 
anioni:  the  (,'iierokees  some  youni;  women,  wiiom  lie  deseriiies  as  lair  and 
hloomini;:  and  anionic  tlie  nations  oj'  the  inland  ol  St.  Catharine,  on  tiie  coa^t  of 
Calilornia.  youni;  persons  id"  hoth  si  \es  have  a  line  nsixture  of  rid  and  wiiite  in 
their  eomplexion-.. 

Tliat  climate  exerts  a  suhordinate  agency  in  prodncinij;  (hese  diversified  h\ics. 
must  111  inferi'ed.  I  think.  I'roni  llie  facts  mintioned  liy  Ilnniholdt.  (ha(  (he  trihes 
wliieli  wander  along  tlie  hiirninn'  plains  of  (he  (ipiinoctial  region.  lia\e  no  darker 
skin-,  than  the  mountaineers  of  the  tempi  rate  /.one.  .\L;aiii.  the  I'lielidies  and 
other  iiiliaiiilants  df  tlie  Magellanic  region,  lieyond  the  lilly-tiftli  di  Lirre  of  sniith 
latitude,  a'-e  alisolntely  darker  than  the  Aliiponc^.  Macohins  and  T(dias.  who  are 
many  lirgrees  nearer  the  eipiator.  \\'liilc  (he  |}o(ociiilys  are  of  a  clear  lirowii 
color,  and  sometimes  nearly  while,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  trojiie.  and 
moreover,  while  the  (iiiyacas  uiidrr  iIk  line  are  characleriseii.  as  wi'  have  srcn.  hy 
a  fair  coiniihxioii.  the  Charruas.  \vlio  are  almost    hlack,  iniiahit  the  fiftieth  detirec 


1 


ll     1--    Uril    Kii'iU'll.  I|iiUr\  rl',  l|i;il    Allnilo.'-.    al'l'    lint     1 II  ll'rr(  |llcill    am.ill-'    llli'    AlllrncMIl    llliiiali-. 

■|"1mv.' .if  Djim'Ii  Wfi-c   iiiiiiiilrly  il.-^riil,r,|  liv  Wal'ii'  aliMiit    a   liiiiiiirrd  aiil   till  y  Vi'ars  :i.mi.     •■ 'I'licy 

liv   iinit.'    W  llil.'."   s.iy,   \ir,  •■  Inn    |l|,.||-    wlalrll.'^s     |x    llKi'  llial   (if   ^1     llMl'M'.  I|l|llr  lllllrlVlll    rrnlll   lllr    I'.Or   Ml' 

jialr  |-aiiM|HMii.  as  ilii'y  haM'  II..I  ih ;i^I  1 Inn-  ..|' a  liliisli  n|- sanL:innr  (MiiiMlrxioii.      '    "    *      'I'lirir 

ryi'lirows  an'  inilli-wiuii'.  as  is  l:kr\visr  lln'  h.iir  ni'  iiinr  h.-aiis.  whirli  Is  wrv  Uiv.  lucliiiiii'.'  In  a  rurl. 
aii'l  ;.'io\viim  I.I  llir  li  ir.'lli  nl'  si\  nr  ciltI  liniirs.  '  '  '  'I'lmy  srMiiiii  l'.p  liIh.kiiI  hi  ill.'  ilay  lime, 
llii'  sun  l.iiii.'  ilis;iL.'r(  .■a'li..'  in  lliriii,  ami  .-aiisnrj  ilnar  .■\.-s.  wliii'li  are  w.mU  ami  |inriii^'.  In  waler, 
I'siHia.iliy  il'il  sluiirs  inwanls  lli.an  :   y.'i  iIhv  s,.,.  v.  ly  wall  l.y  iiiimiii1ii.'IiI,  [roin  uiin.li  wi'  calkal  tliciii 

lUi -ny.  .1." — Wafkii,  /;;  llnihl's  Villi.  i>f  In)/,   i'ul.  |i.  jIO. 

)  \'n\.  all   lliv^il.  II.  Jl.'.  — I,  .jj.1. 

i  Ilisi.iry  uf  (lull,  1,  p.  J7I. 
18 


70 


vAHiiyriKs  OF  'riiE  human  species. 


(il'-idnth  luliliiilc,  ami  tlif  yet  blacker  Calil'oniiaii>  arc  twciity-livc  drgncs  iioilli  of 
tlic  ((iiiatiir.* 

••'The  iiati(m<  of  \c\v  Spain  (\rc  darker  coldrdl  liiaii  (hi  Indians  of  Quito 
and  New  (in'nada.  wlm  inhaliil  a  precisely  analnL^nns  climate.  We  c\en  ilnd 
thai  till'  naliiiiis  dispersed  In  tiie  nurtli  nl'  (lie  Kiii  (iija.  aic  iirnwner  tlian  those 
that  border  on  Ihe  kingdom  of  (inaliniala.  The  [leople  of  the  l?io  Ncirro  arc 
darkei'  Itian  IIiom  o|'  the  liouer  Orinoco,  yet  the  hanks  of  the  I'ornier  of  these  two 
river^  enjoy  a  cooler  ciiinate.  In  the  jorc'^ls  of  (iniana.  (""pei'ially  near  the  sonrccs 
id"  the  Orinoco,  tiure  e\i>t  several  Irilie-  of  a  wiiili-'h  complexion,  [to  whom 
alhisioM  has  ulreaiiy  iuen  made.]  who  are  siiiiDimc'ed  hy  otiier  nations  of  a  darker 
hiMwn.  Tile  Indians  who.  in  tlie  toiiid  /one.  inhabit  tlie  nios|  ejexated  table  land 
o|'  the  Andes.  :iii(|  tiiose  who.  nnder  fiirty-li\e  deiirees  of  siinth  latitude,  live  npon 
lisli  ill  tile  Arihipelaiio  of  C'iionos.  Iiavi  a  eom|ilexion  as  nundi  copper-colored  as 
they  wiio  ciilti\ate,  imder  a  bnrnin;i-  sim.  tiie  banana  in  tiie  narrowest  and  deepest 
\.illeys  (if  the  ( i|uiiioet ial  reiiinns.  'I'o  this  it  nnist  be  added,  that  the  Indians 
who  iiiliaiiit  the  iiiiinntaiiis  are  clothed,  and  were  so  loiii;'  before  the  con(|iiest  ; 
while  the  aiioiiuines  that  w.iiider  on  llie  ]dains  are  perfectly  naked,  and  conse- 
(inently  are  always  evposcd  to  the  peipeiidiciilar  ra_\s(i|'  the  sim.  E\er\  where, 
in  sjinit.  it  is  found  that  llii'  color  o|'  the  Anufican  di  peiids  very  little  on  the 
local  situation  wliicii  he  actually  oeeiipies;  aiid  ni'\er.  in  the  s:une  individual,  ai'e 
those  part-i  ol'  tli(  body  that  are  coiis|antly  co\eiiii.  of  a  t'airei'  color  than  those 
tliat  are  in  contact  xNitli  a  hot  and  humid  air.  Their'  inl'ants  are  inMr  white 
\\  lirii  they  are  lioni  :  and  the  Indian  ca/i(|nes  who  enjoy  a  consiih  rabb-  detcric 
td'  luxury,  and  who  keep  tlKUisehrs  eonstautl\  dressed  in  the  interior  id'  their 
liabilatioiis.  have  all  the  |iarts  of  tlnir  body,  with  the  exception  of  the  palms  of 
iheir  bauds  and  the  sides  df  tin  ii-  |i  it.  ot'  the  same  brow  iiisji  red  or  copper  cidor.  "f 

\lti f  ,dl.  tin  se  dilli  leuc.  s  ill  coiiiph  xi'iu  are  extremely  |iartial.  forming;  mere 
exceptions  to  the  piimiti\e  and  ii.ilional  tint  that  (■!•  iracterises  these  people  tVoii' 
(ape  Horn  to  the  Canadas.     The  cause  ol'  these  anomalies  is  nut  readily  ixplaineil: 


•  ■•  *si  le  rli'n-  siMil  iiait  la  raii^^  ■!■■  la  i  ,iulriir  liruiir  il.-s  Alii'TH  ain--,  Irs  P.irliiLrais  aiirairiit  du, 
a;>ri-^  pmsi''in^  _■•  i  rralMns.  [.I'lnlic  aii^M  I'l  ilr  '-•ml  ur :  il  crp.  mleiii  il  I'^i  riaaaui  i|u'il^  'iiil  la  iiiiaiii' 
'I'll'  kiir~  anei  ii.  ■  i.pijlr^  |i'<  i.iis  i|U''  i'  iir  s  in.'  n'r^I  |ias  iiirl.-  wn-  nlm  il.'s  Nri/p  ■^  nu  (1.^  Inijiiiiis."  — 
I'kim  i:  m:  NVikh,  I''ii/  an  /Inu/,  II,  |>.  llo, — S.  .■  als.i.  IliMHuiair,  Muntuii'  !>/•., 'V  I.  p.  JJ. — 
Doiiiu/MnKrKi;.  II.  1 1.  '1.  —  ItiiKV  111;  S  I     \'isi  i:\  [■,   I.'  Ilninin' ,  II.  |i.  JO. 

*  M  M.n.-Hio  v.  tli.n.'.     Ji.i^  ,,l.  -,,  II.  I  I. 


M 


rili:  AMEIUCAX   FAMILY. 


71 


tliat  it  is  not  cliiuatc  is  siiltii'iciilly  (ihvimis  :  aiiil   wlictlur  i1  arise*   froiii  partial 
iiumii^ratioiis  IVmii  other  countries,  rciuaiiis  vit  to  lie  decideil. 

Notiiin;^  can  l)e  more  variai)le  tliaii  tiie  stature  of  tinse  [)i:>|)le.  wiiieli  presents 
sinie  ninarkaMe  contrasts,  of  wliieli  a  lew  only  necil  lie  noticed  at  pri'sent,  as  1 
iiall  revert  to  tins  snliject  on  a  I'liture  oeea-.ii)M.  Tiie  Pata^onians  of  tiie  main 
land,  ai'lei  rejeetin;;  the  alisnrd  I'ahles  of  tlie  earl\  \.iyii:ers,  ai'e  the  tallcNl  nation 
on  the  American  continent.  CoiiiiuodoiT  Hyi'on  *t:nrs  ilmt  nmoni;  live  hundred 
nil  n  he  saw  toijetlier.  the  shortest  \\i  re  at  lea-t  loin  inciies  taller  than  his  own 
men.'  t'aplain  Wallace,  however,  took  the  pain*  to  nieasui'e  manv  of  them, 
am  lll^■  whom  one  was  six  feel  se'.en.  and  several  were  sjx  fief  five:  hut  the 
greater  part  of  theinwci'e  from  live  feel  ten  to  *i\  fi(t.t  On  the  other  hand 
llumholdt  found  the  L'havinas  and  >onie  otiier  irilies  df  the  l'p|)(  i-  Orinocii  to  he 
remarkahly  >hort.  while  in  the  adjacent  (.'harih  natinn  ijn-  tnen  were  not  less 
con^pieuous  for  their  i;-reat  stature,  'i'hi-  I'oury*  aiid  Coroado^t  of  IJrazil  are 
diminutivi'  races,  wiiile  the  .Ahipoue*  of  !'ai-ai;uay  are.  lo  a  man.  of  i;iiiantic  pro- 
portions. The  late  Mr.  IJartraui.  who  pa-M'd  much  time  amou'j;  the  Florida 
nations,  descrilies  ijic  Creek  (.Museo;iti)  Indians  n>  strikingly  tall  and  athletic,  -a 
full  sj/c  l.w'j^vi-  than  Furopeaiis;  many  of  them  almvi-  si\  fiit.  and  lew  undei-  that, 
or  live  fert  (  iu'hl  oi-  ten  inches,"  Vrt  what  is  very  siiii;uliu-.  he  assures  us  that 
the  wonii  II  ot'  that  nation  are  seldom  ahovc  li-.c  iVcl  lii-h.  and  thai  the  unati  r 
numlier  of  them  iie\cr  attain  to  that  st;niire;  an  ohsriv.itiiin  thai  has  aNo  hicn 
iiiadi'  respcciin^-  ih,-  Indians  of  l'ara^ua_\ .'/ 

Althou-h  the  Americans  are  i^enrrally  of  ^imd  sI.iIiiit.  ihe\  are  not  s) 
u'enerally  of  strictly  athletic  iH-opiirtiniis.  Thi  ir  chests  .in-  oltm  lis>  tvpanded 
and  their  shoulders  narrower  than  one  would  expicl  :  dclVets  which  are  usiiallv 
aserilied  to  hahiliial   iudideiice:    fnrlhenien    niaki'   litl  h'  exertion  w  illi  their  arms 

heyond    heiidin^'  the  how.      On   li tin  r  hand,  maiiv   nations  jinth  di'  North   and 

South  Ann  lien,  are  reiiiarkahle  jiu'  thiir  |)eifect  s\  unnetry :  anion^-  numerous 
examples  we  may  instance  the  l',itai;oiii;i,is  ,if  the  ni.iiii  Inid.  the  '  iiarruas  of 
IJra/.il,  and  the  Creeks  and  Seininohs  of  Florida,  hi  lact  tlure  is  amph  i  \ideiice 
to  disprove  the  hypothesis  of  Millie  (dosel  naturalists,  that  the  ph_\s|c,i|  mmi  of 
the  new  world  is  of  a  defective  and  deiicm  rate  (Uiianisation. 


II  \\\  Ks.   \'ey.  I.  |p.  J'i. 

'  Iliiil.  I.  |i,  1  .>  I. — 'I'lir  riM(i.T  will   liiiil   :iii  nilcivsiiii.r  <  v  iiiuniili.'n     l   lli:-     ,  .rsii,.ii  in  i|m    liilni- 

I'. I'll. Ill  1,,  ll:iukswiMlli's  \ey:iLTs.;ui.l  :iN,i  in  ll,    I'niu  .  IJ.  s,  1  .  -iir  I.-.  Aiur;.  '1     !.  y.  js.i.  ;>,,.. 

Spi'v  ;um1  M  \nr.  'I'r.iV.  11.  Ji'i.  ^v  l',;„sK.ri\.  \"..'     I.  ,"i  ■. 


W 


^^ 


7  2 


VAIMF/IMF.S  OK  THE  IIU^rVN  Sl'KCIKS. 


AiiiiiiiL!;  smnr  iiiiumtniii  tribes  (if  Smitli  Aiiicricii.  nml  csiicciiilly  in  t'liili.  tlu' 
iiiitiM-  iii'f  ri'iniirkiiMi'  I'm'  the  ^i/r  ni'  \\u'\v  linilis.  \\lii('li  ;irc  mi  l;ir;;t'  ;i>  t(i  ai»i)('ai' 
nut  111'  iit(i|)iirtiiiii  III  llir  IhkI  V  :  vet  it  is  rcinnrkahli'  that  tlic  Aiiu  ricaiis  sclddm 
attain  a  --tatr  (if  iilir>ily. 

Xiitw  itli^tandiiiLi'  tlic  n'cncral  ciistnni  nf  iiinu\i  liaiil'imt.  the  Ann  rican  Indians 
|ii)ss(  s^  fciiiarkaliiv  ^niall  tVit.anil  tlnir  liainls  Imvi  tlic  siimc  delicate  cnnlurination. 
Must  travellers  Inive  nntieed  till-  laet.  \\lii<'li  i^  a  cliaraeteristic  n|'  the  race:*  jet 
the  liuliaii  In  iieneiallv  >>till'  and  awkward  in  hi^  i;ait.  nwinii  to  the  prevalent  hahit 
III'  \valki:iL;-  with  the  t'eel  tnrned  inward^. 

'{"he  iin>n|ihi»licated  Anieiii'ans  niii:iil  he  divided  into  three  ^I'eat  classes, 
iiei'ivrd  tViim  the  |iuiNniis  nil  which  tiny  de|iend  I'm'  ^uhsi-tence.  v  i/. :  lluiil'niu;. 
Fishiii'j;.  M\{\  .lisi'iciillun .  'I'lie  lii'^1  and  lar^evi  cla*-  is  devnted  in /nni/iiifj: ;  and 
it  eiiihraees  inn-t  III'  the'-lrictly  iininadie  trihe^.  and  nf  cniirse  a  i;reat  |ii'nii(irli(iii 
'i['  tile  entire  lace.  The  M'vepal  Dacnla  iialimis  \\('-l  111'  ihe  Mi->issi|i|ii.  tniiither 
with  the  rp^aniiika^.  ihe  As-inalmins.  Ilir  Ukudi  l'"eet.  and  many  nlher  natinns 
lintli  ^:l^l  and  we^t  i'\'  the  I'licky  Mnnntains.  cultivate  nnlhini;  wliatevii'.  'I'hey 
livn  ii|inii  the  lle^li  nf  the  hullaln.  the  deer,  the  lirai'.  and  vai-imis  nthir  aninials  ; 
and  wlieii  lliiM'  I'lil.  tiny  ^nllir  nil  llir  privatinus  risultiu;^-  I'mni  rainiiu  and 
di^ea-i  III  thr  -nutliern  cnnlinnit.  \a^l  Imrdr^  imw  drcive  a  ready  and  unlailiii'j. 
^iih^i'-t,  lice  t'i'niii  Ihr  wild  e.illli  whieli  nMii'un  the  r\tin»i\e  phiiiis  nr  pampas  nl' 
i'r.v.'il  ,iiid  l'al,i^;niii;i  -A  and  ,i  lew  liiln  ■-  iinw  dnine^tiea'.e  tliiM  aiiiin.il-.  and  thus 
a\'  id  !!::■  I.il: 'i-  III'  l!ii'  eh  i-e  and  tlir  la— n.  Such  are  the  I'lhm  indies  nf  the 
{  liilian  Andes,  hrtwiin  the  tliirl\ -i'mirlli  and  lliirty->e\  inth  di-'.ree  id'  snutli 
':!titiii!:  .  Tiny  dwell.  v;i  \ ..  'Midiii;!.  in  ll;  •  inanii'r  nl'  the  Iiednnin  Arah^.  in  tents 
niailr  nf  -.l^iiiv.  di^pnvi  d  in  a  eireul.u'  Inrin.  lea\in'.i  in  tin  cinlre  a  -paeinns  11(1(1. 
'.\herr  llie  cattle  I'li  d  iliii'in^  till  CMiilinuaner  nl'  tin  hirhaue.  ^\'hen  that  lupins 
tn  l.iil.  they  traiiNpnrt  ihrir  lialiiliilinn^  In  iinntlu  |-  ■-itnal  mil.  and  in  thi^  manner 
cnii!;ni;aily  (d;anu^in?i  pLiei.  thry  traverse  the  \alle\-  nrtlie  Cmdilh  ra>.| 

In  cniiiparisiin  with  thr  hiinliin:-  trihe-.  thuM  whiidi  suh-i^t  e\(du»ively  hy 
y/.v/////.';- are  nnl  iiiiinernn- :  I'nr  aninnu'  the  maiiv  nalinn--  w  hn  inhahiled  the  Atlantic 


1)1     \/  \ii,\.  \. ■:,.■!■.  II.|i.  ,;.■,  >.  Ji.'i.-I'u.  pv  \V||  I,,  \,,y,  .'III  r,n-i,,  ;iil.  I  i.  i|.  ,rii,l\  ,^^- M  ,,i.in  v. 
!'    '    "I   '  ii'i.  I.  !'■  -7';.    -lliMii.'M.r.  N'mv.  mix    ii,  _•.  1v|1iiiim\.  HI,  \,.  .■-,'. 

'  'I'' '  'I"""-"'-  lii...l  .'I  laili.  «.is  I'l.si  iMlniilii.  .,!  ihi,.  s,.,,||,  .\||„.|„  ,,  |.y  111.'  S|i:iiiiari|s.  and  ll 
'uiruiUrs  In  iiirrraM.  l.rVMiid  ail  iiiruLil'.iii,  iinluiilisianilili^'  Ihe  aiiliiial  liavn.;  iiiaili'  aiiiHiiL'  |1|i;m' 
•i!aii..i  ■-  liM-  llif  |iiir| ■-  ciT  1 1  ami  (■(iiimi.  in.-. 

lli-t   nl'  (   l,lil,   II,  ],     .'J  I. 


'i 


TlIK  AMKHICAX  FAMILY. 


7J 


coast  of  Aiiicrira,  tlic  i^rfatt  r  iimulnr  made  their  imaiis  of  siijjjxnt  a  sccdiulary 
CDiisiilcratiiiii,  soinr  altcniatiiii;  it  witli  ai;ric\iltiirc.  otlurs  with  {\n-  cliase. 
Anioni;  11"'  proper  piscatory  trilics.  Iiowcvcr.  may  he  adduced  the  natives  of  'Terra 
del  Fiiei;().  and  tiie  I'Matliiad  nations  of  liie  Colninhia  river.  Numerous  tril)es 
iinac(|uaiut(il  witli  agriculture,  are  sustained  for  a  irreat.  part  of  the  year  liy  fishing 
in  the  rivers  and  lakes;  and  in  the  interim  hetwt  i  n  the  endinjj;  and  the  reconi- 
mencement.  of  the  lishing  season,  are  driven  to  the  greatest  extremities  for  food 
^\l(Iicient  for  the  pur[)oses  of  life.  'I'lnis  the  Slioshoiies  west  of  the  Uocky 
Mountains,  live  nioi'e  than  half  the  year  on  roots  alone:  and  the  Oitomacs  of  the 
Orinoco  are  compelled  for  months  lonether  to  assua;;e  tlie  cravini;;s  of  nature  hy 
mixini;  with  their  food  a  lari^e  pi'opoitioii  of  unctuous  day.* 

In  cennection  with  thi-  suhject  it  may  lie  remarked,  tliat  even  tiie  piscatory 
tril)es  are  vvhidly  destitute  oj'  the  spirit  of  maritiiiu'  adventure,  or  even  fondness 
for  tlie  sta.  'I'iieir  lioats  an'  of  tln'  simplest  constructinn.  and  in  tin  ir  lishinii  and 
o'her  aipiatic  excursions,  tiny  seldom  intentionally  lose  sij;ht  of  land. 

A  lew  trihes  were  strictly  ai;ricult\n'al  hefore  the  arrival  of  the  Euro]ieans. 
i)ut  a  much  ^■rea1er  mimhi  r  have  heciune  so  since,  .\moni;'  tiie  former  ai'e  the 
nation^  who  iuiiahil  tiie  plains  and  open  land  hetween  the  Orinoco  and  the 
Amazon,  a  region  to  which  even  the  missionari(s  have  hitherto  heen  (h  nied 
admission. t  In  N'orlh  America,  the  culti\ation  of  the  soil  has  been  chietly 
restricted  to  the  Tiations  inhahitinij  tile  country  hi  'veeii  tile  iireat  lakes  and  the 
(iulfof  Mexico,  and  hetweiii  tlie  Mississippi  and  tlie  ocean.  Iiut  even  anions 
tlie  most  iniluslrious  of  thisc  trihes  ajiricultnre  was  pursued  in  a  very  elementary 
manner,  iiavini;  heeii  coiirmeii  cliii  lly  to  the  cultivation  of  iiiai/,e  or  Indian  corn, 
till'  sWeet   potatoe.  melons  anil  |iihacco.|     Amomi  the  Catholic  missions  in  South 


■  ••  Till'  ()iiniu:ic-(luriiiL'  sdinr  inniilliscal  diiiU  llircf  iniarti'i's  ol':!  |ii)uuil  ol'cluy,  si ii;! illy  lianlnicil 
hy  ihi'  liii',  uillioui  llii'ir  hoallli  lirjiiir  s.riiMl)ly  alliTlcil  by  U.  Tlify  llll)i^^il  llii'  I'anh  alVi--li  uln'ti 
lli'^y  or  uiiiiu'  111  su'alhiw  n.  !l  lias  not  Ihtu  im^-ilili'  lo  verily  liillirrio  willi  |irer!  ,.iii  how  niucli 
niitniioiiv  \c'_'iialile  or  aiaiiial  iiialtor  llir  Iiuliaiis  lalo'  iii  a  wrek  at  llie  saiiio  unit' :  lull  il  is  r.alaiii 
lliat  lliry  atlnliillo  the  -rii>.atioii  ol'salU'ly  wliirli  lliry  li'el  to  |1,('  ilay.aiiil  not  to  lllr  wri'lrli.'il  alilllculs 
wliicli  'liry  oi  ra-^ioiiallv  takr  with  It."  —  lluiitl).  J'crx,  Xiir.  V .  |i.  ft  13. 

t  lI'Miioi.nr.  I^'r^.  Nar.  III.  p.  :11.'. 

MImivtis.  m  \iv|ia'olo_r.  Aiin.T.  II.  y.  lal.la.'.  —  It  is  naiiarkeil  liy  the'  author  that  "the 
lour  iiiiliioiis  .i|'  iiidii^lrious  iiilialnlanls  who,  within  less  than  lorly  years,  liavi'  |i  'ojiied  our  western 
siatrs.  and  dia'ua'  more  than  aiiiple  inrans  ot'  siilisisiinee  I'roni  the  so\\.  iiller  the  most  striking  contrast 
whei  oini.ared  with  perha])s  oae  iiundied  Ihouand  ludiaiis  whose  [il-.tce  they  oceupy." — Lococilut. 
p.  151. 

19 


^.\'' 


'Hi 


I 


v\i!ii"i"iKs  oi"  'I'm:  iiiMAN  si'iu  ii;s. 


Ann  rici.  Mmiciilliiic  lui^  lucdiuc  liv  (■(irrcimi  llic  ll\|vill(•^^  of  tlir  lM(li:iii<  ;  ;iiid 
Miniiim'  I'  •\\  of  llii'  iiiilt'|H'iiilciil  linnlis  (if  liiii|i  ('iiiiliiH'iil~>  it  !>  ciHijdiiH'il  willi 
liiinliiii;  a-  ;i  lll(■all^  i<\'  ■«uli->iNti'iicc.  AirMJii.  in  tlic  W  ( >t  India  {--iaiuU  wlurr  (iiiTo 
\\a>  ii'i  uaiiif.  IJii'  \\anl^  of  an  iinnun-r  |ioimla(ion  wtic  ••npplictl  in  part  hy 
auriciillnral  iaiioi'.  Imt  jx  rliaji-  in  a  ^lill  mialn-  ili  i;r('c  liy  cnltivatinji  llic  indi- 
ucnoiiN  lViiii>.  Manv  tiilii  s  rtsoil  willi  rrL;nlaii(\  to  all  tlioc  inodis  of  siil)>i-,tin('<'. 
aci'oidini;  to  ilir  rdurn  of  tiic  ^(a^on^:  tlin>  rniplovint;  llic  >|ii'int;'  of  tlic  uar  iu 
li^liinL^.  tile  --muintr  in  ai;ri''iiituiT.  the  aiitiiinn  and  wiiiti  r  in  liuntinn'. 

Tlic  t'liciok(  (^.  as  \\  c  >liall  hereafter  m c.  liavc  Iiccoiik  an  auricultnial  nation 
liv  tlie  I'orcc  i;f  c\ain|iie  ;  hnl  in  Mexico  tiicrc  arc  trilus  wliicli  liavc  iiilialiitcil  (he 
>aiiii  loc;iliti(>  \\lii(li  their  anceslors  ]i(i^--ess(  d  ^onie  centnrio  ai;ii.  antl  \\  ho  lead 
the  peacialile  liie  ol'  eulli\alor>  of  the  -oil.  c\ein|it  I'roni  the  coiitinnciiciis  to 
which  tih    iiiihlin;;  triiies  arc  alwavs  cxpo-ed.- 

Althoiiicli  the  Anieiicans  have  derived  their  iioi-c-  Ironi  tiie  European^,  the}' 
lia\i  iiiaiiaLied  ijiiiii  f'-oni  the  llr-i  willi  -iirpri'-inu;  dexteiily.  Aiiion^-  inanv 
tiihi-  in  liolji  Viiiciica-  the  fondness  for  these  aiiiiiials  amounts  to  a  pa--ioii  : 
whole  tiihes  ha\e  a--iiined  the  ci|,iestriaii  characlei'.  so  that  they  hunt  and  Unlit 
exclii-ively  on  hor>iha(di:  ami  the  simple  p!'o\ince  of  (  haco.  in  I'aiaiiiiay.  conlaiii- 
no  li -s  ihaii  twenty  id'  these  nations.  They  are  al-o  inimeroiis  lliroinihoiit  Iirazil 
ami  l'alaL;onia.  ami  in  the  rciiion  hetwieii  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  Wocky 
Mountains.  \i\  straiiiic  as  it  may  appear,  there  is  scarci  1_\  ,iii  example  aiiioni; 
the  liic  Indians,  of  a  horse  heim;'  iised  for  aiiricnitiiral  |iiirposes,f 

The  hold  |ili\sical  de\ilopinint  oj'  the  American  savaiic  is  accoin|ianii d  hy  a 
coriespomlimi  acnteiiess  in  the  organs  (d  sense.  Althoiieh  M.iturc  ha-  done  iiimdi. 
(diication  has  contrihnted  nioi(  to  the  perfection  (d' these  I'aciillies.  The  constant 
state  III'  siispieiiin  and  alarm  in  wliiidi  the  Indian  lives,  conipels  jdni  to  ohserve  a 
sleepless  \inilaiicc.  Ilis  sriisisarc  incessantly  einployid  to  preser\e  himself  from 
siiipris  ■  and  desiruciion.  Aiiii  to  foil  the  slralancms  of  his  enemy.  It  is  said  that 
tlie  C.iaiilis  of  the  Antilles  could,  hy  the  sc'(  111  alone,  follow  a  man  through  the 
wooils  with  the  same   jirecision  that   a   northern  Indian  tracis  another  hy  his  foot- 


■  KiMiii.Mir.  i'":il.  INviy  ,11  Nru-  '^|Mii:.  li.  Il.'li:i|i.  i>. 

*  Alii'ilrj  mil.  I  iiinilis  ,,|  iiveiijiiij  llii  iiisrlvi';  uii  llir  S|i;iiii;uils,  ill''  Ii;.'i;U,s  .',)ailiHllei  I  all 
iiKTssaiii  ii';;.i.''' Ill' ihrir  liiirMs.  'I'lius  m  tlir  s|i,iir  ui  liiiv  \  i;irs,  Miys  Iliiliii/.liiiirii',  an  liuiiilrcil 
Ihiilsaiiil  III  lln^i'  aiiliiMils  Will'  ilri\  I  II  Irniii  lln-  rsl.ili  ■^  nl  lln'  S|)aiiiaiil>  !  lln  Alii|iii||rs  ,ir('li;icii 
.tliiiie  ;  iiiiil  llji'  ^:lllll■  aiilher  ailiU.  lli;il  nil  less  t'n.in  lom-  lliiiii-..-uiil  hordes  wire  lii'i|iii'liliy  canuil  olf 
1\  lln    I' II  UN  ly.in  liiili.in^  in  a --aiLVi   assiuli.  —  //i;/.  nj  I'lc  ./'u'/.niif.  tll.ii.  s. 


.w*J 


■Vi 


I- 


'"^"smt 


Tin:   AMKIUCAN  FAMILY.  7:, 

>l(|)>;  iuid  tlial  llirv  cuiild  cviii  dclccl  llw  iiiitidii  Id  wliicli  tin  if  ciKiiiy  In  1iiiil!,iiI.  ' 
"I  iiiiMTVcd."  si\s  Ddliri/lidll'i  r.  "Iliiil  iiliiiosl  nil  llii'  \lii|idii(-<  (of  I';ii;i'j,ii;i\  )  liiid 
ld;ick  liiit  r.itlicr  Miiidl  cvrs :  yd  liny  ■<ci'  timrc  aculcly  witli  lliciii  tliiiii  w  c  dd 
willi  diir  l.ir^i'  diic-.  liciiii;  ahlr  clrMily  In  di>tiiiL;ui>li  •.iicli  iiiiiiiilr  mid  divtMnt 
dlijccts  ;is  ',\dllK!  cMMiic  (he  ,\v  „{'  (he  ninsl  (|llick^ii;-lll('il  Kuro|)(;iil."|-  '{"lie 
>iiitiii!nr  alismrr  nf  jiliysical  di|(ii,iiily  has  hiiii  iidlicid  liv  all  trMVclirrs.  Such 
delects  as  arise  in  chiidiiddtl  air.  Inr  dhvidus  irasniis.  |,  ss  likrl\-  td  hapniii  in  savaiif 
llian  in  civilisnl  li|V.  JJiil  ,n\  llii'  dihcr  iiand.  Ihe  varidiis  cdn'j.cnilal  dilVcts 
I  i-dhahly  dcciii'  in  an  r(|ual  r.ilid  in  lidlh  conditidns ;  liiit  il  is  \v(dl  knduii  that  ihc 
Indian-  drstniy  such  (d'  Ihrir  children  as  lahdr  unih  r  Ihesc  itiisjortunes.  on  ihe 
|iha  thai  thry  wdiild  hi  lielpli--.  and  dl'  cdurse  ili  j)indeni  inenihirs  df  tin' 
(•dtnni\inily.  'I'liis  kind  dj'  infanticide  is  ,an  alinn-l  iniiversal  n-a^c  anidh'j,-  llii' 
I'arhardns  Irihes.  whd  atlrihnle  |ili_\Mcal  dehirniily  to  the  udrkin-s  ,,['  an  evil 
sjunLand  children  of  delicate  and  nn|)rdniisiii;;-  cdiiMiliilidns  nl'len  Mijl'er  Ihe  >aine 
fall  . 

iidw  idle  i-  that  thcdry  wliieh  altrilmtis  td  Ihe.,.  pedple  h -s  haniine-  dl' 
Cdii-tiinlidn  tlian  h,  hm-s  id  the  Knrdpean  !  What,  in  Irnth.  can  excied  their 
endurance  df  ratiiiue.  df  hun-er.  df  Ihirsl  and  dl'  cdld  ?  \]y  ,1;,^  ^nl  hv  ni-ht.  in 
Minuuir  and  w  inter,  dver  nidunlain-.  and  thrdn^-li  river- and  I'dri'sts.  tiny  pur-ne 
lluir  determined  cdiir-i'.  whether  the  dhjeei  he  reveu-e  du  an  eneniv.  dr  I'ddd  Idr 
their  I'aniilies  at  hdine.  Il  has  heen  assumed  in  (  vidence  df  their  ueakne-s  that 
they  sunk  undi  r  IIk  laiiur  df  the  mine-  much  sdduir  than  eillur  l".urdpi  an-  dr 
Ne-rd(-;  hut  il  mii-t  he  hdrne  in  nnnd  that  the  Indian  i-  incapaide  df  -rrvitude. 
and  that  Ins  -|iiril  -unk  at  duce  in  captivity,  and  wilhil  his  phv-ical  ener'.;\  : 
while,  du  the  diher  hand,  the  iimre  |)liant  Nc^rd.  yielding-  td  his  fate,  and  accdui- 
nidilatin^  hinis.lf  (d  his  cinulitidU.  hdre  his  \nA\y,  hurliien  with  ciunparati\c  ea-e. 
Thu-  il  was  that  a  ludral  inllueiicc  destrdyed  tlunis.inds  df  Indians  in  lli-pauidla. 
until  till'  race  df  i-laiuhrs  hecame  extinct,  while  IIk  ir  fcllnw  lilidrcrs  li\<dand 
mulliplieil  in  dcli.ini'e  df  opprcssicui. 

Dr.  Udhert-du  iia-  hccn  at  -(unc  pains  In  prcivi  the  pliysical  infeiinriU  df  the 
American  Imlians;  and  yet.  in  a  Udle.  lie  (pir)tes  fidm  (iddin  anqdi  evidence 
tliat  the  -ci  niin-  weakness  df  these  penple  is  ndt  a  iialural  defect,  hut  the  mer.' 
result  i'i'  an  inacliv  lih  .  ••  The  Indians  in  warm  climates."  says  (.odin.  ••such  as 
thdse  dii  the  cdasis  df  the  Sdutli   Sea.   on   the    |{iver  df  Ama/dUs.  and   the  rivci 


•  "•ii.i.iii-N.  .'.ivliaMl,,-.  Am-r.  I.  ]•.  r,'i 


t  lil-l.  (if  ihr  AlupMli,.^,  II.  p.    1,3. 


"^w 


7  (J 


VAmi'/riKs  or  Tin:  ihman  sfkciks. 


Oriiincii.  MIT   not   til  ln'  ciMiipMrfd   for  slrciiijtli  with  llidsf  in  cdlil  cipiiiitrir'. :  and 

\(t     li(i;it>    (lllily    scl     (Mil     I'liiiu     |*;ir;i.    ii     I'm  tlliillc^c    scltlclllillt     nil     llir     Ifivcr    (if 

Aiiiii/.iiii"-.  Ii>  ;i^c( ml  lint  liver  aitniii"!  tli(  rapidity  nf  Ilir  >tiiaiii.  ami  with  tlir 
•^aiiir   i'i(  \\  they   |iiiici  til   li'  San    Palilo.  wliicli   is  ciirht    iiiindi'i'd    Icauiui  *  distant. 

Nil    Clrw    111'    \Nliilr    jiiii|ilc.  (ir  (Veil  III'    .N(  nl'iies.  \\  mild    lie    I'lilllld    e(|lial    td    siicli  a 

ta-k  dl'  peiseveiiiin  l:ilii;iie,  and  _\ (  I  llie  Indians.  In  ini;  aciMisImm  d  In  this  lalnir 
Iniin  llieir  infancy,  iierldi'in  it."*  Fidiii  these  and  ntlier  facts,  it  is  evident  that 
where  Ihe  Indian  can  he  stiimilaled  hy  aiiihitidii  (ir  the  lidjie  df  reward,  his  Imdily 
^treiii;tli  is  ( (|nal  In  irnal  and  |iiMliacted  exei'tidii. 

CaiitidUviK  vs  and  cniinin'j;  are  animiii  the  iiKist  pi'diniiienl  features  in  the 
(•haracl(  r  nf  these  penple.  A  studied  \ii;ilaiu'c  marks  every  aeliiui.  If  an  Indian 
s|iealvs.  it  i^  in  a  sjnw  and  studied  niaiiiK  r.  and  to  tivnid  ciiininiltini;'  himself  he 
dfleii  riMiits  til  nietaphmical  plirase'«  \vhi(  h  have  im  precise  nieaniiin'.  If  he  seeks 
.111  (111  ni_\.  il  is  thriiie.:li  unfniiiii  nted  |iiitli>.  in  the  dead  nf  niiihi.  and  with  every 
device  fur  ciiiiee.ilnii  III  .mil  -m|irise.  When  he  iiieels  his  vietini.  Ihe  same 
i!is|iiieti\e  II  eliii^  i:u\irns  ,d|  jiis  iiiiimiik  iils.  His  iiiiiti\i'  is  In  destniy  without 
heiiiti  i!r'-trii\eil.  and  he  nVaiU  himself  of  every  snliterfiiuc  that  can  prnlect  his 
iiwii  pi  I'sdii  while  he  silks  the  life  (f  his  anla.;oiiis|.  |t  is  hy  a  n  liiienieiit  of 
caiitiniis  eiiimiim'  that  tlii_\  have  sd  nfieii  cireiinivi  oled  l-",iirdpeaiis.  and  they 
pride  lliiiiis(|ves  dii  this  faeiiltv  ninre  than  on  any  oilier.  'I'liiis  aNn  vvIkm 
piMVckiil  they  can  mask  llieir  i  eseiitnieiit  iiiidei-  an  iini'iillled  evterinr :  Init  the 
mind  which  ihiis  ciniceals  its  eim. linns,  dev  ises  at  the  same  nidment  a  s|ee|)|e»s 
anil  lilnmlv  11  Venue.  Their  Very  piililiiiiss  is  a  part  of  their  calllillns|les^ ;  j'nr  in 
Cdiivi  I'satiiin  i\\r\  selilum  cniilrailicl  nr  deiiv  Ihe  remai  ks  that  ai'c  made  In  them. 
Sd  thai  a  siiaii^i  r  is  unalile  to  decide  win  tlier  they  are  jileascd  (ir  disphased. 
Cdiivineed  (ir  th(  contrary.  ■'The  niissidiiaiii  s  who  have  atleni|)l((l  to  convert 
them  to  t'hrisiiaiiily.  all  cdmpl.iin  nf  this  as  mie  nf  the  ureal  dilliciilties  nf  their 
missidii.  The  Indians  hear  with  |ialience  tin  tiiilhs  nf  the  iidsjiel  explained  to 
thrill,  and  i^ive  Uu  ir  usual  lukeiis  nf  assi^nt  and  approhation  :  lint  this  hy  no 
means  impli(s  eoiiv  ietioii — it  is  nieri.  civility. "f  For  Ihe  s;mie  reasun  an  Indian 
selddii,  expresses  himself  with  suiprise.  If  all  dhji  el  inlerests  him  on  account  of 
its  iidVilly.  Ill  shdvvs  his  malilicalion  in  a  few  suhdin  d  leinarl  -.  or  hy  a  sii.|iiiicant 
ill  stuie  :  hut  it  is  dillieiill  to  In  tray  him  into  eiithiisiasin.  Thai  tacitnrnily  which 
is  also   linked   with   llieir   caiitimisiK  ss.  is  lnstiM-cd   liv  all  their  iisa^es.      It  is  seen 


l!niii:.;r,i..x,  IliM.  (,|'  .\i;i'  r.  .\'   1  ■  .\',\'I. 


•  lli-l.  of  Aiiii  r.    Aimn.;  |i   77. 


4 


TIIK  AMKIMCAN  FAMILY. 


77 


even  in  llir  iiiarriiii'r  cricinonv,  wliicli  is  ,)!(( ii  ioylixs  and  even  niclaiu'lmlv,  as  if 
it  wcH'  rallicr  tiif  liarl)inu;tr  of  surrow  tlinn  ol'  happiness.  II  is  indrid  si-liloni 
llial  liicir  pastimes  exeile  eiitliusinsiii  or  liilaritv.  unless  llie  peiiornnis  are 
stimulated  hy  intuxiealini;  diink>  ;  in  wliieli  ease,  as  amonsi  more  civilised  men.  a 
tempiirary  madness  unmasks  llie  ilaikest  pas-.Miiis.  ;iiid  l!ie  iiatural  reserve  of  the 
Indian  y;ives  jdaee  to  exti'avat;aut  mirlli  ami  hrutal  I.  rueity. 

Tliis  iter|)elual  vinilaiiee  has  led  nouw  autlmrs  tn  charge  the  Imli.in  vvitli 
eowaniice  :  hut  he  is  laui;ht  IVdui  chil(lhi:'i(i  to  v^^i^ider  a  successful  stratiigeni 
niiip'  hnnoralile  than  ii|)en  victurv  ;  and  it  has  heen  ld>^e^ved  hy  an  intelligent  writer, 
that  amimg  the  N'nrtii  American  Indians  generally,  flight  in  haltle  is  nut  considered 
dhgracel'ul  where  tiie  numlier  up  the  resistan''e  of  an  enemy  is  greater  than  had 
hee'i  aiili(ipal<(l.  Ketreat  under  these  eircumslmici  s  is  n  principle  of  their  tactics; 
and  they  renew  the  eomhul  wilhout  humiliation  win  u  fortune  jiromises  hetter 
chances  nf  siieeess.  'I'jie  couragi  of  tin-  Indian  is  evident  in  ins  de^pc  pate  re-isl- 
aiiei'  ti'  superior  for<'e  ;  iiy  his  choice  ol'  dialh  to  capituialion.  even  when  he  has 
every  guaranty  of  perMinal  sniVty  ;  ami  hy  that  unshrinking  tirmness  with  whicli 
he  sees  ;md  I'eels  the  approach  of  death  under  the  most  cruel  lornu'iits.  To  he 
wiiole  days  and  niiihts  fastened  to  a  slake  and  siilije(ii(i  to  incessant  hut  uradual 
mutil.ilion — to  siis(,ijn  this  liiiui  of  niisery  with  fortitude  and  even  v\ith  cheerful- 
ness, and  finally  In  sink  into  death  w  ithoul  losin<r  for  a  moment  this  indomitahle 
self-possessicm.  are  surely  sullieient  proofs  i>\'  the  eourai;e  of  the  Indian.  The 
stiiieism  wiili  which  he  heals  e\ery  \,ui(ty  of  li(idil_\  siith  rim;-  js  so  e\tra(U'(linary. 
that  I'lloa  and  others  have  attempted  to  cNplaiu  it  on  the  i;round  that  the  .\nieri- 
caiis  iiave  a  coarser,  stronger  and  le^s  sensitiv<'  or,iani*alion  than  any  other  race. 
This.  ho\ve\(r.  is  ii  mere  posiulale  which  has  im  foundatiiui  in  fact,  and  might  be 
applied  with  ('(pial  piausijiihly  to  the  primitive  martyrs:  imr  need  we  look  lieyond 
the  inllui'iice  of  a  ruling  pa-<siiiii  fur  a  lull  explanation  nf  llie  |ilien(uuenon.  All 
an  Indian's  hnpe  (if  lilniy.all  his  ehanci'  nf  dislinet  ion.  depend  on  his  aliility  to 
endure  i)ri\atioii.  He  goes  iialf  eiollied  lo  the  cha-e  in  the  ileplh  of  winter,  not 
hecause  he  is  insinsijij.-  to  eojii.  Jmi  hicause  he  chooses  to  appear  iudiU'erent  to  it. 
In  like  la.iniirr  .le  siisiaihs  iiiuiseli' aiuidsl  the  si micsI  agonies  tiiat  can  he  int1ict(d 
on  liuiuan  nalure.  Iiicaiise  In  slaink  I'riun  them  would  stamp  him  with  cowardice 
and  infamy.  Willi  many  triln  s  this  priiu'iide  is  eanied  so  far  thai  parents  torture 
their  children  to  lest  tin  ir  silf.pnssi  ssioii :  nor  are  they  enrolled  lu;  (he  list  df 
warriors  until  they  can  sustain  the  ordeal  wilhout  complaint.  Let  it  not  ln' 
Ihoughl.  ho\\(\ir.  that  the  Indian  courts  pri\alinii:  on  the  cnnlrary  no  nne  can 
dislike  it  m  ir.-.  His  niluial  indnhiiee  is  opposrd  to  it.  and  he  has  moreover  the 
20 


•""'m 


78 


VAUirriKs  oi'  Tin:  iii  man  s;'r,(  ii;s. 


«aint'  li'vr  111"  fxi-lcnci'  a»  ullur  men.  Hi-  \\  ill  i-cmu'I  Io  r>  i  r\  |)ii*>iilil('  (-niilrivniu'c 
to iiMiid  till'  ill-  dl'  lil'c.  Ixit  w iicii  llii  \  {'.ill  ii|iiiii  hiiM  III'  lii'iir-  llii  111  u illi  :i  III  I'liixiii 
thai  li;i>  Im'ciiiiic  a  ]iriivrili. 

As  a  rrsiill  1)1'  lialiitiial  iiiiliilriirr.  Ilir  liiiliaiis  air  i-i'tn:ii'kalil\  iiii|irn\ iiliiit. 
What  a  iiii^iiiiiary  uriti'l'  >a_\s  o|'  a  lew  iialinii-.  i>  a|i|ilic'al)li'  In  iiiali\.  aiitl  iiiiliril 
III  iiiii-l.  "'i'lii'V  livi'  i'i'('kli'S''i  III'  till'  |ia-t.  lilllr  rni'l"ii->  ali^iiil  llu'  |ii'r"-''iil.  and 
vrn  -I'ldmii  aiixiiiiis  almiil  thr  jiiliiii'."*  Winn  il;i  fidd  pinclit'-  iiini  hi'  cnin- 
nu'iici's  linildiii'j:  a  lint:  Init  -Innilii  llir  wcalliir  miI'Iiii  and  iiiNitc  In  |'i'|i>im'.  lie 
aliaiidmis  his  task  iinlil  ai;aiii  stiiniilalril  liy  iH'ctsNity.  And  so  it  i-.  with  hi-  ntin'r 
ihimcslic  ciinci  I  i».  Ili'  will  iil'Irii  sillier  with  waul  liilni'i'  he  i  niia^rs  in  thi' 
chasi':  and  a  -111  1  r»riil  liiiiitiii^  i  \|)i'diliiiii  is  rulluwcd  liy  a  piol raited  season  til' 
illdiiji  lu'r  and  ;;liltlii|i\  . 

Il  i-  ii-iial  I'l  eliar^r  llie  Indians  wiiii  liraclii  r\  :  Iml  in  nii>>l  ill^lalu'e^  it  will 
i<i'  I'liiind  that  llii'\  ha\r  mily  iilnilri!  llie  |ii  I'lidiniisiii -s  tlial  ha-  III  en  hea|ie(l 
upon  till  111  li_\  nlhi  r<..  'rill'  aniiaU  oj'  liuliiii  lii>lnry  are  aiiipli'  evideiiei'  of  llii- 
I'aii.  \  -V'-li  111  oj'  I  iiei'iiachmiiil  and  ojipii  s^imi  has  lniu  piactiscd  upon  llieni 
since  tin  lir-i  liiidinu;  id"  I'',iiinpi  ;iii- mi  llie  -Jkii'i  -  ol'  Anieiicii:  their  land-  have 
jieeii  -I  i/.i  (1  iiiioii  ihr  nio-l  ri'i\n|Mii-  pri  triici -.  and  tin  \  lia\e  had  no  redri—  at  the 
hand  III  till'  wliilr  man:  war-  liaNr  In  i  n  I'miiriili  d  aiiionu:  llu  in  Io  |>roeiii'e  tluir 
niiitiial  di -Il  iH'linii  :  and  when  lliey  have  hit  n  weakenid  hy  the  eipiiniet.  the 
eoninioii  i  iiriii_\  ha-  -lr]ipi  d  in  and  -.i  i/.i  d  upon  Ihiir  |io— i— imi-.  Thi  _\  have 
hern  laki  II  in  tin  ir  \illiij,r-.  or  inv.i^jid  mi  -hip  hoard.  Io  hr  -dd  into-laven  : 
and  in  lael  i'\i  ly  all  llial  ('iipiilil_\  eonid  devi-r  ha-  In  in  pnl  in  praeliet'  to  di  prive 
llu  ni  of  'ilnrly  and  life.  I-  il  -inpii-inii  that  a  |ii  oplr  llin-  op|ire--(d  -liniihl 
rrlaliate  nil  till  ir  nppi'i— III-  Or  -Ji.di  we  -1ij,inali-e  thi  i,.  a-  tit  aelieioii-  w  hi  ii 
they  iiaif  reeeivt  il  -o  niui'h  lrraehrr\  at  our  hand- ' 

A  -Ironu;  I'l  i  liiej;  of  Liralitudr  i  pro\(  rhially  an  Indian  trail,  (ieiieral  llarri-mi. 
who  h;i-  h:ui  iinipie  oci'ii-ion  Io  -IT  ;inil  know  ihe  Indian-,  oh-eivr-  that  one  oj'  llu- 
!iiiL:!ili  -I  part-  of  tin  ir  ehara.'ti  r  i-  (heir  lii'ili  regard  for  the  tddi;:ation-  ol'  frit  nd- 
.sliip.  "A  jileduf  of  Ihi-  kiiiti  ont'f  i^iviii  h\  111  Indian  ot'  an_\  eliaiacti  r.  Intoine- 
tlie  i'uliii'.i-  pa— ion  of  hi-  -oiil.  In  whifli  r\ir_\  ollii  r  i-  made  to  _\  i<  hi."  Il  i-  not. 
howevt  r.  to  III-  dinirtl  that  tiny  are  iiiifii  linn  h\  nature  and  erin  1  hy  rdueatimi. 
To  -pill  the  I  looil  of  ,111  mi  ni_\.  to  toriurt-  him  to  diMth  li_\  -low  dt'j;rti-.  i-  the 
siiprenie  |di  a-iire  of  ih.'  Ameriean  -avaiLi'-  He  wriak-  iii-  veiinianee  with  i'i|ii;i| 
I'liry  on  all  the  kindred  of  iii>   advi  r-ary.      Old  aL^r.  the   Inijile— in-s  td'  infancy  or 

*  Diiiiio/a'ii  I  Kii,  AI]i|Hiiiis,  II.  \>.  ''. 


'-«f5 


'nil;    AMKIMCAN    FAMILY. 


7n 


llif  cliiinii-  III'  vciiilh.  liiiM'  III)  |)ii\\i  i-  III  cluck  liis  (!( s|r.,viii;i  spiiil.  lli>  i-.  in 
tnilli.  :i  ilriiiiiiii.ic  lovr  of  sjiuicrlitcr  wliii'li  (lillLflih  in  till'  slii'ii  k  III'  llic  VMiiiiiili'd 
mill  till'  ui'iiaii  III'  llir  ilxiiii;'.  Itivrni^c  is  Iii>  niliiii;  |i:i>viiin.  iiiiil  il  is  llir  lii'sl 
liNviii  a  I'iilliir  iiicnicili  s  in  iiis  ciiiiii.  To  ^;ialirv  it  lir  clu'ri  Inll)  iniils  vwry 
(lilliriiily.  ami  iiu'iiunliis  cvrry  dannir:  fur  In  llir  tyr  nf  llic  Indian  no  liiii>iir(' 
i<>  I'ljiial  In  I  III  scalp  iil'  an  cniiiiy.  Mr  ciuiNlaiilly  I'l  llicis  nn  the  ini|)i'i'ssiiin  uhicli 
Ills  coiiiliicl  will  niakr  III!  a  I'liniil  or  an  iiicniy  :  lir  ^liidic^  In  Mii|ii'isc  llic  one 
and  ciinl'oiiiid  llic  nllicr:  and  uliiii  m  illici'  is  hcl'iu'c  liiin.  lie  imauincs  llic  |ii'c«ciicc 
iirdc|iarlcd  sjijiiis.  wlm  walidi  lii>  aciinns  and  rccmiiil  IIkiii  in  llic  nllnr  world. 

'rravidici's  diU'cr  nn  llic  i|iic>liiiii  nj'  Imliaii  lioNpilalily.  'I'luy  ci  ilainly 
|)ossi  >s  "Ills  Irail  in  a  iiiiiilcd  dci;rcc,  and  ipialiry  il  willi  riscrxc  il'  not  willi 
rciiictiiiici .  Lewis  and  Clark  aver  llial  alter  cnissiiiii  and  ricins>in'z  tlic  miilinin' 
III'  America,  and  iiiccliii'^  nf  cmirse  willi  iiiaii\  nalinns  nf  Indians.  Ilicy  were  never 
scn^ilde  nf  liaviii'.:;  recei\ei!  a  really   lin>.|iita!ile  rcce|ilinii  I'ldin  more  llian  nni    Irilic. 

,inil  thai    \\a>  tlie  I'linpliniii^ll.  nr  Nc/.-pcrce^.  '        Il   ^limild    lie  Iccnilecli  d.  linW(  vcr. 

Ilial  llie\  I'l  II 1 1  id  SI  line  III'  lliiM'  nali'||l^  in  waiil  n|  rnnd :  w  Idle  in  nliier  iiislaiu  e<  llic 
prii\  vliial  rapacily  nf  llie  wliile  man.  and  a  ^ii^picinii  nf  the  ninli\cN  nf  ('apt  liii 
Lc\v'>'*  parly,  sliiil  mil  llie  kiiidliei-  lei  iiici*  wliicli.  fur  lln  ninst  part,  cliaractii  i>e 
the  Miisiiplijslicaled  Indian. 

C'll^l■tllll^lle^•«  I'l  iiii>  lull  a  iiiiiiiir  eleinenl  in  llic  cliiraeler  i>\'  llie  Indian  :  we 
liavc  iili^irved  llial  lie  is  v|i|M|||arl  v  cnnti  :it  w  illi  the  ^ii|ipl\  nf  prcsenl  need,  and 
ihal  liis  iiiiiid  i>  seldnin  liara^Mil  with  llie  idea  nf  fiiliire  want.  Iiecra\i>nnt 
llic  limine  iinr  the  land  nf  liis  Iici'^lilinr.  ami  ^linws  an  entire  apathy  In  llinse 
pnssessiiiiis  which  arc  iiukI  prized  in  civili^'d  cmiininnilics.  Ilciice  il  is  that  Hk 
tiininli  nf  Alcvicii  and  I'eiM.  thnu^h  nftcii  iinniensely  rich  in  the  precimis  ii,etals. 
were  iic\cr  lli^lllrl)e(l  hy  the  native  inhaliilanls.  It  rciiiaiind  I'm'  slraimer^  In 
conmiil  this  act  nf  sacrileitc  Mnch  nf  thi-  iiidill'creiicc  tn  prnpeily.  hnwevi  r. 
may  he  aM'rilied  In  it^  uiiceitain  leiinrc.  Amniiii  mii>l  trilies  their  daily  wanl> 
arc  Mipplied  h\  mutual  c\ertiiiii.  and  the  l'ruil>  nf  llie  chase  arc  divided  ainmii; 
llic  many.  If  a  man  dies,  every  niic  m  i/.'s  what  he  wants  frnm  aiiinnn'  the 
prnpirty  ii\'  Ihc  ilree;iMd  :  and  hi«.  wife  ;iiid  idiildreii  receive  nnlliiiii:-.  and  ai'c  left 
tn  he-ill  the  wnrld  aiiew  fnr  themselves,  with  the  certainly  that  wlialc\cr  their 
industry  nr  unnd  fiirluiie  may  aci|uire.  w ill  be  suhjcct  In  the  san\e  prcilacions 
vinlelice  at   their  death. 

Il  lnu^l  in  truth  he  cniil'cssi  d  that  llie  Indian  is  Ica-I  In  he  admired  at  Imme  ; 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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ri>^ 


80 


VAIJliyriES  OF  THE  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


for  ill  liiin  tlic  (loin(>ilii'  virtues  mv  Imt  ji.irtiiilly  cxpaiuli'il.  War  and  tlic  cliase. 
nil  till'  nllicf  li;inil.  (mII  Inrlii  ali  liis  ciu'rijirs.  Iluiii^cr,  ratiiiiii-  and  toil,  arc 
(■ii('oiiiit(  rrd  willimit  a  iiuirinnr.  and  (lie  mind,  ijdadcd  on  liy  llic  powcrlul  impulse 
111'  amijitiiin  iir  rcvcnuf.  liecomcs  untirinij  and  indiiniitahlc.  Tlic  rniiincss  iif 
purpose,  its  attendant  privations,  and  tlie  final  contest  \vitli  a  c(iura,u;eous  adversary, 
u;ive  a  seductive  exaltation  to  the  character  of  the  American  savaije.  lie  returns 
to  his  home,  he  is  tjreeted  liy  the  applaudiiiii;  shouts  of  his  countrymen,  and  the 
l)l()ody  ilei'ds  of  a  crafty  and  destroying  spirit  are  recounted,  even  in  civilised 
coiiiniiiiiities.  as  acts  of  heroism  and  greatness.  Mow  transient  is  this  sceniini? 
|j;lory  !  Tiie  exciteiiu  lit  of  the  moineiit  has  passed  away,  and  where  is  the 
warrior  inuv  '  For  him  ilomestic  life  has  no  charms,  and  traii(|uillity  resolves 
itself  into  tile  nio>t  urovellinu;  pastimes.  Mehold  him  lounging  under  the  shade 
of  a  tree,  tlie  victim  of  apathy  and  sloth,  too  vain  to  cultivate  his  fii  Ids.  or  to 
raise  a  hand  for  his  ii\mi  support.  Mliile  he  looks  with  complacency  on  the  foils  of 
a  nioiiier.  m  \vife.  or  a  daughter,  whom  the  harharous  iisai^es  of  Indian  thraldom 
iiave  eiiiidemned  to  perpetual  slavery.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  servitude 
carried,  that  mothers  imt  unfreipiently  destroy  their  lemale  children,  alleniuji  as  a 
reasdii  tiial  it  is  lietler  they  siiouid  die  than  live  to  lead  a  life  so  miserable  as  that 
to  \\hiili  they  are  dnoiiied  ;*  \\hili'  imonn'  some  tribes  ijrief  and  jealousy  drive  the 
\voiiiru  to  'lieide.t  The  Indian  is  habitually  cold  in  bis  manner  to  the  gentler 
sex.  and  sterii  to  iiis  (diildreii.  eon->ideriiii;  it  unmanly  to  >liow  much  tenderness  to 
eitiier.  This  exterior  reserve,  however,  is  by  no  means  iiidicatixc  of  their  real 
eiiaraeter :  for  after  all  tiiat  has  been  said  to  the  cmitrary.  tlioe  jieojile  are  not 
niiiarkable  for  the  purity  of  their  morals.  The  very  reverse,  indeed,  is  true:  for 
will  II  tiiey  throw  oil'  the  mask  of  reserve  which  they  habitually  assume  in  the 
presence  (if  strangers,  tliey  are  oiiMived  to  be  as  niiudi  depraved  by  vice  and 
sensuality  as  most  ntlier  liarbaroiis  nations.:]: 

'i'iie  Aiuerieans  are.  jieiliaps.  less  swayed  by  superstitious  fears  than  most 
other  savages;  and  their  religion,  if  it  merits  the  name,  is  more  remarkalile  for  its 
povi  ity  than  its  grossmss.  It  is  eliielly  a  simple  theism  which  acknowledges  a 
good  and  an  e\il  spirit  :  the  former  of  course  exerting  a   benign   inllueiiee  on  the 


'  liii  \iim  r.v.  'I'rav.  in  Aiini.  p.  s'l.  —  I)kim:n>'.  \nv.  A  la  T'rrr   I'lrinr,  I.  p.  :j(i.'. 

*  K  r.ATiNc.  K.\|H-'I.  l.i  ilir  Si.  r.irix,  I.  |i,  J  j7,  :;  i-,. 

'  Sri-  MitAiiiiniv.  Tiav.  in  Aimr.  \<.  :'<'.  1  I'',  111,  .7w.  rr/.  —  Kr.  \tin(;,  jlxpiil.  I,  p.  Jjl. —  I)e 
A/MM,ll.p.  1 1 'i.  — l,i;\M-  and  Ci.akk,  Mxpril.  I,  [i,  l(l.j,  r,M;  II,  p.  1  :i  1.— .Mm  m  hki,  .Mis.muils  of 
I'ar  iL'n;i\ ,  p.  .';». 


THE  AMEUICAN  FA.MILY. 


81 


(li'stinics  (if  men,  wliilc  the  latter  is  lodkcd  iijioii  as  the  aiitluir  <i[  all  tlicir  misfor- 
tiiiics.  Vi't  (here  is.  tor  the  iiiosl  j)ar(.  no  rcniilaiily  in  tlic  lime  or  manner  ol' 
their  worship,  which  appears  to  he  the  nure  result  of  occasion  or  impulse.  The 
Iiulian  hears  (iod  in  the  winds,  and  in  the  cataract,  and  acknowledges  his  presence 
in  all  tiie  phenomena  of  (he  elements;  yet  these  are  always  attrihuled  to  the  same 
spirit,  and  not.  as  with  most  harbarous  people,  to  a  multiplicity  of  spiritual  aj^ents. 
Au;ain,  the  Americans  are  little  prom;  to  idolatry;  for  it  is  rare  to  find  any  com- 
munity amoni;  them  l)aying  homai^e  to  an  image  of  their  own  making.  So  far  as 
inquiry  has  heen  extended  to  tliis  suhjecl,  it  appears  that  all  the  Anu'rican  nations 
believe  in  the  immortality  of  (he  soul,  which  is  to  enjoy  in  a  future  state  t!ie  most 
exciting  (emporal  pleasures  witiiout  fatigue  or  alloy :  of  these  pastimes  hunting 
and  (ishing  are  the  most  esteeuuil,  and  hence  the  implements  used  in  both  are 
buried  with  tlie  dead. 

The  Indians  have  an  extraord'uary  veneradon  for  their  dead,  wiiieh  some- 
times induces  them,  on  removing  from  one  section  nf  tlie  country  to  another,  (o 
disinter  the  remains  of  tluir  deceased  relatives,  and  bear  them  to  (he  new  home 
of  tlie  (libe.  lleck( wcliler  says,  that  when  at  Uethlehi  in.  in  Pennsylvania,  about 
tile  midiile  of  (he  last  century,  he  smv  a  removing  party  of  the  Nanticokes  pass 
through  (hat  town,  loaded  with  (lie  bones  of  (heir  dead  friends,  some  of  which 
were  in  so  recent  a  stale  as  (o  (ain(  (he  ;.ir  as  (hey  passed.* 

The  iidelleedial  faciiKies  of  (his  great  family  appear  to  be  of  a  decidedly 
iiifeii(U'  cast  when  comiiared  wi(h  (liose  of  (lie  Caucasian  or  IVIongolian  races. 
Thev  are  no(  only  averse  (o  (lie  res(rain(s  of  educalion.  but  for  the  most  part 
incapable  nf  a  continued  process  of  reasoning  on  abstract  subjects.  Their  minds 
seize  witli  avidity  on  simple  truths.  Nvhile  they  a(  once  reject  whadver  requires 
inves(iga(ioii  and  analysis.  Their  proximily.  for  more  than  (wo  cendiries.  (o 
European  iiisddidons.  has  made  scarcely  any  ap|)reciable  change  in  (heir  mode  of 
(hinking  or  (heir  iiiaiiner  of  life  ;  and  as  lo  tlieir  own  social  condition,  they  are 
proiiahly  in  most  respicts  what  (hey  were  a(  (lie  priiiiidve  ejiocli  of  (heir  existence. 
They  have  made  few  or  no  iinprovements  in  building  their  houses  or  tlieir  boats; 
(heir  inveiidve  and  imi(a(ivt  faeiiKies  apjiear  (o  be  of  a  very  humble  grade,  nor 
have  they  tlie  smallesi  jiredileclion  for  (he  ar(s  or  sciences.  The  long  annals  of 
missionary  lalior  and  privafe  henefacdon  hesdiwcd  npon  (hem.  oiler  !iu(  very  few 
excepdons  (o  the  preceding  s(a(einent.  which,  on  (he  contrary,  is  sustained  liy  (he 
combined  testimony  of  almost  all  practical  observers.     Even  in  cases  where  they 


:;i 


\arr.  \h  7(i. 


21 


S'i 


VAKIKTIKS  or  TIIH  HUMAN  Sl'EClHS. 


have  ri'ci'ivcd  an  aiuiiK'  cilucaliDii.  and  liavc  rcniaincil  for  many  years  in  (.'iviliscil 
sooitl}.  they  ln^c  nunc  o(  (litir  innaU'  love  ol'  tlicir  own  natiimal  u»at;i's.  \\i\icli 
tliry  liavr  almost  invarial)ly  ri'siimcd  wiicn  cliancc  lias  Icfl  (iuin  to  clinosi;  i'or 
thcnistlvi'S.  Snoh  has  hvvw  the  (xpi  ritni'f  of  llic  Spanish  anil  Portuguese 
missionaries  in  South  Anieriea.  and  of  the  Kni;'iisii  and  tiieir  descendants  in  the 
northern  portion  of  the  rontinenl.* 

However  nnieli  tiie  lienevoient  mind  may  regret  tlie  inaj)titude  of  the  Indian 
for  civilisation.  Die  allirmative  of  this  ([uestion  seems  to  he  estahlished  lieyond  a 
douht.  His  moral  anti  piiysieal  nature  ai'c  alike  adapted  to  his  position  among 
the  races  of  nun.  and  it  is  as  reasonalile  to  expect  the  one  to  he  clianged  as  the 
other.  The  strnctui'i'  of  his  mind  appears  to  he  diU'erent  from  that  of  the  white 
man.  nor  can  the  two  harmonise  in  tiieir  social  relations  except  on  the  most 
limited  scale.  Every  one  kno\\s.  however,  ihat  the  mind  expands  hy  culture  ; 
nor  can  we  yet  tell  how  nt  ar  tiie  Indian  would  approach  the  Caucasian  after 
(Hiucation  had  heen  bestoweil  on  a  single  family  through  several  successive 
i;en(  rat  ions. t 

*  Tliosi'  d;sliii:;iusliiMl  iravellovs.  Sjnx  ami  Voii  Martins,  iin'iiliciii  llial  an  Imliaii  m  the  (.'ornaclns 
iiibe  111'  lirazil,  was  l.rou^hl  up  iii  iIh'  ailjaiaail  l!urii|ii'an  (mIdiiv.  ami  so  far  iilmal'il  that  lir  \va.> 
ori|aiiii''l  jirirsl,  ami  rrad  mass:  "Imt  all  al  niirr  li''  roiinuiic-ril  lll^  m-w  pidlr^Miai,  llireu- asidr  li;s 
liabil.  and  ll''il  nakril  uilo  lln'  w.mils  (o  hi-,  nlil  \,  a\  m'  lil'r." —  Trar.  in  liriizil.  II.  p.  J  IJ. 

My  iVii'ud  Dr.  Casanuva,  win)  lias  n'^iilrd  s.'Via'al  yi  ars  ni  Chili,  infcirnis  nir  dial  inslanrrs  like 
ilk)  pri'crdiiiL.'  are  nni  iiiiln'i|iii'nl  in  ihal  rnniiliy.  cvrii  whi'ii  Ihr  Indian-'  have  Ikiii  takiii  al  a  vury 
toiiJcr  aur.  and  cvrry  iiulucoiiu'nt  lias  liccu  laid  unl  in  ciiiisl  ilnir  I'lrlinus  in  I'avor  nl'  li\  ni--rd  liu-. 

"At  an  i.-arly  prrind  cil"  tlio  ixisi.-m.'i' ul'  Harvard  I'nlvi'rsily,"  says  Dr.  Warnn,  -iiiir  [iiiiii> 
anrc'-l'irs  plan'd  ilirru  a  nilinhrr  u|'  \,iiinu'  Indi.iiis.  'I'licsi'.  ai'lcr  a  ^hnil  irrni  nl' siiidy,  iinil'iiriuly 
disapprari'd,  and  I  hi  hi'V(.'  lli'-  nanii- nl'  Cahh  Clin's-cliaiuiinrk  slaiids  nil  iIh-  nilliL'r  calalnL-'iii'.  a 
.solil.'iry  iiislani'i'  nf  a  nalivi-  iTuMil.irly  L;radnah'd.  —  .'\  ri'ri-nt  i-xani|ili'  nl'  tin'  dilliciilly  nf  rcdiu'ln^'  llii- 
yolliiL'  savau'i'  to  llii-  lialuts  ol'  ri\jh-.i'd  111'',  is  wrll  knnwii  iii  tins  viriinly.  Tin-  u'livia-iiini-iil  nl'  llir 
I'niliil  Slalrs,  al'lrr  tin;  lati'  Indian  war.  plarrd  llio  son  nl'  llii-  Prnplirl  'I'l  rinnsili  al  ihr  \Vi  si  I'mni 
■slalili--liinrnl  ol'i'adrls.  'I'lr  yoiiiiL;  man  ciMildnnid  at  llisi  Willi  appairnt  i-isr  in  ilir  slrirt  disripliiu' 
1 1'  the  instil  III  11  111 ;  hill  oil  till  ir  visit  111  llii-.  plan-  in  ISJI.  Iir  availed  liiiiisrll'  uj'aii  oppnrtiinity  to  ipiit 
llieili.  and  has  iml,  I  helievr.  siiiee  rrjuined  the  corp^."' 

The  Mohawk"  warrior  'J'li'n/eii(liin"iirii,  mure  I'amih.ir  hy  the  naiiie  nl'  Brant,  rreeived  a  Cluislian 
ediie.iimii,  and  even  jollied  In  ihi-  Chrisiiaii  ooimnnninii ;  y'l  lie  was  readily  indii.-.d  hy  the  Hritisli 
:;ovi'riiiiient  In  nsiimi'  his  s.iva.'e  propensilies  .iLMinst  the  .\inerieaii  enlome's,  and  heeaine  one  nl'  the 
most  hiiinily  and  remorseli-ss  deslrnyrrs  in  llie  annals  nl'  Indian  warliiro. 

■f  ••  Variety  of  powers  in  llie  varinus  raees,'"  uh.serves   Mr.  I,amenee,  '•oin'ros|iiiiids  to   the  dill'er- 


•  ('.imjiiir.itivi'  \'ii  w  nt'  tin-  Si-nsnri.ij  .Sv>trni-;   in   M-'ii  .mil   .\niiii;vls.  p.  [I'l. — I  niiiy  .iiiii,  lli.a  Ilr.  W  urn  n  ilin'S  nol 
Huppnse    llir    Illill.llis   llii-iili.itili-   ol'   .lU.iiiitiii;    tin-    si  l.-ju'C!,    iiiiil    urts  ;    hut    lli.il   tin-    ri  .isnil  ill'    llii  ir   ll.iviil;^r   ni.lili'    siiliui|. 

priijrre.^s,  is  to  In-  trai-tii  in  iiijiiiiiia-us  .iiul  iiiiiilniintlii  iiii'.in-i  ul  iiistrui'ii'iii. 


1 


TIIK  TOLTHCAN  FAMILY. 


83 


Oncol"  the  iiiDsl  rciiiaikablc  iiitcllccliiiil  (Ict'ccls  oC  the  Indians  is  -a  great 
(iiiVicully  ill  (■oiiipriluiuling  any  tiling  liial  In  longs  t"  iinnKrical  relations.  I 
never  saw  a  single  man  wiio  niiglil  not  lie  made  to  say  that  he  was  ( ighteen  or 
sixty  years  of  age."*  Wafer  niaile  tiie  same  remark  in  reference  to  the  Indians 
of  Darieii ;  and  Mr.  Scho(deral't,  the  United  States  Indian  Agent,  assures  me  that 
this  deficiency  is  a  cause  of  most  of  tiie  inisunderslandings  in  respect  to  treaties 
entered  into  helweeii  our  government  and  the  native  tribes.  The  latter  sell  their 
lands  for  a  sum  of  money  \vitliont  having  any  conception  of  the  amount,  so  that 
if  it  he  a  thousand  dollars  or  a  million  few  of  them  comprehend  the'  dill'erenee 
until  the  treaty  is  signed  and  tiie  money  comes  to  he  divided.  Each  man  is  then 
for  the  first  time  aciiuainted  with  his  own  interest  in  the  transaction,  and  disap- 
pointment and  murmurs  invariably  ensue. 


n.  'I'lIK  ■J'OI.'I'KC  \\  KAMIl.V. 

In  this  griiii|)  are  embraced  the  civilisid  nations  of  Mexico.  Peru  ami  I?iig"'!i- 
extending  fnuii  the  Rio  (iila  in  the  thirty-third  degree  of  north  latitude,  along  tlie 
western  margin  of  the  continent  to  the  frontiers  of  Chili.  In  North  America, 
however,  the  peo|)le  of  this  fmiily  wvw  spread  from  ocean  to  ocean,  through  the 
l)ieseiil  iiitendeiicies  of  .Alexieo.  \vv.i  Cruz.  Puebla.  Daxaca,  (iualimalii.  Yucatan, 
Nicaragua.  See.  In  South  America,  on  the  contrary.  tlii>  family  chielly  occupied 
a  narrow  ^trij)  of  laud  lietsveeii  the  Amies  and  the  I'acitie  Ocean,  and  were  limittd 
on  the  south  by  the  gnat  (lescrt  df  Atacama.  Further  imi'th,  howi  \  ".  in  the 
present  republic  of  New  (innada.  lived  tlie  IJogotesi',  a  peii|)le  whose  civili-atioii. 
like  their  geographical  position,  was  inlerinediate  between  that  of  the  I'eruvians 
and  .Alexieaiis.  'I'his  division  of  the  'roltecan  family  had  long  held  their  imuintain 
empire  at  the  epoch  of  the  Spani>h  invasi(ui  and  comiuest.  and  were  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  barbarous  and  uncongenial  tribes. 


i.'iici's  liolh  111  kind  iiiiil  ilri.'ivr.  which  i'h;ii-a(:lfri>''  Ihc  iiiil!\  uhials  iil'  each  race  :  iiiilcnl.  Id  the  iiciicrai 
■haraclcr  nt'all  iialiirc,  in  winch  uinforniiiv  is  iiiosl  carcl'iilly  avoiilcd.  't'li  expect  that  the  Ann  iiciiis 
an  he  raiMil  hy  any  cnllnre  to  an  ri|nal  hciLrhl  in  iiinrai  scntniienis  anil  inti  hccinal  eiicrt;y  witli 
I'"ini)|icans,  appcai-s  In  me  i[inle  as  niir<'as(iiialile  as  it  wonlil  ho  to  liojic  llial  the  hiili-do;;  may  cnual 
the  L'reylioniiil  in  speeil;  tliat  the  latter  in  ly  he  laichl  to  hunt  hy  scent  hlie  the  himiid;  or  that  the 
liiaslilV  may  rival  in  talents  ami  ac(|iiircmiaits  the  saL'acioiis  anil  docile  poodle."— /.»(7i/)tv  on  Z lolngi/, 
p.  -,01. — See  also  a  graiihic  vieu- of  this  (picstioii  in  Dr.  Caldueir.-.  Thoughts  :::■  the  I'liity  of  the 
Ililiiiau  Species,  p.  1  1.'. 

•  IlfMiioi.iiT,  in  l^awrence's  Led.  p.  .'Mi!). 


SI 


VAIMHTIKS  OF  'IMIi:  IILM AN  SrKC'lKS. 


Ill  n^-iiiiiiiiu;  llic  trio'^iiaphicnl  limits  of  (lie  'rditccaii  I'ainilv,  it  is  nut  to  lie 
>.lll)|lo^(■(l  (liat  liicv  alone  iiiliahitcd  tliis  cxiciulcd  rcu;ioii  ;  i'or  wliilc  siicctssivc 
iialioiis  of  tJKil  family  lulil  doniiiiioii  oyer  i|  for  tlioii-^aiuls  of  years,  other  and 
liariiaii  us  tiilies  vMre  eyery  uliere  ilisjieixd  tlii'oiiiili  the  coiiiiti'V.  and.  \yiietlier 
of  ihoiiniiial  or  exotie  origin,  may  liave  at  all  times  coiistituted  a  lari;c  |iait  of  the 
jiopiilatioii.  Diiriiii;  these  |)eriods  of  power  and  t;reatiiess.  mii  oi'nanised  feudal 
system  diyidid  the  nation  into  t\yo  i^reat  classes  of  iiohles  ,ind  pleheians ;  and 
there  ap|)ears  to  haye  heeii  as  mncli  ohjeetion  to  tile  anialLCamatioii  of  thes('  classes 
as  ever  ''xisted  in  an  aristocratic  state  of  JMirope,  'i'lie  adyeiit  of  the  S|)aniards 
dcsti'ov((l  all  distinctions  I)\  reducing  lioth  classes  to  ecinal  yassalau;e  :  and  three 
eentiiiies  of  shuery  and  opprc-si  in  on  the  part  of  tlie  S|)aniards.  haye  left  few 
lrac(s  of  Mexican  and  I'ernyian  eiyili>alioii.  exccptim;  what  \ye  ijlean  from  tlu'ir 
history  and  anti(|niti(  s.  'Tliese  milions  can  no  loiij;er  he  ideiitilied  in  existini; 
comniunilies ;  iinil  the  mixed  and  ninlley  people  who  no\y  lie;ir  those  names,  are 
as  nnlike  their  ane(^lnr'.  in  moral  and  intellectual  character,  as  the  dej;raded  Copts 
of  ICjrypt  are  nnlike  their  progenitors  of  the  ai;e  of  I'haraidi. 

As  it  will  he  a  jirincipal  ohjecl  in  tin'  .-ecpu  1  of  this  wurU  to  considi'r  the 
eharacler  of  tlie-e  nalinns  in  reference  to  their  cranial  remains,  we  shall  in  this 
place  inert  ly  remark  that  it  is  in  the  iiitellectnal  faculties  that  we  discoyer  the 
L^reat  ilill'erence  h(  Iwceii  the  'rolteean  and  American  families.  In  the  arts  and 
sciences  of  the  former  ^\('  s(  c  thi'  e\idences  of  an  adyanced  ci\  ilisation.  l''roni 
the  liio  (iija  in  C'alafnrnia.  to  tiie  sonllurn  extremity  of  Pern,  their  architectui'al 
remains  are  eyery  wiiere  encoiinti  red  to  Mii'prise  the  traveller  and  confound  the 
antiijiiary :  anions  these  ai'e  ]iyramids.  temides.  Lsrotloes.  has-reliefs  and  arahes(incs: 
wliile  their  roads,  aiiuedncts  and  fortilieations.  anil  the  --ites  i<(  their  niinini; 
operations,  snllieieiitly  attest  their  attainments  in  the  practical  arts  of  life.* 


•  II  will  I.'  .I'.vriril  i!i:ii  iliis  lainih-  is  iilmlical  wiili  llir  \ri'liiin;iii  s|i'Tirs  (II'iiiio  iic|iliiiMaiius) 
iif  .M.  H'ir\-  il.'  Si.  N'iiirinl.  1  caiiiiiil  aili>|il  lli.il  iIi'silmmIhhi.  ln'caii^.'  iIm'  liivs.licilioii  lo  u'hirli  it 
hrldiiL's  r'Mrrs  ili("-('  |ir(ii.|r  1(1  I  lie  M:il;iv  r'ii.'.     'Ilia  I  lliry  ;iir  lint  M.il.a  ■-  is  sill  iinri  Illy  (i|.\  i.nis  iVein 

till'  (llli'i  iiiin'  111  llii'ir  i'Ii;;i';m1.t  llinnil'linlll  ;    ;it    the    SIUIIC  lillir  llial  siilee  alialo^'il'S  liclWi'rll  lllf  sklllls 

(ifllie  Iwn  lares  will  lie  r'Ci.i:iii>ei|  I'imiii  IIh'  (li'si'|-i|iliciii  alrradj  u'ivrii.  ll  iiiiist  iiiiirenvci'  ln'  ijraiili'il, 
that  till  p' are  .sen ic  resnulilaiirrs  in  liinL'iiaL'e  wliirh  an'  vrr\-  iiileresiinj  ;  Imi  wliilr  these  preve  a 
rniiiiiiiiiiieali.iii  and  e\'  ii  ]  niiiarii.l  iiiliicnmse  lirtueeii  the  .\iiii  rieaiis  aii<l  Asiatics,  ihi'V  I'V  liu 
iiieaiis  I  sialilish  an  allilialien  el'  iialidiis.  Hut  ihr  iimsi  siriKiiiL.'  ihsere|iaiicy  hdwc  ri,  |ln'  .Malays  ami 
Ai:  '  III  aiis  is  SITU  ill  the  r vli ai inliiiai y  liailliral  hahils  el'  the  eiir  iieii|ili\  ami  ihe  illliT  destiliitiiiii  el' 
;.il  ii.ariiiiKi'  I  iit,.r|ifisi'  m  ihr  eihiT. 

Il  is  iMiriniis  1,1  nlisrrvi'  ihat  in  M.  Diiineiiliii's  ilassili,-aiMii.  his  elcvriiih,  nr  .//»(v/(V//i  sprrirs, 
whirh    I  li.hiacrs   iiiiist  111'  the   1  ail  aiiiiis  ml, is  el'  Sniiili  .\iiii  riia  last  el'  the  .Aiiiles.  is  salil  In  pesse.s.s 


Tin:  'I'OLTKCAN  FAMILY. 


85 


With  rt'spect  to  llii'  Aincrican  laiiu;iiiii;rs,  it  may  be  sunicicii)  in  lliis  placo  to 
observe  lliat  tluy  iircxiit  nseiiililaiiees  imt  less  reinaikalile  tliaii  lliose  we  have 
nolieiil  in  liie  j)b3>ieal  anil  nmial  traits  ol'  llicsc  peojije.  All  (be  nations  from 
Cape  Horn  to  IIk'  Arctic  sea.  bave  iansnaj;;es  wbieb  |)ossess  "a  distinct  eliaractcr 
common  to  all.  and  apparently  diirerinu;  from  tliove  of  the  otber  continent  witli 
vvbicb  we  are  ac(|nainled."*  'I'bis  aniloiry,  udds  |)r.  Wiseman,  is  not  of  an 
indefmite  kind,  but  consi>ls  Inr  (lie  most  part  in  peculiar  conjuttational  modes  of 
modifyini;'  tlie  verhs  by  the  insertion  of  syllables:  wlience  the  remark  of  Valer 
that  Ibis  wonderful  uniformity  o!)served  from  one  i  \trt  niity  of  America  to  the 
otber,  "favors  in  a  singular  manner  the  supposition  of  a  primitive  people,  which 
formed  the  common  stock  of  the  Anu  rican  indigenous  nations."! 

NiiTK.  —  Oil  Cirliiiii  Mi.rnI  h'lirrs  in  ,]/neric(i. — Tin'  v:irinus  liiMilcs  cil'  ainali'iiiiiiilidU  Ih'IwccU 
llic  whili'  ami  Ni'-ro  |i,i|>iiijiiiiii  ni  Aim'rir  i,  arr  i(ii>  \\-,-\\  kmiu-h  id  iv,|iiiri-  ■~|iri  ilirali.in  iii  iIik  plan'; 
liilt  lliia-c  aiv  Iwii  iiiImt  niixnl  races  wlihli.  I'nim  Ihmiil'  luiirh  nioir  parlial,  are  nm.-h  |,.-,.s  lamiliar : 
viz,  ihiiM'  u'hieli  ha\i'  nsiillc-il  U^m  iiileiiii  irriaL'es  hrtwrcM  llir  Kiiin|iiMiis  and  liidiaiH,  ami  beiwurii 

till'     IlllllaliS    alul     NrL'liies.       Ol'lllr    I'l  l>l     class    till'    iVullllil-    M'llirlililils    rvi'iy    wllrli'    pICMllt  Is.ilalrd 

i'\aiii|ili's;  hilt  at  San  I'aiil.i,  ill  l'arai,aia\  .  tlna-i'  is  an  nilirr  niiiiliumily  nt'  tlirsi'  |M,i]ile  uli.)  are 
kiirwe  by  llir  iiaim'  uj'  Miiiifluk,'..  'I'liiy  af  tin'  i>ir-.|ii  iiiL'  ni'  Imliaii  wuimai  li\-  iiini  i>l'  thr 
I'lirliijiirsr.  Diiidi,  l''rrni'li,  Italian.  Cininan  ami  Spanish  nalinns.  TJii'  lathm's  \vriv  uftni  ■niijau's, 
till' iiinihirs  the  \ia'y  ii'i'iisi' 111'  till'  Indian  Iriln's.  It  is  not  siii'|iiiMir.'.  ihei'i'iiiri'.  ih.ii  the  uhildi'i'ii  o( 
sii'ii  |iai'i'iils  .,hiiiild  liaM'  siir|iassrd  tlir  indi-cmins  sava^'es  ill  haihaiily  and  di'vaslaliuii.  'I'iicii' 
liuhiliial  ri|s|i>  11  was  In  attack  tlir  inissiuiiarj  slaliniis  ul  die  .hsinls,  ;nid  riihiT  desli'.iy  nr  raiTV  into 
liii[H'k'ss  slavery  all  till'  Indians  wlin  I'ell  inlu  dieir  hands.  Whole  disimis  were  thus  di'iiopnlalud, 
and  even  the  Spanish  eiiies  were  ivpe  ,leilly  allaeked  and  pillau'ed.  and  the  inhahilanls  rediieed  In 
slavery.  ••  It  is  asserted  th, it  in  one  hnmlred  and  thirty  years,  two  millions  nT  Indians  were  skim,  or 
I'arried  into  eapti\ily  l.y  die  .Maiiu'lnkes  of  lira/.il;  and  th.il  more  than  one  ihniisand  leau'iie'S  ol 
eoimlry,  as  I'lr  as  the  raer  .\inazon.  were  stripped  ol'  inliahilaiits.  I'edro  de  .\vill.i.  (lovernor  of 
Hilemis  Ayres.  declared  that  Indians  weri'  openly  sold,  in  Ins  sdht,  hy  die  mhahitanls  of  San  I'aiilo 
at  liio  .lanciro;  ,nid  thai  si\  hiindred  thoiismid  Indians  were  sold  in  ihis  town  alone  from  the  year 
liijs  III  111, '!)."■  Tlh  sc  aljocioiis  pr.ieiiccs  Were  at  1,1st  dniie  away  h\- the  severest  measures  on  llie 
pan  ol'  the  parent  l-o\  ,  rinnenls  of  Spain  and  I'oitii'jal.  hut  first  hy  a  vielory  LMiiied  over  these  lawdi.'ss 
lianditli  hy  the  conihined  tiili's  of  the  lliiarany  iialioii. 

.'Mlii'd  111  oriLiin  to  these  are  the  C'diiJ'inv!,  ol'  lira/.  I,  a  mmierons  coiiminiiity  with  luiiir  and  curled 


for  the  most  p:u'l  a  spliericd  head,  (lete  eeiu-i-aiemeiii  sp!icra|n  ',)  while  the  Cohiinbiini  sjiccivs  of  tlie 
.same  aiitlior,  einljr.icini.'  the  I'eiiivians  and  .MeMcans,  is  descrihed  with  ;iu  eloiiL'atcil  head,  (lete 
lilloiiLree.)  ll  is  only  necessary  In  compare  the  plates  ,ti  the  present  work  to  be  .satisfied  of  iIil- 
iiutccuracy  ol'  the  killer  observation.  —  /  Uh'  lliillctin  i/i  v  SciDiu-ea  I'/iir.  \l.  p.  ,'1,3. 

•  Cam. MIS.  in  .\iciia'olo.'.  Aimr.  II.  p.  ,'..  1  !,■';.  t  Wisk.m.vn,  Lectures,  p.  SO. 

t  Doiiitiziioi't'Kii,  .Vbipoiies,  I,  p.  liil.— .Mlu.m'uiii,  I'arau'uay  Missions,  ji.  5ij. 


86 


VAinrriKs  of  'I'lii:  ih.man  srKtiKs. 


Iiair,  i"-|i('ci:illy  lou;iriK  ihc  ihiI.'m  iiir;i  i  licluTrii  iln'  unol  dI'  lln-  Nru'in  miiiI  llh'  Ihiil;  slill' liiiii' oI 
llii'  Aiiirih  ,111."  This  llll^lly  iii^i'-'*  !■*  rdiiiliril  niii  1111111  llu'  hiail  Ml  ;is  lu  III'  lii'lwi'ii  lu  n  mill  iIuit 
I'lTl  III  ili;iiiiilri',  liKr  I  hill  I'l'  1 1 11'  I ';i  1 11  III-.  Ill   Ni'W  (liiinra." 

'I'lir  I11U--I  II  iii.iiiv:ililr  iiiiMuli'  111'  llir  liiiliali  .Hill  NruTn  lari^,  IN  pi  rliii|i-.'  iliat  iIi'm  riln  il  liy  Mr. 
Sli'Vi'liMili  a>  SI  I'll  liy  iniii  in  lln'  li'piililii'  nl  Culiiiiiliia.  "'I'lii'  iialiii's  ul'  Ksiiirralil  is,  lii<i  N'riilr  iiiiil 
Alacaiiit'-.,"  sa\  s  111',  "  air  all  /aiiilMis,  a|i|iarrnlly  a  iiiiMiiri'  of  Nr^jlurs  anil  liuliaiis  ;  iinirril  llir  ural 
Iriulilii'li  111' llii'ir  1111:4111  IS,  llial  a  slii|i  liavnm  Nr:;i.irs  nn  Imanl  ariivnl  mi  tlir  niasi,  ami  liaMiii,' 
miircli'rrii  a  iinal  niiiiiliir  ol'  llir  iiiair  Iiiillaiis,  kri'l  llnir  wiilnus  ai.'l  ilaii'jlili  is  ami  laul  llir  liiiiiiila- 
linii  of  llir  ini'siiii  rail'."  Ilr  lii^i  iiliis  ilir^'  f.^iiii  lalili'iiiis  as  -lall  ami  imiIht  slniili  t.  of  a  li:;lilisli 
lilarl;  i'"l'ir,  ililli'ii'iit  I'mii  llial  lalln!  ni;'|ii'r  iimu  ;  liavi  snfi  1  inly  liair,  larirr  r\  1  s.  imsi'  ralliri' ll.il. 
and  lllliiv  lips,  ims-,,  s-,!!!:;  Illolr  of  llir  Nil' 111  ill  111  llli'  lllillall."|-  Dr.  M 'Clllli  ill  lliirs  not  adllil!  llir 
assi.'rlni  Ni.'ro  oruili  ol  lliisr  |ii'o|i|i';  Imi  n  s,i  umrli  rrsrnililis  that  of  Ihr  Mark  Cli.inlis  of  S(. 
N'iiii'i'iil,  as  III  li'avr  lillli'  (loiilil  on  ihr  siiIijitI.  .Mr. '!'.  I!.  I'r  ilr.  who  was  Miinr  liim'  ainolii,'  llic 
KsinrraMi'iios.  has  a^Min  il  iiir  ihal  ^o  far  as  hjs  |irr^iiiial  oh^.  r\  .ilmii  ijor-,  lln  y  an'  a  ili'-nlril  iiiiMiirc 
of  .Ni'uM'o  ,iiiil  Imliaii  hlood.  Il  has  hrrn  ihoujlii  hy  soiiii'  ili.iiilii'si' arr  llii'  vrrv  "lilai-kaiU'iors " 
ili'srnhrd  hy  I'l irr  Maru  r  as  liaviir,'  hrrn  .smi  hy  lialhoa;'  a  iniiiil  wliirh,  al  lliis  ilisiaiin'  of  liiiir,  is 
not  rradily  ilrridrd. 

17.  Tin;  .m;i;u()  I'W.mii.v. 


Tin-  term  Klliiii|ii;iii  is  in  ('111111111111  use  to  ilrsi^iKitc  ilic  Nci^rii.  yet  \tr\ 
ini|iiiili(iiu  iiiiisiiiiicli  as  llic  iiaiiic  lltliinpin  \\;is  niiplii  il  hy  tlic  aiiciciils  not  on!) 
to  CI  rtiiiii  purls  nl'  (■aslciii  .M'lica.  iiicluiiiiii;-  Niiliia  ami  Aliyssjnia.  lint  also  tn 
"imitlnrn  India:  ami  il  \\as  inni'cdvri'  applii'd  to  any  ciniiilry  wluisc  inlial)ilaiit> 
wiTciiJa  very  ilaik  cnmpli  xinii.^,'  "'I'lic  (irccks."  says  Sir  William  .Iniics,  ••callt'il 
all  tlic  siiiillirni  iiatinns  111'  tin'  wnrlci  iiy  llir  ciimiiiiiii  ajijulialioii  nf  I'ltliinpiaii.s. 
thus  iisiii;;'  l''.liiiiip  ami  iiiiliaii  as  ciiincitilih'  lri'iiis."||  it  is  (il)\  inus,  thcnliirc. 
that  the  t(  rill  Kthinpian.  as  applied  hy  IJIiiiueiiiiach  ami  ntliers  to  tiie  Nenni 
iialimis  I'ollei'tively.  is  vaoiie  if  lint  iiiadiiiissijil  ■, 

The  yci^ro  Fdnii/i/.  in  the  present  instance,  emlnaces  all  tiie  |iriiper  Xenro 
nations  near  and  sdulli  of  Alnunl  .\llas  and  Ahyssiiiia  to  the  cmiiilry  inhahited  hy 
the  Callers  and  Ilotti  ntnts.  The  niiue  norlhern  trihes,  as  ue  have  already 
intimnted,  present  various  mi\iil  t'eatures  derived  t'roiu  their  proximilv  to  the 
Caucasian  nations  in  their  vicinity.      -'I'lie   people  of  Kl-\vah."  says  liiownc.  "are 

•SiMx  and  M,\BTirs, 'I'rav.  In  Hr.izil,  !,  p.  .3,M. 

tTrav.  ill  Soiilli  .Vimr.  II.  p.  JsT.  :  M'Cfi.i.oii,  IJi'si.inlirs,  p.  Jii. 

§  IJrssKi.i.,  .N'uhia  and  .Miy.ssiuia,  Intnnl.  p.  \'>.  —  IIkimifn,  .\iii',  .Nations  of  Afrira,  I,  p.  ijf),), — 
"  F'lliiopia,  tlioiii,di  a  v.ii.'iii' name,  was  apiilinl  lo  that  coiiniry  lying  hoyond  tlio  (,'atarai'ls,  which  in 
tlie  Scripllires  and  in  thr  M^'yiilian  laiiL'iiaL'O,  is  callrd  ('if./i." 

j!  Li;(iii.  .lour,  in  l^Lrypt,  p,  SU. 


{ 


1 


TIIK  XKGRO  FAMILY. 


87 


(|uil('  1)1'  E^yptiiiii  or  Arab  coniplfxioii  ami  rcatiiir.  and  iidtif  of  tliciii  hiack  :  sn 
thai  I  scarcely  conceived  niyself  (o  liavc  arrived  at  llic  coiiliiics  of  tlic  l)lai'k-<  lilt 
we  readied  tlie  lirst  iiihahited  parts  of  Darfoiir."*  In  like  manner  llie  l''oulali<. 
will  inlial)it  Die  Atlantic  coast  in  the  same  parallel  of  latitude,  are  of  a  hrown 
complexion,  with  loni^  hair  and  Enropean  features:  hut  these  (rihes  are  ohvinu.sly 
in  i)art  of  iSloorish  descent,  and  are  supjiosed  hy  some  to  he  the  Leueat'.iiopes  of 
I'tolemy.  .Many  nations  to  the  north  of  the  Mountains  of  the  .Moon,  however, 
together  with  nearly  all  thos('  south  of  them,  pi'eseiil  (lie  peculiar  features  \vliieli 
render  the  people  of  this  race  more  readily  identilled  than  those  of  any  otiier. 
These  characteristics,  \\hieh  have  been  already  adverted  to,  are  mi  uniformly 
bestowed,  that  amoui;'  the  thousands  of  Negroes  of  many  dilli  I'ent  nations  whom 
I  saw  in  the  \Ve>l  Indiis,  not  one  could  have  been  mi-taken  for  an  individual  of 
any  other  race. 

'I'lie  moral  and  intellectual  eharaeler  of  the  Africans  i-  \,  idely  dilVereut  in 
dillerent  nations.  'Piius  the  Makonas  ;ind  A-bimtics  have  continued  to  be  the 
nneompnunisiui;  enemies  of  the  Eun  pean  coloni-ts.  and  remain  to  tiiis  ilay 
uiiMibdued.  Tlu"  fiery  aiul  reveui^eful  Khoe  eontravt>  -.tidnolv  with  llie  docile 
native  of  Henu;uela.  The  Kroomen  of  the  western  eoa>t  are  an  infeliiijeut  and 
industrious  people,  while  many  of  the  tribes  of  the  N'ii;er  are  remarkably  stupid 
and  slothful.  Tiie  Mandinnoes  are  tractable  ami  hoiiol :  !)ut  tiie  Lueumi.  w  Im 
also  inhaliit  the  western  coast,  are  a  brave  and  imiepeudeut  people,  who  in  cap1i\ity 
will  even  resort  to  suieiile  to  avoid  pimisliment  or  disuraee.  The  Caravalli  trii)e 
is  remarkalile  for  eombiniui;-  industry  and  avarice:  and  it  is  observed  in  the  West 
Indies  that  tiiey  constitute  the  t;realer  proportion  of  the  free  Xetjroes  who  liecumu 
rich.  On  the  other  band,  all  tiie  tribes  of  Con!;o.  and  they  are  very  numerous, 
are  noted  for  iiulolence.  deception  and  falsehood.  The  Nejirues  are  proverliially 
fond  of  their  amusements,  in  which  tiuy  enn-aije  with  i^reat  exuberance  of  spirit: 
and  a  day  of  toil  is  with  llieni  no  bar  to  a  night  of  revelr\.1 

Like  most  other  barbarous  nations  their  instituti...  >  \'-c  nut  uufre(|uenlly 
characterised  by  superstition  ami  cruelty.  Tluy  appear  i  i  be  fond  of  warlike 
enter|)rises.  and  are  not  deficient  in  peis(nial  couiai',e:  but.  once  overeiMue.  tiiey 
yield  to  their  destiny. and  accommodate  themselves  with  aniazim;-  facility  to  every 
change  of  circumstance. 


'  Tniv.  in  Africa,  p.  lil'), 

t  Lamikh,  Trav.  lo  Suiiav  ul'  llie   NiLTi-.-l',,,,  mauh,  R.^raiclios,  \'ol.   1.— MeuuAv,  Trav.  iii 
U.  Stales. 


„^ 


ss 


vAiiii'/nr.s  01'  Tin:  in  man  simxiks. 


'I'lli-  \("j:rn(-<  ll.iM'  liUic  illM'iitiiill.  ImiI  vlldll;;-  |m\\(  l>  iiC  illlil:iliiill.  m)  lllllt 
tlirv  rr.ulil\  ;i('i|iiirr  llii'  iiii'cliiiiiic  iirl>.  'I'Ikv  Iiiim'  n  i^i'iiil  Inliiit  lor  niii"!!'.  .iiid 
;ill  tlirir  r\tilll;il  -i  nxs  ;\vc  I  ilil,ilk;il)l  V  iicillr. 

Willi  I'l  N|ii'('l  III  llirir  inlrlli  cliiiil  cliiir.iih  i'  llu  ii'  i>  iniicli  ili\i  r«ily  nl  ><|iini(iii: 
^iiMic  .iiitliiir-.  i^tiiii.ilr   il  ill  M  \'yy  \i>\\  ^ciilc  \\l)iNl  nllicis  insist  tl'it  llic  l;(  iiii  nj' 

llliiul     i>    ;iN    MI>Cr|ltili|r  111'   (•uiliVillinll     ill     llir     N'li::i'ii    il'^     111    llll'     CilUIM^iilll.       'I'llilt 

till  I'c  i-i  ciiii'-itirrii'iir  ilill'ciciu'r  ill  llii>  n'--iircl  ill  llir  (lill'cn  111  liilii'<  i^  |irillv 
UTiK  r;ill\  ailiiiilli  il:  Iml.  ii|>  Id  llu-  ini-'iiit  liiiir.  Ilic  iulv;iiil;ii;i>  of  rdiUMlinii  lime 
liii'ii    iii:ulr(|ii;iltly   Im-Iii\m'iI  iiii   tlic'iii.  iiiiii    iii^l.iiici'^  (if  Ml |iiri(ir    iiuiiliil    ikiwcin 

ll;i\c  Ik  I'M  111'  rNllTUu  l_\    I'lirr  (icciimiicc. 

N.i  IT.— 'I'lir   L'h'.il    ;iiilr|iiil',   ci|   ill,'    Ni_'r,i   r;ic'i'  ;i(liiiil<  cij'  In  i  i  |iir-|i.  .|i,  ;u  ■  I    liiis  i'\iii    Ir.l   -.ciim 

|.|l.  jilli  |-^    li>    -.lllllli-    ■   111  II     11     W.l^llir     |M  lllllll\  I'    ^^■^k  Hi     llllllKlll        ,lllil     lli;ll    ;ill   llir  illlirr   \  Jllrlli  ^ 

II,  i\  li.iM'  |i  I  II  ,|,'in  ■■  I  lii'iii  llii^  I'll!'  I'\  III,'  iiri  1,111  u|  |i|i\  ~i,  il  I  ,iUM-.  A  ['•■w  l.iiK  nil'  ••■■iiii  liiiii  V  III 
lii,,r,-  \\  iTjIlt  1 1  I.I  1 1  .1  li,'^l  ,'l'  liyii'illir^i"-;  :iii,l  il  lin',"  li,i|  li,'  irnlr\  aiil  l,i  |,iil  llii-  iiilf-lhili,  ii->  \\  r\\  ;is 
111,.  ,-,,liv,i'^"  ,,r  11.  1,1  ;i  rlir,'li,i'i''i,'.il  |i  ^1,111  ill,'  w,i|,|'.  ,11'  :i  iii^Iiir.'iii-li,',l  jiiiImi'.  "  .\i',',iriliirj  l,i 
.1, ,  r,  ,lii,il  il.ii,  ^."  '  i\  ~  III'.  ■•  II  l^  li'iir  iliiMi^Miiil  mil'  liiinilri  il  iiml  s,  w  iiU-iiin,  \  i:ir>  miht  .Vn  iji  :iiiil 
Ills  I  iiiii!\-  I'.iiii,'  ■■III  ■■I  ili^'  ;iil,.  'rii''\  ;ir^'  [■■■1m'\  I'll  !■■  Iiiiv^-  In'iii  ■■!'  I  In'  (■;iui':,--i.iii  i:ii  r  ;  .-iihI  iIm- 
i'.,ri,,iii,  .s  111' III,,  l„  li,i  III,  r,'  i-  iM  L'hiiiu.l   1,1  i|ii,sii,iii,     Wi' '-IijII  iissiiiiir  11,  ili,hi,.r,-,  :is  ,1  II  mil. 

Willi,  nil    ;i'l,ll|r.ll_-    I  111'    |i  .I'-'ill-.    \»  lllrll    V,',  hi    I,,   Ml-I.Uli    11.        'I'lll',','     1 1 1,  ,llv,|  |  ii  |    |,,U1'   |  n  1 1 1, 1 1 1',|    111  111    1,,1U  -I'n  ,■ 

Vi  Ms  :i_',i  ;i  li:ili,iii  ,,r  1 '.llu  i|ii  Ills  Is  KiMwii  I,,  li.n,'  .'Msi,,!.  'I'll, 'II'  sl^iiis,  ,,i'  i',iii|s,',  ^vi'ii'  ilii  I,,  iiiiil 
ill,  y  il,;|,|'ril  M  1'!,  !\  li,iiii  C.iii  •:isi,iiis  m  m  i!i\  Milnr  |,  irii,'ul,ii"i.  Tin  \'  iiii-iiilril  iVmii  ;i  i,iii,il, 
r,,ilii;iy  ;im1  l"ok  iiji  ih,  11    ,  s|,l,'ii,','   m   iIm'  li,rjlili,'ih,„iil  i,|'  l':-y|il.      Siip|i,.siii^.   ||i:i|    |irii|,||,   |,i   |,:ivii 

I',  •  11  .if    ihr   sl,„'U   ,,r    N,,  ill.  ihr    rlllll.;,      Ulllsl     h.r,  r    l„  I'll    ,',  ,lll|i|, 'li  il,  11 1 1,1   :i   |H' \v    riH'r   !'■  H'll  M  1 1.   II I   s. '  V  i  u 

liilinlirl  :iii,l  lliiily-llii',','  yr  lis.  1111, 1  |'!-,,l,'il,!y  m  :i  niii.li  s|i,,||,'i'  jii  i,,i|."* 

'I'll''  I'rr,  111  ,1,-'  ',\  ,1  1.  s  111  I'ljyi'I  Ul\r  ,liMlll,'li:ll  I'm'ir  l,i  ill,'  I'lrr.  ililrj  s|,||,'|iii'|i|,  lnasinlirll  :is 
li!,'\  sluiu-  l„'y,i|iil  'ill  ,|M,'sii,iii.  ili.'ii  ih,'  Ciiih'.isi  111  :niil  .\,  ".t,!  rm'rs  wn'r  iis  |„'il<','lly  ,lisiii,,'i  m  ilmi 
,'iiiiiir\  ii|iUMr,|s  ,,i  III!',','  Ilimis. 111,1  yi-nrs  irj,,  ns  ih,  v  in,,  m.w  :  wlini,','  ii  is  i'\i,l,'nl  lli:ii  il'  llir 
Cm, 'lis.  Ill  w  Is  i|,;  n  1,1  Ih'iii  lii,'  .\i'-r,i.  nr  ih.'  .\i"jr,i  ihnii  lli,' Ciiii,' isi.in,  |,\-  il,,'  ;i,  ii,i|i  nl' rMniiiil 
rn;-,s.  llir  ill, 111.','  Hills',  l.ivr  l"i|l  ill,',!,'!  ill  ill  lii',s|  ;i  ill,  illsjnil  \,;iis;  n  l|i,'i,ry  wlil'll  ill' 
-ll's,  , ill-  III  I'Vi'li  ,"  "f 'i, Illy  r,  iiluiiis  |,|',,\,  s  1,1  I,,'  ;i  |,|iys;,'il  ilii|  „'ssi|,ili|\- ;  ;ni,l  wr  li:i\  ,■  ii  In  :,,ly 
V  run  II',  '1  In  li|s;sl   1 1  111  I  Mi'li  ;i  .'"iin  11111:1 1 1' '11  I',, 1 1  111  !,r  rll'irl'il  |,y  ll,illilli'4  s|i,,|'|  ,i|'  ;i  iimiirl,'. 

1-^.  Till;  I  \rii;it-  Ai'iJii  'v\   l■.\Mll,^ . 

'I'lic  ciiiiniry  III'  tlir  Calli  r-.  imw  (';ill('il  ('iilVi'iiriii.  i--  nf  iiiilrttriiiinali  cxlciit. 
Oil  till'  r;ivtri'nciia»l  il  i'.\lfiiil-  I'l'iii;!  \\\r  Kri^kaiii  iia  ii\('i' (which  -cparalcs  it  I'l'din 
llu    (.'apt   t'iiliin\ )   to   llir  Miulli  111'  Dcla^iia   hay.     On  ihr  wc^t  it  loiiclu's  Orally' 

•  I'm  ii«  ri  1 .  'I'.i'ii:!,!-  "n  i!,,-  I  imv  ■  I'  ili  ■  lliini'in  -""i"  ,'i''s,  |'.  T'J.     /",/.,!./.  l-::ii. 


>** 


1 


THr  CAKI'HO-AFIMl  .W  FAMILY. 


N<» 


river;  liiil  its  iiil.iiiil  or  iinrtlirrii  liiiiil  is  iiiikiiDuii,  liiil  is  |iriil)iilily  not  los  tlmn 
l\M)  Imndrcd  Iciiniics.*  'I'lnis  (hr  CiilUrs  .irc  inlcrixisitl  lirtwccii  llic  llolliiildls 
nil  tile  solllll  mill  III!'  (•iilllllluii  Ninnies  nil  Ilic  ikhIIi.  Cilll'er.  tliuie^li  lutw 
Heneriiliy  iul(i|)teil  jiiikuiu;  Kiini|ieiins  us  (lie  ii;ili(iiinl  di  siu;ii;iliiiii  ol'  IIk  se  |iii>|ile.  js 
ill!  Aniliic  wnrd  siirnirviiii^  iiifidi  I.     'I'lieir  true  ii;iiiie  apiieiiis  to  lie  .Imiil.nmi. 

'I'hey  are  divided  into  mmiy  Irilies,  of  wliieli  the  |iriiiei|iiil  iire  the  Aiiiako^ii. 
Amaliiiihii,  Ainaiimida  and  the  Zoiilah.t  The  dill'erenee  of  jihysieal  a|)|H  araiiees 
anioiii;  these  trilies  is  inennsideialde.  They  are  tall,  atlilelie  niid  exlieinely  well 
|iio|ioili(p|ied.  and  posMss  niiieli  iialmal  'j,ra('e  of  niaiiiier.  Their  jihy^ioniioniv  is 
reiiiarkahle  I'or  its  eoiiiliiii.iliiiii  nf  Kiiiii|ie;iii  and  Nei^io  eliaraeler.  The'  head,  tor 
examjile.  is  larp;e.  the  forehead  lull  and  vaiilled.  llie  nose  s.dienl  and  ai|iiiline,  and 
the  face  a  wcdl  lornied  oval:  lint  on  tiie  other  hand  the  iniiiilli  prDJects,  the  lips 
are  larnc  and  lleshy.  Ilie  hair  Mack  and  mure  or  less  \Mi(dly.  and  the  skin  nioMly 
lilack.  thoiiijh  iiceasionally  a  dark  hrown.  The  Caller  women  are  iiiiieh  sniiiH,  f 
than  Ihe  men.  sehlom  exeeediuii  Us,,  feet  ill  liei'^lil.  with  a  ^le(  k.  soil  skill,  and 
fealiires  wiiich  are  s|roii-|y  e\p|•(•s^i\|.  „{  eheei  liiliiev^  nnd  eunlenl. 

liiehleiisleiii.  wiio  was  hmu;  anion;;-  Ihe  Cilll'r^.  ih claics  llial  he  m  vei'  niw 
one  of  these  peiijilr  "  suee/i'.  Viiw  II.  eoiinji  nv  liawk:":!;  a  I'aelwhiidi  he  I'oimd 
Mi|i|iorled  hy  the  ohscivalions  of  his  IiIIdw  travellers  and  olhers.  '|"!ii>  is  tinly 
a  pli_\  si(i|iiL!;ie;i|  anomaly. 

ir  we  may  jiidne  Iroiii  the  ■.hiiinieiits  of  some  liavi  Ihr^.  Ilie  C'allii^  are  as 
miieli  aliove  llie  ;;( inline  Neuro  in  inoraU  and  iiitelli-cnee  as  in  physical  appearance. 
The  Irihes  resid(  nl  near  Ihe  Knnlish  colony  are  hss  cruel  and  -iipervliliou^  than 
>oine  others ;  hut  tlu  ir  apjaaU  lopi(  tended  sorcery  in  imnisliiuir  eiimcv  and  in 
■•elllinn-  (li^lnltes.  and  the  des|)iitie,  sway  of  their  chiefs,  are  evidiiu'es  of  a  i;reat 
de;;ree  of  liai'harism. 

Il  is  vei-y  remarkalde  llial  the  Cailirs  should  have  nations  of  i;(niiiiie  Neiiroes 
on  both  sides  of  them,  and  yel  Ihenis'dves  pos^os  so  few  .\eij;ro  characteristics. 
Amoiej;  other  speculations  is  thai  of  Mr.  Marrow,  who  helieves  them  to  he  of 
Arabic  origin.  "'I'luir  pastoral  liahits  and  manners."' says  he.  ••  their  kind  and 
friendly  reception  to  straiej;ers.  tlnir  tent-shaped  houses,  the  remains  of  jslainism 
diseoverahle  in  one  of  its  slrounest  iVatuns.  the  circumcision  of  male  children, 
universally  practised  aiiionn-  the  Caller  Inudes.  all  denote  their  allinity  to  the 
IJedouin  trihes.     Their  counleiiance  also  is  Arabic  :  the  color  oiilv  dillers.  which 


Wui.v.  'rriiis.  \\,)\.  (;(,!_',  Su'.  Ill, p.  -Mill. 

:  Trav,  in  AlVirj,  I.  ]..  J  "i,', 

23 


'  ^  ii;i;iiMAX.  Ill  siiiiir  .liuinial,  \',  ]i.  3.','. 


•Ml 


VAIIIKTIKS  OF  Tin:  III  MAN  SFIX'IKS. 


ill  Mtiiii'  ti'ilics  vaiii''  IVmn  (it'i-p  liroii/c  to  ji  t  lilack.  Imt  \nm{  f^cmrallv  tlir  iiittrr 
i»  lilt  |iiivailiiii;  nilnr."*      I  t?iv<'  llii»  liv|M)llirNis  a>  I  Hiul  il. 

I",  •riii;  Ai  siiin  \riti(  w  iamii.v. 

Sidilli  ipf  till'  Cail'irs  ti)  the  i\tniiiit_\  nf  Al'iica.  live  the  llutlt  iitut"..  mir  ol' 
llir  tiiii-|  siiii^iilai'  \ai'irlii's  iij'  Hir  liuiiiaii  spicii  s.  niid  tlic  iHiinsI  appi'iixiiiiatinii 
ti)  llic  lower  aiiiinaN.  'riicir  staliirf  i>^  of  iht-  iiicdialc  cias^.  (iicir  pciMPiis  |;iri;c 
anil  cliiiii*^}.  wliili'  till  ir  liiiilis  arc  i^riKiiilly  lirttir  iiioiililrd  than  in  liu'  noitlinn 
N(!:rois.  'I'licy  iiavc  rnnarkalilv  •<iiiali  liaiiiN  and  iVil.  wliicli  S|iairiiian  »'oii<,idrr> 
a  ciiarai'lcri^lic  mark  of  tlii>i  nation.  'I'liiir  cohiiilixion  is  a  yrlio\vi>li  lirown. 
conipand  liy  trasi  llrrs  to  ijir  iiccnliar  iinr  ol'  Kiiropiano  in  Ilic  la>t  slai;i'  of  jaun- 
dirc.  Otiirrs  call  il  a  liriulil  olive.  'I'lit  ir  liair.  wliicli  i^  lilack  and  woolly,  i* 
altac'licd  to  till'  vcalp  in  >>iiiall  twilled  liil'l^.  Inil  ihcy  arc  nearly  dolilnle  of  heard. 
Tlir  iirad  i-^  lar:'!'.  the  forehead  low  and  hroad.  and  the  faci'  i  xtrciiiely  \\  ide  hetween 
the  ciiiek  hones,  whence  il  retreats  raiiidly  to  a  Miiall.  contracted  eliin.  'I'he  e_\cs 
are  small  and  far  apart,  the  nose  very  hroad  and  ilat,  and  the  monlli  lar^c;  and 
the  wiinicn  are  npreseiiled  as  even  more  repulsive  in  appearance  than  the  men. 
Notwithst.indinu;  these  personal  disadvaiitaiics.  Kidheiit  asserts  that  ainoiiu;  many 
llioiisand  Ijotti  niots  who  had  come  iindc  r  his  idiservation.  he  never  saw  a  handy 
h  ii  or  a  ci'ooki  d  liinli.  nor  any  other  deformities.  e.\ce])lini;  two  crij)|des  only. 

'I'he  llotteiilols  have  hilt  Very  \aiiiii'  ideas  of  reliiijioiis  ohliiialioiis.  although 
they  are  extremely  siipiisiiiimis.  ••  The  faiills  of  which  Ihey  are  accused  are.  an 
inveterate  indolence  and  iflntlony.  divunriiiL;  i  very  kind  of  animal  i;'arl)a!j;e  that 
falls  in  their  way.  withonl  prepMiation.  and  wIk  n  thus  piri^ed  Ihey  throw  them- 
selves down  and  sleep  oil'  the  i  Hi  els.  That  they  are.  howe\er.  cap.ihle  o| 
ini|iroveiiienl.  is  evident  Ironi  tiie  condnct  of  lliosr  fdiined  into  an  arimil  corjis 
hy  the  Knulisji.  and  who  iml  only  slmwcd  a  suilicji  nl  ih  ijree  of  eiiciiiy.  hnl  also 
!.';rew  cleanly  in  llieir  persons."! 

The  piecedinu-  I'emarks.  however.  a|)ply  chielly  to  the  Koiaiis  and  the 
adjact  III  Irihes.  some  nl'  whnni  are  n.itnrally  docile  and  inolleiisivi .  while  others 
have  lost  a  part  id'  their  native  rudeness  hy  their  proximity  to  the  hitter  sort  of 
Euroiican  colonists.  IJut  the  llosjesmaiis  are  far  more  savage  and  dcj^radcd  than 
any   other    Hottentot    trihes :    Lichtehstein,   indeed,   maintains    that    they   arc    a 


•  Trav.  Ill  Siiiilliciii  Aliii:i,  II,  |i.  117.  t  I'lo-riit  Slate  ui  iliu  fapL'  of  (mimJ  Iloiir,  p.  5'J. 

]  Ti-cicKv,  .Manlliiii'  Geug.  Ill,  |i.  10. 


Tin:  ()(:i:AMc-M',(iii(>  i'a.milv. 


91 


ili-'lincl  |ir(i|)lr.  ^prakiii^  !i  l;iiii;uMu;i'  ililli  niit  Intm  lln'  llulii  iitnt'*.  ami  ('i>ii>ti- 
liitiii^  tlic  iilliiiiatc  link  in  the  scale  of  linniaiiity.  'I'licy  ai)' ioIiIkth  liy  iirdlfssiont 
crurl  liy  natiiri',  anil  imvr  •'iicli  a  |ia»'»iiiii  lor  (Icstniyinn.  tiiat  wluii  llity  attack 
iiiy  III'  the  liinls  lirliinmini;  to  llic  ('ii|i)ni>l>«,  tluy  will  kill  every  animal  tliey 
ciinnnl  drive  away,  lallu  r  than  leavi'  any  I'nr  llu-  owner.*  Tliesi'  Mo^jeMnanH. 
niiireiiver,  have  the  llotlentitt  features  in  tlieii'  nltnost  u,u;lin<'ss,  aillinii^ii  their 
preilalory  life  ^ives  more  activity  and  animation  to  llic!:'  appearance.  Like  the 
New  Hollander'",  llieii'  eyeliil>  Im  eonie  •^o  nnieii  eJoMd  alter  niiddle  life  as  to 
I'oneeal  the  whole  id  the  eyeiiail.  Iiavini;  an  aprrliire  Jiist  sullicient  lo  admit  the 
lej;lit.| 

Their  dweHinu;s  are  mud  hovels,  hushes,  caves  and  elifls  in  the  roek.  which 
last  ollen  serve  them  in  place  of  houses. — Many  i;o  naked.  Imt  others  cover  theni- 
selvi  s  in  the  simplest  manner  with  the  skins  of  animals  killed  in  the  chase.  They 
teed  on  llesh  when  they  can  iji  I  it.  eatiiiu;  it  either  raw  or  cooked  indiHerently;  hut 
ilii  ir  (diief  lood  consists  of  roots,  lurries  and  plants,  win  me  their  emaciated  forms 
and  shrivelled  skin,|  They  have  hut  little  liitler  idea  of  cleanliness  than  the 
lirute  creation  :  and  a  curious  I'aet  is  mentioned  hy  Liiddenstein.  who  s;iys  ilmt 
many  of  llie  llollentot  trihes  ha\e  a  way  of  cidiu'liiui;  down  to  the  water,  ami 
throwimj  it  into  tin  ir  mouths  with  the  forelinners  of  Imtii  hands. ^^ 

JO.  I'lti;  o(  i:\M('-\i:(;ii(i  i'amii,\ 

The  Oceanie-N'eui'ojl  family  is  dispersed  extensively  throui;h  tin  liuiian 
Arehipi  lai;o,  ami  is  also  found  in  many  islands  id'  tiie  I'acilic.  In  the  texture  ol 
;lie  hair,  in  the  color  of  the  skin,  and  in  fact  in  every  physical  relation  these  [)eopli 
,ue  at  once  recoi^insed  as  memliers  ol  the  i;reat  Ncuro  race.  M.  IJory  de  St. 
Vincent  deserihes  (hem  from  personal  ohservat ion  in  the  following  terms:  Their 
physical  characters  consist  in  the  color  of  the  skin,  whiidi  is  even  hiacker  than 
that  of  the  darkest  Ethiopians;  tin'  head  is  rounded,  yet  compressed  in  front  and 
11  the  sides,  at  the  sann'  linu'  tiiat  the  facial  ani^le  is  md  more  acute  than  in  other 
N'eiiroes  ;  the  hair  is  short  ami  woolly,  and  miu'e  compact  upon  the  head  than  in 
any   otiu'r   people;   tile  superciliary  ridges  and   the  cheek   horns  are   extriinel} 


•  l.ic  »rF..vsTj:i.\,  Trav.  in  S,  AlVic;!,  II.  |i.  'u.  t  IJi'IIchki.i..  Trav.  la  S.  Afnci.  I.  y.  IS'i. 

;  SpAHiiMAx.  'I'niv.  Ml  AlVicM.  I.  [1.  uol.  §  'I'niv.  in  AlVica,  II,  p.  In. 

II  Culliil  Mv/iinicns  (Ilonio  iia.'laaK.'u-i)  liy  linry  de  St.  Vincent.     'I'liey  liuvu'  gcneraliy  borno  tin; 
'olloctive  Lniinu  ol'  I'djiuas.     Scl>  mlxI  section. 


92 


VAIMiri'ir-S  OF  'I'lIK  HUMAN  SPECIES. 


|)|-i)iiiiiii'ii(  :  (lie  cyr  i-.  >iu;ill(r  lliiin  in  tlic  Aii-^tiMlians.  ;iiul  tlic  piiiiil  i-^  of  a  mixed 
;;n'('iii^ii  ami  l)r(i\viii'-li  linl  :  tlir  iiosf  is  cxct'ssivily  Hal.  the  aia'  liciiis;  lliiii  and 
depressed  above,  hiil  In  lii\\  dis;j;usliii<;ly  iipeii.  thus  eorrespdiidiiin'  in  lateral  extent 
with  the  wide  mnnlii  :  the  latter  j)nijec'ts  like  a  snout,  with  (hiek  lips  of  a  hiinht 
red  color:  and  the  eiiin  is  almost  s(inare.  ^ith  a  very  -eanly  heard.  Their  lower 
extremities  are  thin,  lonu;  and  diNiiroporlioned,  in  which  respect  Ihcy  re-emide  the 
Australians. 

The  more  remarkable  eomniunities  o|'  this  family  are  the  following-.  The 
peo|)le  ol'  ^'an  Dieinen-  Lanil  have  IIk  precediu'^-  eharaeteristics  in  the  extreme, 
although  their  eouiiliy  is  as  cidd  as  Ireland.  So  also  the  natives  dl'  (he  (inal 
Auilanian  Nland.  who  are  of  saiall  stature,  with  slender  linihs,  protuherani 
ahdomen.  hiu;h  shoulders,  and  laii;c  heads.  I'xhihitinii'.  in  the  laniiuan'e  (d'  '.'olonel 
Syiiirs.  a  horrid  mixture  of  famine  and  ferocity.*  Eorsler  conijiares  the  i)eople 
ol'  Alallieolo  to  niiiid^eys.  and  assi  rls  that  he  had  seen  no  Nenrois  in  wIkuu  the 
l'oreli(  ad  was  sd  depressed.  This  lamily  is  aNo  found  in  the  numerous  islands 
adjacent  to  New  (iuinea.  as  Ni  w  Uritain.  Admiralty  Maud,  the  Hermit  islands. 
\.c.  Ill  Santa  t'lu/,  they  are  s;ud  to  he  less  inleiisily  hlaid<.  and  to  have  large 
fon  Iliads.  'I'hey  also  iiihahit  'I'anna  and  Erroinan^a.  Vanikoro.  \  iti.  New  Ciilo- 
donia  and  many  other  islands;  an  I  lliei'e  is  eveiT  I'eason  to  litlievi'  that  they  arc 
the  alHiiiiiiual  inhaliilants  of  these  xarioiis  localities. 

The  I'viM  As.  It  has  ain  ady  lieeii  remarked,  that  the  tei'm  I'dpuii  has  heen 
LlTiiei'ally  a|iplied  to  all  the  lijaek  raeis  df  the  Indian  Arehipehmo  :  hut  (\\\o'\  and 
(iainianl  have  i'eeeutl_\  esi,ddish(  il  the  fact  ilial  the  true  I'apuas  are  a  hybrid 
i'aniily  of  .Malays  and  Oceanic  Negroes.  These  Pa|nias  are  of  the  middle  stature. 
Mul  ;:eiurally  j-.relty  wt  II  I'lirimil.  yet  (bey  oecasiiinally  have  alteimated  limbs. 
I'lieir  skill  is  nut  black,  but  a  dark  brown:  and  their  hair  is  \(ry  blacdx.  neither 
lank  nor  crispi  d,  but  wonlly.  ratbei'  tine,  and  so  mmdi  l'ri/,/b  il  as  to  i;i\(  the 
ippearance  of  enornnius  maLinituib  to  the  head:  and  they  comb  out  these  wiry 
locks  in  such  maniK  r  as  to  make  the  mass  three  feet  in  diameter.  They  have 
!iut  little  heard  ;  the  nose  is  sensibly  llatteiied.  the  lips  thick,  and  the  cliei  k  hones 
iai'ii'e  :  but  tbei'e  is  nothin'j,' disnustiii^-  in  their  physioi:noniy.l  The  Papua  skulls 
liiiun  (I  in  Freycinct's  \  o_\auc.  have  tlu  broad  face  (d'  the  .Malay,  and  the  whole 
head  is  snmewhat  I'oundi  d.  with  larire  pai'i(  tal  protub(  ranees. j; 


laiiKa'-^y  lo  .\v:i,  |'.  l.lo. 

\..V.  (1.-  I'l   llillK.    \\    e.  I'l.   1   ai 


•  ll.iiiv.  l.'IfMiiiiii,  ,  I.  ],, 


^ 


THE   AUSTIMLIAN   FAMILY. 


93 


The  moral  and  intellectual  character  of  tliesc  jRople  appears  to  'IH'er  in 
nothinj;  from  that  of  the  fjeniiine  Negroes  hy  w'loni  they  are  surrounded. 

Tiie  views  of  tlie  French  naturalists  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Papuas  arc 
<tronu;Iy  conhrnied  hv  tlie  pliysieal  characters  of  tiie  CinifuHos  of  Brazil,  wiio  have 
heen  (h'scn!)ed  in  a  former  part  of  tiiis  work*  Tiie  true  Papuas  are  for  the  most 
part  conhned  to  the  northern  coast  of  New  (itiinca.  and  tiie  islands  of  Waigou, 
Sallawatty.  Gaminen  and  IJattenta.f  The  people  of  IJoiigainville's  island,  who  arc 
darker  and  of  more  repulsive  physidirnomy,  appear  to  heloni:  to  the  same  family. 
With  tlieiii  may  also  he  classed  the  iiihahitants  of  Sidomon's  isles,  and  those  of 
Taoiiiaco  and  Australia  del  Kspiritu  Santo. t 

■-M.  TIIK   AI'STUAMAN    FAMILY. 

Tlie  natives  of  New  Holland  are  (d'  tlie  full  stature.  wit!i  hroad  chests,  thin 
hodies.  and  ioiiij.  slender  limhs.  Their  usual  color  is  either  hiack  or  very  dark 
lirowu.  yet  many  of  llie  women  are  as  iiniit  e(d(U'ed  a'^  mulattoes.  Tiie  face, 
whieii  is  iinly  in  (hr  extreme,  jirojeels  greatly  from  tlie  liead.  and  (lie  nuuitli  i>i 
parlieulariy  prominent  iiwiiiu;  to  it>  widlii.  and  the  u'reat  size  of  the  lips.  The 
nose  is  Hal  and  broad,  and  liie  nostrils  ex|)niuie(l.  A  deip  sinus  separates  the  nose 
from  the  forehead  :  the  frontal  riiiu^es  often  overiian;;-  the  lyes.  while  the  Inreliead 
itself  is  low.  and  slopes  rajiidly  to  tlie  top  of  tlie  head.  Dampier  remarks  of  them 
Ih...  they  li(dd  up  their  heads  and  half  eldse  tlieii  eyes,  as  if  Inokini;  at  tile  sun: 
whiiii  he  supposes  is  (Imie  to  keep  etl'  tlie  multitudes  of  insects  jiy  whieli  they  arc 
surroiuuled.  Their  hair  is  |(Mii;rr  tiian  in  the  Neijro.  eoaise  and  often  much 
frizzled,  yet  rarely  woolly.^  Tliey  are  jiassioiiately  fond  (if  war  :  and  as  their 
fierce  and  vindictive  tempers  seldiuii  allow  them  to  pardmi  an  enemy,  there  is  a 
perpetual  provocation  to  fend  and  liiomlslud.  Kveii  tiieir  ciniitsjiip.  if  it  merits 
that  name,  consists  in  a  violent  aliduetioii  of  tlie  ohjeet  of  desire,  and  their  women 
are  treated  tliroiii;hoiit  life  witii  a  hriilaiity  periiajis  unparallelled  in  any  other 
coiuitry.  Tiiey  are  to  the  last  deji-ree  tiithy  in  their  iiersons  and  iiluttonous  in 
their  eatini;:  and  their  dances  helray  the  lieeiitioiisness  of  llieir  morals. || 

It  is  not  probahle  that    these   people,  as  a  iiody.  are  capalile  of  any  oilier  than 


'  ''p'-  •''■''•  t  I,|.>,oN.  \oy.  ill!  hi  C.uimilo.  /nol. 

t  I'lOrEiAini,  I'liys.  Ilisl.  of  M;ui,  I,  p.  377-380. 
§Hkkt.in,  .\.  Sinilli  Wales,  p.  1S7.— U.vnBiNOTO.v,  I!  Uiiiiy  l!ay,  p.  ^i^. 

II  lillK.TON,  p.   '.'(),'. 

at 


I,  p.  -s; 


J 


!)J 


VAHir/riKs  OK  'nii:  human  sphcies. 


a  very  >lii;lit  dcmcc  ol'  cis  ilisntimi.  ••  Korty  yiMis  liiivf  cliiiiscd  siiK'c  tlic  iMnmlrv 
wiis  cdlmiiscil."  siiys  Air.  lirctnii.  ■•  mid  1  have  mil  yd  luard  dl'  a  siiiiilc  native 
liavini;-  liccii  riclaiiiicd  IVdiii  harliarisin."*  Vet  \>y  tluir  (•(intact  with  (lie  Kindiicans 
Willi  liavc  (if  latter  years  settled  the  riinntry.  tliey  liave  Idst  niiieli  of  Ijic  natural 
t'enifity  of  tiieir  nianiiers.  and  lluy  Imve  in  many  iiislaiiees  lieeimie  indiistiiiiiis 
lalinrers.  Tliis  is  tJK  iikhc  reniaikalile  wiien  we  relleet  iin  (heir  (iriniitive  mviim; 
lialiits.  wiiieli  prevented  tlieir  tilling;  tiie  earth,  er  ddniestieatiim;  (he  indinciidiis 
animals:  I'dr  they  dhtained  Inim  day  Id  day  a  casual  siilisistence  alnmst  sdldy  iiy 
(isliinii  and  the  chase. f 

'I'he  laiiiiiiaiies  dj'  the  Australians  are  peculiar  tn  tliemsidves.  and  as  vet  lint 
little  niiderstddd:  hut  it  is  iidw  i  slahlish,  d  tiiat  they  hdrniw  little  iir  iidthiiin  iVdm 
the  Sanscrit. t 

'I'he  Anslraiians  are  whdlly  (hlicicnl  in  maritime  skill  and  enterprise. 
'I'hey  paddle  ahm?;  their  Cdasts  seated  crdss-lei;i;vd  (in  a  Idi;-,  iidr  is  there  any 
evich  nee  that  they  have  ever  cnissed  the  straits  which  separate  them  Inim  Van 
Dieinen's  Land.^) 

'riic  wislcni  cdasl  of  New  lldlland.  and  some  of  the  adjacent  islands,  are 
inliaiiiled  liy  people  wild  have  the  i;ciieral  (diaracter  of  the  Australians  with  sdine 
traits  of  the  Oceanic-Xe-iro  :  tiius  at  .AhdleviUe  Island  (lifteen  mih^s  frdiii  the 
iidith  cdast)  tluir  teet  are  lar-e.  •■their  heads  Hat  and  hroad.  with  Idw  fiireheads. 
and  the  liiU'k  df  liie  head  projects  very  much:  their  hair  iis  strong  like  lidrse-hair. 
thick,  curly,  and  fri/./.h d.  and  very  hlaek  :  their  ey.  hrows  and  cheek  hones  are 
extrenndy  prominent,  and  their  eyes  Miiall.  sunk,  and  very  keen  and  hri-iit  :  nose 
Hat  and  short,  the  upper  lip  tiiick  and  projecting,  mouth  remarkahly  lar-e.  with 
re.-ular.  line,  white  teelii  :  chin  small,  and  lace  much  contracted  at  liottom  "|| 
Tli(-y  have  hm-  husliy  hoards,  and.  like  the  Australians,  scarify  the  skin  in  place 
of  tattodintr. 


-'-•.    riii:   AI.FOltl.W    I'.\.MILV. 
Of  all   the   f.imilies  of  mankind,  the  Alfdcrs.  (ir  Ildrahiras.  are   perhaps  least 


'  N.  Soiilh  \V:iliN.  |i   J  Id. 

+  This  -1,1,. my  |u,'iiin'  is  .I.mivimI  I'mm  tli,'  ltcuI  iniiji.rily  nf  ii1,s,tv(  r-  ,,|  .XiisUali;,,,  |,|,..  Tho 
iv;id(-T  luciy  C'lisiill  J)awson\s  .liislralia  lor  s,.iii,.  very  (liHiiviii  vk'Ws,  xvIihIi,  |,„«vv,'i-.  m],],,  :ir  to 
hr  biass,.,i  l,y  a  i:;,,uiii..o  an,!  a.'livc  spirit  of  luncvolctin..     S,  o  als,)  l.an-'s  Polyiiesia.i  .\ali,.e. 

',  Vn■.lA^.  N.  S.  Wall's.  |,.  iU).  ^s  Camp,,,,,...,  hi  Trans.  l{„y.  C'ol:.  So,'.  Ill,  ,,.  I5,s. 

!l  (-'AMPiiKi.i.,  ill  'fraiis.  Itoy.  (;,.,>g,  Soc.  of  l.,iiii|,,ii,  III,  |i.  ir,;). 


THE   ALKORIAN   FAMILY. 


9. 5 


kiniwii.  Friini  Uw  accDunls  of  voyjii^jcrs  tluy  nppcur  (o  lie  more  w.irly  ullicd  to 
Ihc  Aiistfali.iiis  tliaii  to  anv  iiIIm  r  pcdpl.  'Vht-y  linvc  llic  Hal  iiosr.  |)roj(ctiiig 
clicck  lioiu's,  larj^c  cyi's.  and  .salient  teeth.  oC  tlie  Neuro,  witli  straii^lit.  Cdarse,  loiifr 
liair.  Their  linihs  are  hmji  and  lliin.  and  tlieir  \vh(de  exterior  re|)iilsiv(;  in  the 
extreme      To  this  it  is  a(hh(l  tliat  they  are  sullvy,  stiij)id  and  I'erocions.* 

Tile  vVll'oers  are  eonsidered  aboriginal  to  many  islands  (d'  t!ie  Indian  Arclii- 
pelat^o.  They  are  most  n\imerons  in  New  (Juinea.  the  .Moluccas,  and  MaL,nndano: 
in  Celehes  tiiey  are  said  to  he  sometimes  as  lair  as  the  Malays,  and  tiie  savage 
Dyaks  of  IJorneo  appear  to  helon--  to  liie  same  family.  It  is  not  improi)ahle.  as 
Dr.  I'rieliani  sn-u;ests.  that  the  All'oers  are  hnt  a  hraneii  of  the  Australian  .stock.f 


.XnTi:.— Tlif  ni;i|.  whirh  pnvr.l.'s  ihi,  «-<,rk  is  (Icml'Mc(1  Iu  sIimu-,  i|i,,iil.|i  ,,ii  ii  Mii:ilK,;i|r.  iI,,- 
-(.■ou'r;ii>hir;il  (lisiiiliulidii  ..I'llir  livr  ];ii',-s  (.riiim;  mill  ili..  Imivs  ul  il.iii;iii:ali(jii  ari;  llm.sr  imlical.d  In- 
l^■ol;•s,^,.|■  liliiiii.iili;h;li,iisv|,,u,,uiiL'  Ihr  (hllrivui  variclirs  ,„■  i;,.,vs  ii,  il,,.  |,rinuliv.;  cimclis  ,,f  ilic 
.v.irM.      Ill   .'vrry   siirh   ;iliriii|.i   s,,iiii-   ,in:ir|i|-,,nisnis  ;uv    iiiiaviMibhl^-.  .■iii.l   \vi    iiccrsx-n ily   jU'l-c  ,,1' 

■"""l""y  'i' I'l"  "li-'TV.-ili.Hi  of  ni.Mlmi  liiiirs.     Th..  .nirirnls.  inr  cxaiiiiilf,  Kiirw  link  ..f  Aliic:i, 

..ml  iioilnnu'nlWinrrhM  iniil  I'm'  is|,-iii,|s  of  iI„.  I'lialir  (),v,-in.  m,h  |,,  n,rnii,,i,  a  ii„i|inu,|..  ,.rsiil„,p|iii:ilr 
.1. ■tails;  Iml  u-(.  assiiin..  ihal  llir  iiih.il, Hauls  of  ili,,s,.  r,,iiMliirs  wnr  csscnlially  the  saiuo  at  ihu  Cliri.sliaii 

■'■'  '!'■"  ""'V'"'^  ""^^-     ■'''"■   ""■•"■y   l"'lwr„   ihr    C.uir.iMaii   and    .MnNL'nIiaii   races   is  e.xiivi.irly 

\a-Ui',  l.iil  I'nifrsMir  llliiia.'iiliarh's  liiir  .uliirli  IS  an  a|i|ir.,.\iiiialinii  to  arciiracy  runs  Iroiii  ihr 
CaiiU'-s  in  a  iin,il,wr,s|,.|„  ,liiv,iin,i  i,,  il„.  Cispiaii  s,,,,  ;,n,l  ihnirr  i„  i|,r  rivrr  (]|,i,  ii,  liuss,,-,.  At  a 
.■omparalivrly  iv.viil  ,.rnu,l,  howrvr,  s.'vrnil  .Muii-„liaii  nations  liavr  t-staliiishcl  tlirnis,.|v.-  ui 
I-',nro|ii',  ;is  the  Samoyislrs,  l,a|il.iii(|ris,  &^c. 

'I'lir  Klliiopiaii  line  is  drawn  inirlli  ..f  tho  Srni-'al  rivir  iiblh|iicly  cast  ;inil  suiaii  t(j  the  sduilii-ni 
ironlierol'  .Vbys.iuia,  an.!  tlin,,-,'  t..  Cap.,  (ui.inhilin,  thus  eiiihra.aiit;  the  Alla.s  iiumnta."^  Ol  th... 
lall.M  hti:.'  IS  Kiiinvn:  hut  iii.any  .N.^-r..  nations  iiili;,hit  to  the  north  of  tliciii,  at  tin;  sain..'  In.  thai  lli. 
.\r.ah  inhi's  h.iv..  p.ai.'trat.al  fir  hryonil  ili,.in  I.,  th.'  sonlli,  an.l  in  s.iin..  [.la.-.s  liavi;  lorni...|  a  nii\...| 
ra.'.'  will,  iho  iialivi!  trihus. 


■  i-i:ssoN.  \'.iy.  do  la  (,'oqiiillr,  Zool.  I.  p.  lOJ. 


t  l!csc'ari'li..'s,  I.  p.  Jfij. 


C  11  A  iV  I  A     A  31  I :  |{  r  C  ANA. 


THE    ANCIENT    PERUVIANS. 

Pr.ur  is  a  narrow  strip  of  land  lutwcin  tlic  Andes  and  llic  sea,  bonnded  (in 
the  south  liy  a  ilrscrt.  Its  line  cliiiiatc.  its  iiroductive  soil,  and  its  proximity  to 
till'  ocean,  render  it  one  of  tlie  most  iiitereslin;;-  divisions  of  tlie  southern  continent; 
and  its  advantages  appear  to  have  heen  t'ullv  appreciated  hy  the  ahorinincs  them- 
selves, for  there  is  eviilenee  that  several  poiiulous  nations  held  successive  domini(ui 
in  tile  country. 

Ili-tory.  even  before  the  advent  of  tlie  Spaniards  throws  much  lii;lif  on  one 
of  tlie~e  nations;  that,  for  instance,  which  was  i;overned  hv  the  Incas  :  vet.  with 
re-.|)ect  to  the  others,  we  know  little  ei-.i'  than  what  can  be  gleaned  from  their 
nionniiH  iits  and  ceineterio  :  and  however  ineairre  these  facts  mav  aiijiear.  they 
po^<ess  considerable  intiiot.  and  the  more  so  because  so  few  others  are  available 
to  us. 

The  arid  re^iion  of  Ataeaina*  was  ijic  faxdijti'  >epulclire  of  the  I'eruvian 
naliiius  fur  siu'cssive  ai:;es :  for.  while  tlie  ehniati-  ti  ikK  ratlier  to  the  desiccation 
than  to  the  decay  of  tiie  dead,  tiie  mixed  -and  and  -alt  of  Ihi  de-ert  have  con- 
ti'ihuted  to  the  -ame  end  :  anil  the  lifeie-'s  liodies  of  wlioli'  i^enerations  nf  the 
former  iniial)itanl>  of  i'l  rn  ma_\  now  be  e\aniiiie(h  like  tiiove  from  the  Tlieban 
catacombs,  after  tlie  lap-e  of  linnih-ed-.  peiliaji-;  of  thousands  of  vcar<.  '{'he  ureal 
numlier  of  tiie  ilead  tbu<-  remainim;  in  Pern,  ha-  been  a  subject  of  surprise  to  all 
traveller-,  and  serve-  to  comcy  an  idea  of  the  va-t  population  that  has  at  diirerent 


"  'I'iic  (IrM'it  (if  AlacMiiia  ilivi.irs  ihi'  kiuL'Jnin  nf  Vvru  iVnm  ihal  oi'  Cinli'.,  an,!  is  ncaiiy  an  iiuiidrcd 
|ra'_'iics  111  lrn'_'lli.  ••  III  iIh'  inalvt  ,.1'  ii  is  ihr  Itivi  r  nf  Sail,  llm  wali'r  uiinrnni'  is  sn  liiac|,isli  thai  it 
p|n..rlii;y  L.'iiius  llimli  111  llm  haiiil,  n|- any  vt-^i;!.  and  llir  hanks  arc  rnvi  red  uuh  sail," — 1  li:iiiii:ii  \. 
I)...  IV.  l.ib,  1\-.  Cap.  I. 


n 


TIIK  AN'CIFA'I'  I'KliUVIANS. 


97 


liifidiN  derived  its  siilisisteiice  Iriiiii  tliiit  ('(Miiilrv.  Piir  exniiiplc  we  lire  tdld  hy 
Mil  iiileiliu,i'Ml  voviincr.  liiiit  liiiviie;-  l;uuleil  ;il  \(  run jn,  ju  I'eni.  in  llie  year  1G87, 
hi  rmiiid  tlie  \ieinily  nT  lli;it  lnuii  -n  vtrewcd  willi  desiceated  liodio.  that,  in  Ills 
iiwii  laiii;uii:;e.  a  man  iiii^lit  liave  walkid  a  iiiih'  and  a  lialf.  and  trod  on  tlieiii  at 
e\i'r\  step.*  TlieM'  (■ireuiii--laiii'es  JDiii;  since  niaih'  ine  (h'>ii'inis  to  olilain  a  series 
(if  crania  I'nini  the  l'eni\i;in  sepnlciin  s.  in  (irder  to  aM'rrlain.  if  possihie.  \vhctlicr 
lhe\  present  indications  of  more  than  oik'  ureat  I'ainily:  oi'.  in  otiier  words,  to 
iiKinire  wiiether  anion'.:  tiuni  I  conhl  ti'ace  siudi  departures  from  tlie  well  known 
t\pe  of  tlie  American  race,  as  wouhl  lead  to  the  ^n|lpo•^ilion  liiat  this  (■(intineiit 
\\a^  fonnerh  inhahited  iiy  a  piuralil\  of  races.  In  iiniMiiiiLi;  this  iniiniry  I  have 
lieeii  ^o  fortunate  as  to  iia\i'  the  e\aniination.  in  my  own  and  otiier  colleclions.  of 
neari\  one  liuiidred  rernvian  crania;  and  llie  rc'^nlt  i-.  that  Peril  appear>  to  liave 
heeii  at  dill'ereiit  tinier  jieopied  liy  fwo  nalion^  of  iliirereiilly  formed  crania,  one 
id'  wiiicli  i-  periiaps  extinct,  or  at  lea'-l  exists  only  a^  Idended  hy  adveiililious 
circuni-'tanci"..  in  xarioii-  remote  and  scattered  trilies  id'  the  pri  sent  iinlian  i-ace. 
Of  the-i'  \\\i)  families,  that  whiidi  was  antecedi  nt  to  the  appearance  ol'  the  jncas 
is  desii^iiated  a^  the  .liicliiil  /'i  ruridii.  of  which  the  remains  have  hilherto  heen 
I'omid  onh  in  Pern,  and  especially  in  that  di\ision  of  it,  now  called  IJidivia. 
Till  ir  toinlis.  accordiiin'  to  ;\lr.  I'enllaiid.  ahonnd  on  the  shores  and  islands  of  the 
ureal  i>ake  Titicaca.  in  the  inler-alpiiie  \alley  of  llie  Desaiiiiadera,  and  in  the 
elevated  valleys  of  ihe  I'ernvian  Andes,  hrtweeii  the  laiiiiides  III'  M  and  1!»  ;](( 
Miutli.  The  country  around  this  inland  si-i  was  calleil  Collao.  and  the  sit|.  of 
what  appears  to  ha\e  lieeii  their  chief  cily.  hears  the  name  of  Tia^uanaco. 

Let  iis  now  lilean  from  the  few  sources  lliat  are  o[)en  to  us.  what  can  he 
discovered  of  the  physical  and  inlellecliial  character  of  these  jieople,  their  history 
and  tradition. 

Our  know  led;;e  of  their  physical  appi'arance  is  derived  solely  from  their  tomlis. 
In  stature  they  appear  not  to  ha\e  heen  in  any  respect  remarkalile.  nor  to  have 
dill'ered  from  tlie  connate  natinns  except  in  Ihe  conl'ormation  of  the  head,  whiidi  is 
small,  finally  elongated,  narmw  its  whole  leiiLSth.  with  a  very  retreatinu-  Ion  In  ad. 
and  possi  ssinu  more  symmetry  than  is  iisii  il  in  skulls  o|'  the  American  race.  'I'lie 
face  projects,  the  upper  Jaw  is  thrust  t'orward.  and  the  teeth  ari'  inclined  outward. 
The  orhits  ot' the  eyes  an'  lariie  and  rounded,  the  lucal  hones  salient,  the  zyji'oinatic 
arches  expanded:  and  there  is  a  reniarkalde  sini[)licity  in  the  sutures  that  connect 
tile  hones  of  tile  cranium. 


I 

I 

i 


Wakkh.  \'(>y.  |>    Hi 


.J 


9S 


(KAMA     \Mi;iiK  ANA. 


'I'lii'   lirst   idea  llinl  ncciir^  to  cvcrv  one  dii  IiinkiDj;  ;il  ii  xiic-^  of  llirsr  -kiills 


lli;il  tlirir   l)t( 


iiliarilirs  aiT  in  n  "fcul    iiiciiMirc  Mrtiliciiil.      If.  Iii>\m  vrr.  we  I'lirc- 


Ciillv  cxainiiic  thf  (r.miuiii  liiiurcd  mi  the  i'nurtli  pliiti'.  lotictlicr  ^\illl  tlu'  accuni- 
|)aii\iii^'  siiiallir  mitliiu  •*.  ^M•  I'liul  im  cn  iilciicr  nT  iiu  I'liaiiical  (•llllljl|■(•^*ion.  'I'lii-^ 
lie, III.  nil  till'  ciiiilrai'v.  a|i|i(;ns  In  lie  nf  tlic  natural  rnrni.  iiiialli nil  li_v  ait:  ami  it 
i^  I'miii'i'd  a^  an  illiistrativr  tviir  nl'  (lir  cranial  |ifniliarilir>-  ol'  tin'  pi  npic  miw 
nndiT  t'i)ii>idrratiiin. 

It  iiiu>l  alniii-t  invarialdy  lia|i|irn.  that  wiini  the  rnnlicad  (if  a  nalnrallv 
I'liniulcd  lirad  li.i^  III  I'll  niiii'li  i'iinii)i'i"-M(l  liv  art.  tln'  liai'k  and  lalrral  |la|■|^  nl'  tlir 
franiiini  Ihcoiih'  iii'ii|)iirlinnallv  r.\|iaiidi'd.  in  nrdi  r  in  niakr  ninni  fnr  tlir  liraiii  lint 


ha^  liiiii  (li>i)lacril 


I'i'nni  till'  aiilrrini'   cliinilii 


r.     T 


111--,  aniline;  ail  the  >|)('cinirii- 


I 


liavi'  M'lii  nf  tlii^  driiirinitv.  I'imiii  llir  Irilir^  mi  tlir  Cnliiiiiliia  ii\(  r.  llir  aiicii  nl 
iiilialiitaiit-  i>\'  Nrni/.uila.  tin-  C'liarili'-  nl'  tlic  Antilles  and  ^nnic  tiiln^  nf  l*i  rn\  iaii'^. 

I  liavr  lllt't  witll  nn  i\('r|itiu||s  tii  ||]c  ll|-iCi  d  illL;'  mil'.  All  tlir^r  iialinns  have, 
iiatiirallv.  -|dirrnidal  head-,  and  tlic  ir^nll  nf  inridianical  (•iiin|)rr^>iiiii  i-^  siudi  as 
alinvc  doci'ilird  :  a  pninl  nn  wliiidi  tin-  I'l  ailrr  can  jiulLir  fnr  liiin»rll' liy  cmii|iariiin' 
the  illnstratinn>  in  varimi-  parts  ni'  tlii^  \\niiv.  Nnw  the  heads  of  these  ancient 
Peruvians  selilnin  jireMnt  siH'li  laleial  expan-inii;  hilt  nn  the  cnnti'ary  are  as 
reinarkahle  I'm- tin  ir  iiarmw  iiess  as  fnr  iheir  length.  In  fad  their  ln\v  facial  annle. 
their  sjiipinii  fnrehead.  and  their  prntriidiiiL;  face,  niiiihl  had  In  a  snspieinn  nf  a 
Neurn  nriiiin.  were  it  imt  fnr  the  nnaiisweiahle  e\idence  deri\ed  frnni  the  texture 
nf  the  hair.  This  is  iinifnr:idy  Iiiull- and  lank,  and  appears  tn  have  lieeii  wnrii 
at  full  1  ■iiLTtli  hy  Imth  scm-s.  and  iN  natural  lilae!viies>  is  priMived  iintw  ithstandiiii; 
centuries  III'   inhuniatinn.      i    am    Ini     In  admil  tliat  the  naturally  elniiiiatcd  heads 

nf    these    penple   Were  nl'tell     rendered   llinre   sn  hy   the    IlllerM  ulimi   nf    art.   hilt   snidi 

examples  are  fnr  the  must  part  readily  delicti  ij.  ||  is  a  I'ealiire  hnlh  nl' ci\  ilised 
and  sa\a^e  cnniinunities  In  ailiuire  their  n\\n  natinnal  char.icterislics  alinve  all 
others,  and  hence  where  nature  h  is  denied  an  iiiiai:!iiar_\  urace.  art  is  called  in  to 
snp|(ly  the  dificieiicv  ;  and  even  where  there  has  heeii  nn  sindi  delicii  iicy.  hiiniaii 
vanity  prnnipts  tn  extravaLLance.  'I'liiis  |  have  sn  n  siniie  skulls  nf  this  race  which 
iiiiist  have  heeii  naturally  \(  ry  Inw  and  lom;:  yet  in  nnhr  tn  cxaLiL::i'rate  a  feature 
that  was  cmisidei'ed  heauliful.  enin|iri  ssinn  has  lireii  applied  until  the  wlede  head 
has  assumed  ninre  the  cdiaracler  nf  the  inniikey  than  the  man.  An  i  \aniple  nf 
this  kind  will  he  sreii  in  the  liflh  plate,  w  hen  in  the  e\  idi  nee  nf  anilieial  llattenillti' 
of  il  e  fnrehead  is  lindeliiahle:  hilt  the  cnULieliital  Inw  liess  nj'  l||is  reninll  and  lireat 
leiiLi'lli  III'  the  head,  hase  made  vi  ry  little  cnni|iressinn  necessary  to  eU'ect  the 
desired  ohject  :  will  nee  there  has  ri  suited  hut  a  trilliim'  expansion  of  the  posterior 
and   lateral    parts  of  tin    skull.      On  tin   ntlnr  hand,  had  this  craiiiuiii  liccn  of  the 


J 


^llll> 


we  Ciiri'- 


JICCOIll- 


.111(1  It 


III!     IKIW 


it  11  nil  ly 

i>r  till' 

liii  tliHl 
iiicns  I 
inci(  lit 


IIMMIIS. 


iicii  as 


|iariiii;- 

llicirllt 


ire    as 


aiiii'li 
II  (if  i 


I'M  lire 


worn 


niliiiir 


Mich 


lilted 


Vr  a  I 


III  III 


iiiiaii 
Jiii'ii 
idirc 
luail 

Ic  (if 

iiiiiy; 
'Teat 


nor 


Tin:  ANCIENT  PEUUVIANS. 


99 


roiiiulcd   I'oriu  coiuiikhi 


to   llic   Aiiiiricaii    Indians,  aiu 


1  cspcciallv  lo  llic  existing 


Peruvians,  it   is 


(liiVuMil 


to  imaLiiiit:  1)V  wliiit   coiiiiili  x  contrivances   llie   |ircs 


ent 


sliaiie  coll 


1(1  have  lieen  [irodiiceil. 


it  vvoiiU! 


1  lie  natiiral  to  siiiiiinse.  that  a  peoiiie  with  heads  so  small  and  liadlj' 


rorined  would  occupy  the  lowest  place  lu 


the  scale  ol'  liiimaii 


iiitell 


melice 


Such. 


however,  was   n 
Peru  anil  T'or  lo 


it   the  case 


and   it   remains  to  show,  that  civilisation   exi 


.ted 


m 


the  advent  of  the  liicas.  and  that  those  anciently  civilised  people 
constituted  the  identical  nation  whose  extraordinary  skulls  are  tiiu  siih;|(cl  (^r  our 


present  in(|iiiry, 


that  1 


le  saw.  was 


the  first   iravellers  in   I'erii.  and   perhaps  the  very  first  wlio  recorded 

v  of  Pi/.arro.     Althoufih 


Pedro   de   Cieea.  an  olllcer  in  the  arm 


an  unlettered    man. 


under  Ills  o 


len'j;tii.  is 


he  descrilies  with   simplicity   and  clearness   wliatever    came 
hservatiou;  and  the  follow  ini;  passage  from  his  work.  aUlioui!;h  of  some 

ted  w  ith  the  present  imiuiry.  that  I  shall 


interestiiii;  .and   so   coiinec 


venture  to  i;ive  it  eiitiic 


r 


la'^iiamco. 


:avs 


le.  ••  IS 


not  a  verv  lari;e  town,  iiul  it  is  deservinti  of  notice 


on  acco 


lint  of 


lie  trrea 


t  edi 


wiiiel 


1  are  si 


ill  t 


o  lie  sei 


II  in  it :   near  llie  priiieip; 


if  these  is  an  artificial  liil 


111  a  i;roiin(l\vork  ot  stone 


H 


e\dllll 


tliis  hill  are 


two   stone   II 
aililicer-. 


lols. 


ililini;-    tile    liiiiiiaii   iiLjure.  and   apparently  formed  hy 


ilful 


UK 


'I'liey  are  of  soiiiewliat   liinantic  size,  and  appear  clothed  in  loiij;-   vest- 
worn  hv  the  natives  of  tliese  provinces:   and  their 


nt>  (lilVerinti  from  those  now 


head 


s  are  also  ornaiiK 


iited.      Near  ll    se  statues  i- 


an  edifice  wliich.  on  account  ol 


its  antiiiiiity  and 


tl 


le  aiiseiice  of    letters,  leaves  I 


IS  in  iiiliorailee  of   the    people   will 


consiriK 


ted  it 


am 


1  siicii  iiu 


(1  1 


las  lieeii 


the  lapse  of  lime  since  its  erection, 


that 


itile  remains  hut   a   well   hiiilt  Wi 


which  niust  have  heeii  there  for  au 


lor  til- 


stones  are  verv  much  worn  anil  cririihleil 


111  this  place.  al>o.  there  are  stones  s(i 


lav 


<>■(■  and  so  over 


irowii  that  our  wiuider  is  excited  to  compveheud   how  the  ( 


lower 


if  mail  could  have  placed  them  where  we  see  them. 
Iv  wroiui'ht.  and  some  haviiiu;  the  form  of  men 


.Man 


1h 


tones  are 


various 


must  have  heen  their  idids 


Near  the  wall  are  nianv  caves  and  excavations  mu! 


ler  tl 


le  ear 


ilaci 


wav* 


to  the  west  are  other  and  liieater  monuments,  coiisi 


h  :  hut  in  another 
still!;-  of  huiic  i^ate- 


tlieir  hinges,  platforms  and  porch 


ich  of  a  sin"le  stone 


What  most  surprised  me  while  eimaiied    in  examinins";  and  recordiiit;  these 


thinu;s.  was  that  the  ahove  eiiormoii- 


natewii} s  were  formed  on  other  tireat   masses 


of  stone,  some  of  which  were  Ihirtv  feet  loiii;.  fifteen 


feet  wide,  and  six  feet  thick. 


Nor  can  1  conceive  with  what  tools  or  instrnmen 


ts  these  stones  were  hewn  out: 


for  it  is  obvious  that  before  they  were 


wrouirht  and  brought  to  perfection,  they 


10(t 


CHAMA  A.MKWICANA. 


niusi  liitvf  Imtii  vastly  li»iu;tr  tliaii  \\v  now  sec  lluin.  Hcforr  I  proceed  lo  a 
riirtlicr  Mccoiiiit  (if  'I'ia^iiaiiicii,  I  must  remark  lliat  tliis  moii'.imt'iit  is  the  most 
ancient  in  Peru  :  lor  it  is  su|)|)nseil  liiat  sume  ol'  llu'se  structures  irtn  Imill  louj^ 
Iwforc  l/ie  iloiniiiion  of  flic  /'im.v.  ami  I  have  heard  the  Indians  allirm  tiial  tiiesc 
si)verciu;ns  cdustiucted  their  ureal  !iuildini;s  in  Cu/cn  after  tiie  plan  nf  the  walls  of 
'I'iaijuanicii,  and  they  add  llial  llie  liist  Iiums  uere  accustomed  Id  Imld  their  court 
in  this  place.  Another  very  curimis  lact  is,  that  in  the  greater  part  of  this  territory 
there  arc  no  (|uarries  nor  rocks  whence  (he  materials  for  these  strucl>ires  could 
have  heen  derived.  1  asketl  the  natives,  in  the  presence  of  Juan  de  Varau;as,  (who 
commands  here.)  if  these  ediliees  weic  h\iilt  in  the  time  of  the  Incas?  Hut  Ihry 
lau;;hed  at  (he  (|Ues(inn.  repeating  what  I  have  already  slated,  addinu;  that  (hey  did 
no(  know  who  Iniill  tiuni.  hut  (hat  lliey  had  a  trailition  of  their  ancestors  that 
these  structures  ajipeared  in  a  siniile  nii;iit  as  we  now  see  tiiem."* 

'IMiese  statenienl^.  an>l  many  olliers  to  the  same  pur|)ose.  are  conlirmcd  by 
the  \  iear-i;eneral.  Dii  i;o  (h-  Ah'(dia/.a.  \\lio  also  visited  'Tianuanico.  and  has  left 
an  account  of  the  architectural  Wdnders  he  saw  there. t 

It  will  he  (di<.ei'\(.(l  hy  the  precedim;  narrative,  (hat  tradition  amoni;  the 
Peruvians  attriluited  these  eyeloiiean  slrue(ures  (o  an  era  lony;  andcedenl  to  the 
.ippearance  of  (lie  Inciis.  and  (his  (radition  is  sustained  liy  history:  for  (he  ci(y  of 
Tiaiiuanieo  did  not  fall  in(o  (lie  haiuis  of  (he  Incas  un(il  (Iw  reiijn  of  .Mayta 
\  upaM(|Ue.  the  foiiidi  kin^-.  a(  wiii(di  period  the  ediliees  in  iiuestinn  must  have 
been  in  exisience  fni'  cen(ui'ies.  miuI  \\(re  already  in  a  state  of  ruin  and  decay. 
(Jarcilasn  de  la  \'e'j;a.  himself  of  (lie  royal  Peruvian  family,  admits  that  these  ruins 
existi'd  at  the  time  the  country  was  eon(piered  by  his  ancestors ;]:  and  a  Peruvian 
author,  two  centuries  and  a  half  nearer  our  own  time,  states  that  'l'iai;uanico  is 
indisputably  anterior  to  tiu'  monarchy  of  (he  Incas.  ;md  speaks,  as  if  from  personal 
observa(ion.  of  a  iiinantic  pyramid  and  eoloss;d  human  lej;ui'es  cut  from  solid  rock, 
indicadve  of  (be  powtr  and  n'uius  of  a  i;rea(  nation.//'  'I'be  (irs(  invasion  of  the 
Incas  was  followtd  by  (be  erecdon  of  sonic  temples  to  enforce  the  new  r(  ligion. 
but  their  only  ureal  architeclural  nuMiunu  nl  in  these  |)arts.  (he  'remjile  of  (he 
Sun  on  the  inland  in  Titicaca.  was  not  built  \mlil  the  reii;n  (d'  'I'apac  Vupaminc. 
the  tenth  Inca.  early  in  the  (ifteenth  century,     llerrera  also  alludes  lo  a  tradition 


■  l'r;niio  iir.  ('11:1  \.  (  limnirn  drl  I'cru,  flip.  10,';.     I'^iim.  Aiivcrs,  I."),']).  — Sec  iilsii  Acosta,  Ilisl. 
lit;  his  III, has.  l.ih.  VI,  Call.  XIV. 

t  (i.Muii.Aso  UK  i.A  \'i:(iA,  ('diiinifiilarins,  I.ili.  Ill,  Cap.  1. 

}  Idem.  Loco  citiitii.  ^Mkiucuki  1'kiii'an(i,  Lima,  17I»L 


TIIK  ANCIKNT   PKIIUVIANS. 


KM 


1)1'  tlic  Imliiins  (liiit  tliisc;  ((liCicts  liiul  Ixcii  buill  liy  Amazons  iil  a  rcTiiolc  era.  imr 
iiri'  (lie  liit'as  niciitiniiril  as  liaviii^j;  liad  any  pari  in  iIk  ir  ('(instrnctiiiii.' 

"It  is  proljalili."  says  lliunlioldl.  '-tliat  tlic  ((liliccs  wliicli  arc  calldl  in  I'trn 
I)V  tlif  name  "I'  Iniid-pUtv.m  Unildini;^  of  tlii'  Inca.  do  md  date  t'u.tlnr  liack  lliau 
the  lliiiiiiutli  fcntnry.  Tliovc  at  Vinaqno  and  'I'lairuanico  wire  ninstruclcd  at  a 
more  ninotf  period  ;  so  also  \vi  re  tlif  walls  (d'  indiakcd  luick,  which  were  made 
bv  till'  ani'ii'nl  inhahitaiiLs  of  (iuito.  It  is  to  he  disiivd  that  some  intclliijint 
Iravt  Her  nonld  viNil  the  hanks  (d'  tlic  urcat  lake  'i'ilicaca.  the  piovincc  id'  (.,'ollao. 
and  more  c-ipicially  tiic  ticvatrd  plain  of  'riau;uanicn,  \\hi(di  i^  tin'  ctntic  of  an 
ani'itnt  civilisitioii  in  tiiis  region. "f 

It  will  now  he  a^kcd  what  evidence  can  he  adduced  to  prove  that  the  people, 
who^e  remains  we  are  considerini;-.  were  the  >^anie  with  those  who  have  left  the 
arcliilectnral  nionnments  of  'I'ia'j,nanico  and  'I'itieaca  :  The  fact  is  otahlished  hy 
the  (diservation-i  of  Mr.  Fentland.an  inl(  lliu'ent  Kn^li^h  tvavf  Her.  who  has  recently 
vi-ited  the  iijiper  provinces  id'  I'erii.  This  ncnlleniau  states  that  in  the  viciinty 
(if  Titieaea  he  ha^   -discovered  innunterahh'  toniiis.  hundnds  id' w  liich  he  i  iilered 

and  examined.     These  n iiments  are  (d'  a  urand   species  nf  design  nnd  aridiitec- 

tin-e.  res,  inldiiiLt  Cyelopian  remains,  and  nil  unworthy  of  the  arts  of  ancient 
(ireece  or  l{(Uue.  Tiiey  therefore  hetiikened  a  hi^h  eondilion  of  civilisatitui :  hut 
the  most  extraordinary  fict  Ik  lonirin^;  to  them  is  their  iiivariahly  containing  the 
mortal  remains  (d' a  raci>  of  nun.  of  all  ages,  fnuu  tiie  earliest  infancy  to  maturity 
and  (dd  aiie.  the  formation  of  whose  crania  seems  to  prove  tliat  they  are  an  extinct 
race  (d'  natives  who  inliahited  upjier  I'eru  aiiove  a  tho\is;uul  years  an'o.  and  dill'eriniJ! 
from  any  mortals  now  iidiahitinn'  our  i;lohe.  The  site  is  hetwceii  the  fom'teenth 
and  nineteenth  deiirees  of  south  latitude,  and  the  skulls  found  (of  which  specimens 
are  hoth  in  London  and  Paris)  are  remarkable  for  their  extreme  extent  behind 
the  occipital  foranun:  for  two-thirds  of  the  weijiht  id' the  cerebral  mass  must  have 
been  deposited  in  this  wonderfully  cloni;ated  posterior  clianihc  r:  iuid  as  the  boms 
of  the  face  were  also  much  elon,>;ated.  the  u:eneral  appearance  must  have  been 
rather  that  id"  some  of  the  a()e  family  than  of  human  heini^s.  In  the  tombs,  as  in 
those  of   Kgypt.  parcels  of  urain   were   left   beside  tlie  dead:  and   it  was  another 


•llisi.  Dir.  Ill,  l.ib.  IX.Ciip.  1. 

t  Miimuiirnls,  1,  p.  -).— Soo  also  Dr.  iM'Ciilloh,  (Kcseairlirs,  y.  lOii.)  who  ri'iuarks,  in  coiilirni:!- 
tioii,  "thai  ;i  I'lTUuii  degrei!  of  .loiiu-mvilisatiou  prevailed  in  the   nations  a.ljoiiiiny   tlic   IVinviun 
oiiipirc,  which  was  not  ilurivcd  I'roiu  their  coiniiiuiiication  with  the  latlrr.' 
2(J 


J 


IIIJ 


CKWIA   AMKIIKANA. 


Ml 


ii;iiliir   circiiinNtiiiici'  llial    llic   iniii/i'.  or  Indiiin  (mhii.  mi  Icl'l,  wii-*  tlill'ircnl  iVniii 

ll\    tllilt    linu    (Nistld   ill  llic   CiilllltrN  ." 


!Mr.   I'liitliiiiil  cxprr' 


Ills    ill  CK 


l.d 


'1' 


'  tli;i(   llir  r\trai>nliiiiirv  fornix 


lluis  l)riMii.";lil  to  till'  liitlil  III'  (lav  at'ti  r   llnir  Imiu;  •xijninii.  cinild  iml  lir  alliiliutrd 
tn  pri'ssnif,  iiraiiv  cxli  riial  lnrcr.  similar  In  ilial  >till  rinplnyrd  liy  many  American 


trill' 


and  addiicrd.  in  (-nnl'irnialiiiii  nl'  tiiis  \ii'\\.  tiir  n|ijiiiiins 


if  Ciiviir.  Ill"  (iall. 


iiid  of  maiix  ulln  r  iialiiiiiii^l^  and  aiiatiinii-l-«.      On  llii'^r  i;riiiinds  lir  was  nl'  ii|iiiiiii 


that  liny  ('iiii>liluli'd  till'  |)ii|iiilatiiiii  nl    tliisr  rlivalrd  I'l 


III  I'liir  llir  ari'ixal  nl' 


till'   prrsinl    Indian    |i(i|iiilali(iii.   \\liiili    in    iN    pliysiral  cliaraclrr'".    cn-lom-.   i^c. 


ma 


ly  analiitiirs  willi  llir  Asiatic  |iiipu|aliiin  nl'  the  idd  wmld. 


'I'lir  preceding  facts  aiijicar  In  r>lalili>h  tun  inipnrtant  pniiinsjlidiis;  tirsl.  that 
the  |ii'imilive  I'einviaiis  had  atl;nned  In  a  cnnsideralile  decree  of  civilisalinii  and 
reliiiemeiit.  sn  far  al  least  as  archileeliire  and  snilptnri;  may  he  adduced  in 
evidence,  hini;  hefnic  the  liicas  appiaied  ill  tiieir  cniinlry  :  and  sicnmlly,  that  lliese 
priinilivc  I'eniviaii^  were  thr  sunie  pmple  wiinse  elnimaled  and  s((  iiiinuly  hriitalised 
crania  imw  arn-t  niir  atleiilion:  and  il  remains  In  iiii|iiire.  wlulhei'  thesr  mr  \\\v 
sanw  peiiple  whom  the  Incas  fnimd  in  |iiivs(svinn  nf  I'eru.  nr  wlulhir  their  naliim 
ami  pnwer  were  already  extinct  at  thai  e|inc||  ? 

'iMie  mnderii  I'ernvian  empire  had  existed  upwards  of  I'niir  hniulied  yejirs  at 
the  time  (if  the  Spanish  ('iin(|nes|.  sn  tlmi  i|s  nrinin  may  he  dati-d  snmewiiere 
ahniil  the  year  1  KMI  nf  niir  era.  N'nw  il  appears  thai  amniit;  the  first  military 
eiilerprises  nf  this  tiew  family  was  the  cniii|iiest  nf  Cnllan.  which  piisscssi'd  a 
prndiiclivi'  snil  and  a  warlike  pnpiilalinn,  and  emhraci d  within  its  cnnfmes  the 
Lake  Titicaca,  frnm  which  the  Incas  pi(  tended  tn  ha\c  derived  a  siipernalnral 
nrin'in.  Every  etlnrt  was  ihrnlnrT  made  tn  siihdne  and  tn  desirny  the  (Julias. 
'The  Inca  Nnpampie  watted  aicainst  them  a  war  (if  exterminatidii ;  and  we  arc  Inld 
hy  Ilerrera  that  in  snnie  of  the  towns  he  hit  sn  few  jiersons  alive,  that  inhahitants 
Were  aflerwards  sent  from  other  parts  of  I't  iii  to  cnlniiise  tiie  wasted  districts. t 
The  s;iiiie  liistnrian  adds,  that  in  nrder  further  tn  depnpnlate  the  conntry.  the 
iniiahilants  were  hanisjied  from  it  in  larije  hodies.  and  dispersed  tlirniiiih  nthcr 
prnvinces  nf  the  ein|iire ;  and  yet  sncli  ^^ as  the  dread  in  which  the  new  dynasty 
held    these    warlike    penpie.  tiial    liiiy    fnrhade    mon:    tiiaii  a    tlinusand  of  tllein    to 


•  lti'|Mirl  III'  llii'   I'niiilh   MriliiiL-  111'  ihr   I!iiiis|l  Aski  ici;!  I  lull   fur  llii'  Ailv.'iiiri'inclil  (if  Sciciu'f,  [i. 
Il-'  I;  aiiil  Aiiilil ;il  li'i'nil--.  u  l;i.  !i  wnr  n  |iulili-.||iil  iii  \\',ilii;i  '^  ,l,iinii;il  iil   IK'lli's-l.riti'i'S,  Isj  |. 

*  IllMun.l  l|..:  Ia,-,lll.ll.i-.  I)r,  .   111.  I, ill.  I.X.r.    1. 


'I'lU:  ANCIKNT  im;u(ivians. 


103 


lir  witliiii  llic  walls  of  C\i/,cii  III  :i  liiiH'.  \<^\  tlii\  -iHnild  allciiipt  s,,riic  nvo- 
liitimiiirv  I'Ulcrprisc.  II  llirriltiif  appears  lliiil  no  im  aiis  wire  1.  II  iinliicd  to 
suliilm;  ami  ixl.iiiiinal.'  llu'  p<(.plr  of  C'oila  :♦  vd  liow  lar  sucli  a  s\Mi  iii.  p.r>is(c(l 
ill  al  iiiltnai-  I'or  iiioiv  lliaii  Iwo  (•ciitiiriis.  i-oiiUI  lia\c  aiiiiiliilali  il  a  wlioli'  iialion. 
I  sli all  iml  allriiipl  lo  (Icfiilc. 

Wliiii  llif  Spaniards  look  poss(s>i(iii  iil"  llirsc  provincis,  llicy  round  lliini 
iiiliiihil,  (1  liy  l)arliaroiis  trilifs.  and  Wn-  islands  in  Ihc  lake  'I'ilicafa.  svliicli  liad 
oner  l.f.n  ili^lll\  cnllivali'd.  wcrr  lli.n  waste  and  vacant.  Upon  llie  lake  were 
seen  raits  made  (d'  llie  reed  called  liy  llie  natives  Inloni.  and  on  lliese  rafts  wlude 
families  made  llieir  home,  lossrd  here  and  tin  re  upon  IIm'  waters  hy  every  clianiie 
of  wind.  'I'luy  wire  in  so  hrnlali-nl  a  >lale  lliat  when  ask.il  lo  what  nation  ol 
people  they  iMdoiincd.  Iluy  rejilied.  "We  are  not  iiien.  hnt  I'ros,"  as  if  they  did 
not  consider  Ihcmsclves  as  helon-in-  to  the  human  >peeies.t  Were  these  IJro-. 
(for  so  Ih.y  named  their  trihe)  the  n mains  of  the  sava-e  colonies  sent  from  (dlier 
parts  u(  I'erii  to  supplant  the  ('(dlas:'  This  inference  heais  at  has!  th.'  stmnp  ol 
prohahility.  hnt  it  still  does  not  aid  ns  in  ascerlainim;  wiu  tin  r  the  (ollas  them- 
selves were  the  remains  of  the  primitive  civiTiMil  l'erii\  iaiis.J 

It  may  he  addetl.  that  (iarcihiM)  drscrihes  the  l'(ru\iaii  Irihes  near  the  sea 
coasts,  to  whom  he  apjilies  the  collective  name  of  Ynncas.  as  liviii-  in  the  nlniost 
harharism  at  the  advent  of  th.'  inca>.  In  proof  of  this  statement  \h'  addnc.s  thrir 
niytludosiy.  which  accorded  divine  allrii)ntes  lo  every  Ihin-  in  which  liny  (diserved 
any  domiiiaiit  exc.lleiice.  Tims.  s;,ys  he.  Ihcy  worshipped  Itie  fox  for  his  cnnnin.n. 
the  deer  for  his  swiftness,  mid  the  ea-le  for  llie  perfection  of  his  si-ht.  'i"hese 
superstitions,  however,  are  not  more  surprisin-  than  tlios,.  of  tlie  primilive  ap's  ol 
civilisation  in  the  i>lil  world:  and  tin  re  appears  thrmi-hout  tiie  Spanish  iiistorian 
an  evident  disposition  to  dei)reciale  tlie  character  of  the  ancient  triiies  (d'  I'ern.  in 
order  to  palliate  the  crm  1  measures  \\iiicii  wire  resorted  to  hy  the  Incas  for  their 
snhjunation.  (larcilaso  himself  descrihes  a  reinarkahh'  temple  al  Pachacamac. 
which  was  erected  hy  the  Ynncas  :  and  the  Chimnyans.  who  were  sometiiint;- 
farllier  to  the  south,  appear  to  have  possessed  extensive  and  r.-ular  edifices. 
toi;ether  with  some  other  attrihutes  of  civilisation.  The  inhahitants  of  Cliimn 
resisted  the  Incas  with  .ureal  valor,  and  appear  lo  have  l.een  very  superior  to  most 


•  ('.  Mil  u.A-ii  im:  1.  \  \'r,(:  A,  ('i>iiiimiil.  I.ili.  Ill,  '■']'■  ■'■ 

t  Ar,.vrv,  llist.  ,1.:  las  li„lias.  I.il,.  III.  cap.  (..-Dr.  I.ai.t.  Nnvus  O.ln--.  \a\>.  M. 

1  In.liau  ,raau,„„  .vlaTs  that  tlw  Collas  w.av  „//  .l.>troy..l  al  ......  btU  atUalam^.  llus  aUastroph. 

11  ail  iiuuiilalkiii.     Sue  UiuuEUA.  Dni;.  III.  I-'I'-  I^'  '■  '■ 


KM 


CHANIA    \MKIII(  ANA. 


Ill  llii  ;i(liM('i  111  liilii  •>  it  tlul  (;irl\  I  porli.  \(V(  lilii  li'x'*.  ||n_v  nmlil  imiI  (•(iiiiparc 
with  III)  |ii'iiiiilivi  iiiilinn  nl'  ('nlhin:  iiiiil  u III  II  \M  I'liiil  till  ri'iii;iiiis  1)1  till'  liitli  r 
niiiiiiliil,  ;i^  it  \M  I'l'.  ;iiiiiiii>;  lliosr  nl'  tlic  linrliiii'iMi<<  lioi'iits  iin  till'  sra  coii^l,  llii'ir 
|iri'M'ii('i'  iii.iv  III'  lu'ciiiiiilrii  I'lir  ill  llir  rii>>ii:ilti('s  nl'  war  nr  coiiiiiu'rcc.  nr  liy  that 
I'nici'il  M>tcin  III  ciiliiiiisaliiiii  tn  wliicli  \m   havr  alnailv  alliiilcil. 

I  liavr  rnlliiwiil   ii|)  till'    rcMairlirs  nl'    llariui   lliiinlinlilt  ami    l)i.  M  (iillnli 

willl   till'  llliiri'  /lal.  Iircail""!'  mi  iilllr  linln'.     Ii  IS  lu't'll  laki'll  III'    till'  Mllijrct    li_\    ntlirr 


wrilii's;  ami   i'>|n  riall v   lit'caiiM'   wr  arc   iinvv   a 


llilr  III  laki'  iilir    '«tr|i    llinl'i'    ill    llli 


iiii|iiii'\.  Ii_\  sliul>iiiu;  llir  arts  nl'  lliisc  |)iii|i|i'  in  cniiiH'cliiiii  \>illi  lluir  ctaiiial 
rriiiaiiis.' 

•  Ml.  'Sjrv  (•||^.l|l  Ills  ilrscllln'il  Sil|||l'  \  rrv  lllliTr^l  IIIL'  nillls  lir.ll'  lIli'  Vllbi.'!'  <>[  1 ,1 1 1  _'UII  ll  1:1  III  lIlL' 
I'lMV  ll'i'r  I'l  ('  l\  llli:ir>  1.  u  lilrll  lir  Ml|<|'i>s<  ^  l>>  In'  illilrl  l'i|'  In  llir  Iim';i  iloliiiiiii  in  in  I'l  1 II,  III  II  |i|'i'- 
Miils  iliisr  nni  iiii^  111  III    lliii-r  of  ;i   tnuii.iil    ulicli   iIm'  Ii'Uims  :iir  ;ill   liiiill  iil^li'iii',  siniiiiiniliir.' II 

ini  1,    nr    lull    111     1    Mll'iA  .        ••'I'ln'     llillliilll     I  111    IIT    nill'.'r  Hi'    H  H  Ull.'i   li:i  s    W.lIK  1 1|'    ;ill    lllniZIIIL'     lllhl.lll'ss.   Ill 

u  Inrli  1  li.ivr  inivisiiiril  viniii  s  Iwilvr  ll  it  liiiiL'  :iiiil  srviii  I'l'i't  lirjii.  rnrinilii;  llir  whnji'  Mile  ci|',i  niHin, 

Ullll   Mllr   III    lllilH'    I  llJi'  -Imil's   |;1|||   .irliiss,    wlinll    SIMM'    :is    ;i    In.ll  \|iil\r     llli--r    ||iil|MS    alKlllnl'   Her 

u  ;iv  Inili  III  llii'  ^:iiiir  iiiiiiiiii  r.  on  ilir  h.-nU  ii|  wliicli  up'  llir  I'nii.iiii  I  s  m  iluiir\v:iy~,  :iiiil  .1  sn'mul  row 
hill  lln  11  I  :irks  III  llli'  llliilllll:lin.  'I'l:'  Innls  nl  ihi'  ^1  cnhil  Ini  III  irnlil  li.lil  l>n  n  ■iivrnil  Villli  slmir, 
,inil  |ilnlMlil\  Inlllji  ll  I  |iriillli  ILIllr  ;  ,1  ■.rlnlnl  IHInl  Innllls  I  ll  11--  1 1  ^l(  1 1  nil  ll|i '  Mi  i|s  nl  1 1  !!■  I'll  ^1  1  Irr , 
\\  lll.h    W  r II   ,1    I'   Vil    U  nil    llm    ^1  rnllll    I'lnlll    IHT,        III    lllls   lllMllllnr    nllr    ilnlllilr   !  l'  r  n|    ilwrlllll','     lnn|||s 

was  1  11. J  almvi'  aimiln  r  in  ilm  lnu'l.i  n|  s,vi  n  Ih  I's."  Tjir  ailllml  aiMs  llial  lliis  m  i  ii  s  oT  linililii|i.'s 
«  ,1s  .  i|i  iMn  nl'  rnnlillilllL,'  llM'  lllniisaliil  lalilllli'-.  aliil  lir  L'lVis  Ins  ri'asiiMS  I'nr  Nn]i|iiisini.'  il  In  Im,  nut 
1  LTalialA  III  llln  111'  as,  ,,,  .,n||ii'  l|a\iM,  ,.  Ii  n f  iniaL'lliril.  lull  llli  rtMilrliri'  nf  llir  Inlll  nl  (  liiraiiia, 
••\il|i|l     1,1     11  -.alnil   111   llln    mil  imi-    nl    Ills    Irl'lllnry    llrl'nlr     ll    licrallli      sliliji'i  1   In   l|„.    Iliia     I'arll.li  Ulr.  ." 

I'lusi'  nulls  |iirsinl  iin  ll  mains  nl  i|i  lirair  m  iil|iiiiir.  alllinni:li  snin,.  ,,1'  ilm  s|,,iiis  am  carvril  in 
ii.iliisi|nrs.  >^llllll.n  In  ilii  sn  a  10  llir  rrinaiiis  ni  lln.'  imiiliril  |ialaia.|  nl  l'arainiiiii;a.  Trav,  in  S, 
.hiitr.  II.  p.  J.'.  1711.  17  I. 


r 


TIIK  AN{  IKN'r  I'HinVIANS. 


!(».•» 


ii|)iin' 
liitt 


I  r 


iiii'ir 
that 


I'LA'i'i;  I. 


i;\iii\i,\ir.ii  in;\i'.  iiom   iiik  i'i;imma\  (  r,Mi:ri;i(V   vv   \iii(  \. 


ilhir 


inial 


II  ilii' 


iin- 


'l'lli^  liiail.  Iluiu.  ''  nliviiius|>  ,1  (.lir  t,(  aiiUi(iiily.  Iia»  iml  all  Iin  cliaiacti  is  iil' 
llir  Alii'irnI  I'cniviaii.  iiiii  ~  it  intiudiin  ((  ii-  an  \iiii  i|ui\ii('al  rxanipli  'il  llial  lai'c 
'I'Ih'  I'nri  licatl  is  rxIn'iKlv  nln  din;;,  ami  at   It  i^l    |i,iiliallv   iikhiIiIi  il  li_\  arlilicial 

iiiraiis:  Iml  till'  ^^lll>l•  (iaiiiuin  is  I nltr.  Imlli  in  iS  frontal  anil  parirlal  dianiclii's. 

than  is  Usual  in  Hie  pi'iiplr  mow  iniiirr  cdnsidi  ration.  ||  i>  carrliillv  and  i  111 clually 
cinlialniiil :  tin'  lli  s|i  of  tlir  iicrk  and  facr  lias  hern  n  in  ^'d  and  ils  placf  supplifti 
liy  Laiua  wmd.  and   tin    wliidi'   In  ad   a|i|iiais  |o  |ia\c  miIis.  ipu  ull\  undirtcoiic  the 


proi 


if  laiHiini;  and  dr^inij.     Tin'  skin   is  almost  Idack.  llir  socki  l>  (illid.  tlir 


t'Xlcrnal  ;.|)piiiilai''rs  id'  llic  t_\c  adiniraldy  priM  rvrd.  and  liif  liair.  \\hi(di  is  lonn.  is 
t  lalioralcly  plaited,  and  disposed  wjih  Mrcal  ajipaniif  can'.  'I'lic  sharpniss  of  tin' 
sniiirciliary  ridges  indicates  (he  ellrcl  of  a  lioani  or  iiaiidai;e.  wluidi  lias  conipn  sscd 
(lie  OS  frontis  and  uiilened  the  wliole  luail.     'I'liis  is  liie  nm-t  perfecl  irislanc f 


Mnlialniiny;.  annum  ^1"'  Anu'rican  nations,  llial   lias  conn    under  my  notice 


Til 


liead  was  found  separal(  from  Iin  liody.  and  env<  loped  in  a  sack  of  conespcuidinii 
size,  made  of  coarse  (luead  ov  twine.  II  was  disinlernd  in  tin'  vicinity  of  Arica. 
and  politely  liril  me  for  insertion  anioiii;  tiie  illusdalioiis  id'  litis  work,  hy  .Mr. 
James  IJlakc.  (d'  Hoston.  .Mass;i(diuset|s. 

The  inhaliitants  of  Port  .Muli;ra\e.  on  the  northwest  coast,  and  some  other 
Irihes.  decapitate  their  dead  (diiefs.  anil  pbce  the  head  in  a  hox  hy  itself  :*  from 
whieii  and  other  circumstances  it  js  pndialde  that  the  present  relic  was  not  that 
of  an  I  uemy.  hut  a  person  id'  distinction. 


|)|\o\,  \'.i\.  [i.  ITii.  Isl.—'flu^  MiiLMlliir  riiMi.iii  alsii  |iivv;nls  in  soiilr 


i.llhc  Soiilll  Sr:i  Isliinl 


UN   111.-    I.:i 


Irmii'  mill   Sm-ii'i 


y   Miii'U,  ,iihl  llir  (laiiil'Hi    (;riiii|i.— II  \\wi>\vnuTir 


II,  [>.  J. Hi. 


lii;i:i  iinv.  \  ci\.  I.  |i.  I  .'I- 


il 


1U6 


CUAMA  AAIFJJICANA. 


I'LATK    II. 


AN(  IK.Nl'    I'l'.IilVI  AN. 


-^ 


'I'lii^  (AlrMiinliiiiiry  n  lie  \\;i'<  rNliimuil  iViMU  tlial  pai't  (if  tlir  sandy  tract  ol 
Ataciinia  wliicli  i^  iicarcsl  to  Arica.  I  nci  ivcd  it  in  liaL';in(iit--  IVmu  .'Mr.  'I".  |{. 
I'talc  (i!  Iiii<  city,  ami  liavc  luiii  ^n  ruiliiuatc  as  tn  I'ccumpdsf  all  tlir  ]iai't~.  'i'ln 
"hsciArr  is  struck  with  tlu'  ui(  ally  iiicliin  il  Inrclicail.  tin-  cxtrcnir  cliiiiLiatinii  n| 
llir  wliiilc  lirail.  and  iiinrr  |K!ilici:lail_\  liy  the  h  niitli  nl'  the  iiccijiul  licliiiul  tin 
■  ar:  yi  t  thcl'c  is  hut  little  lateral  e\|)aii^iiill  nC  the  head,  \\lii(di.  wi'.li  the  I'aci  .  i^ 
naiTiiw  in  iirii|iiifti(in  thriumlmul. 

'I'his  cranium  hel(Uiu'«  t"  a  child  nnl  niun'  than  live  year^  i\\'  aiii .  and 
(U'e^ents  tile  I'dlliiwin:;  iiH  a^uii  luent^. 

Liiu^itudinal   dianuter.       .....  d.f)  inches. 


Parietal  diameter. 

ri'iintai   (liaMH'ler. 

Veilical  dianutii'. 

Kxli'iine  leniith  nl'  he.id  and  face. 

Internal  ciiiiacity. 

Capacity  oj'  the  anterior  (dianilier. 

Capacity  dl'  the  [instrriiir  cliamher. 


I.t)  inches. 

{.?  inches. 

1.  !  iindies. 
7..')  in(  lies, 
f)  I.     cuhic  inches. 
1  7.     cuhic  inches. 
17.     cuhic  inches 


THE  AXCIEN'I'  PERUVIANS. 


1U7 


"LATE    111. 

ANCll'.NI'    I'KKIVi.v;,. 


N 


/ 


A  skull  \\\[\\  II  siii'j;iilarly  ll;it  ;ui(i  I'drcnlinji  t'nrcluMii.  and  pnijcctiiii;  race. 
Till'  iiari-iiwiirss  111'  llic  lirail.  IkiwimI'.  is  imt  I'ciiiarkaliic.  and  wry  sliijlit 
prrssurc.  if  an\'.  iia^  licrll  applird  In  lllr  frniilal  limir.  Tiir  iaitrl'  prrsriits  a 
niundnl  ridni'  csti  iidiii;;-  iVmu  llir  nasal  liiuirs  liatd;\vards  (n  tlir  s;iiritl;d  sulinr. 
uliii'h  rlrvalinn  wiiiild  prolialdv  iiavc  lircn  nlilili'ialrd  if  niiicli  ciiniiir.ssion  had 
liri'ii  iTMirli'd  lo.  On  the  ntlirr  iiand.  a  iVirnd  lias  simni •^(^d  that  this  rjdo-,.  |„a_^ 
lie  the  iTsult  111' coniprrssjiiM  its.  If.  Iinni  liiiatiirrs  whiidi  havr  prrssrd  up  thr  hones 
pnixiniatr  lo  thr  I'l-nnlal  suture  of  iuraney:  vet  ^neh  a  re-ull  eould  hardly  have 
I'ollowed  unle-s  the  eiuiipriNsinn  \va^  ingeniously  withheld  I'mui  thai  part  nl'  the 
rmvlurd.  A'j;aiu.  on  plate:  .Wll  and  L\'  of  this  work,  two  >kulls  ;,'-e  |i.j;ni-ed  in 
whieh  this  frontal  riilj;e  is  as  stroniily  developed  as  in  any  others  in  my  po^sos^ion. 
and  yet  are  ihvioiisly  devoid  of  nieehanieal  ajjency.  Of  the  few  skulU  of  ancient 
I'eruvians  thai  have  cmne  under  my  notice,  the  lar;;er  nnmher  po^^csses  this  ridi;c 
in  a  strikiuLi  deiii'ee.  and  it  is  least  iihvious  in  those  instances  where  the  llattenin;; 
process  is  nio>t  ixident.  for  exanijile  in  plate  \'. 


MI'.ASl  iii'.Mi'.srs. 


liOni;'itudinal  dianntcr. 

Parietal  dianuler. 

\  eriical  diameter. 

Frontal  diauieter. 

Hxtrenu'  leni^lh  of  head  and  face. 

Inter-mastoid  aii  h.     . 

Inter-masloid  line, 


().■)  inches 
5.2  inches 
.").l  inches 
l.;5  inches 
S.  j  inidu's 
1  *,.,")  inches 
I.     inches 


I  DM 


CHANIA   AMEUICANA. 


Occipitn-lVdiiliil  iircli. 

Ildi'i/iiiiliil  |)(ii|)li('rv. 

Iiitcniiil  ciiiiacilv.     .... 

C';ij);(cil_v  nf  llif  Miilcrini'  I'liiinibrr. 

C;ii);u'ily  nl'tlic  |)ii>ti  rinr  cliMiiiliir.     . 

Ciipacity  nf  ilir  cdrdiuil  rii^idii. 

Fncial  aiiiilr..  .... 


l,t.,s  iiiclics. 
IS.r)  iiiclics. 
72.;")  ciiliic  iiiclics. 
16.  ('iil)ic  iiiclics. 
IG.o  cubic  inches. 
1  1.7;^  culiic  inches. 
(iS  tlciiTtcs, 


'I'lii-  -Ivuli  lirlniiiiN  Id  the  l'liiia(lcl|ihi;i  ."Nhiscuiii.  and  was  h  nt  nic  hy  .Mr.  'V. 
II.  I'lalc.  'Tile  c  utile  ile>iccat,(l  lidily  was  dhtaimd  iVdiii  the  hniders  of  the 
(le-ert  dl'  Atacaiiia.  iidl  tar  I'idiii  Aiica.  'Plie  remains  were  tlidse  of  a  \\(iinaii 
wild  may  havi'  reached  her  thirtieth  year.  'I'lie  hair  ^\as  very  Idiitj.  and  had  lust 
none  d|'  it-  natural  hlack  cdldr.  With  the  hudy  \vas  I'duiid  a  small  haii.  not  uiilik<' 
a  iiiddein  reticule,  in  which  \\ere  cdutaiued  sdine  cd|i|)er  li-h-lcinks  and  >mall 
iii-tiumcnts  dl'  hdiu  whi'li  wiie  prcdialdy  used  in  I'driniiiii"  the  me->hes  df  their 
nets  nr  dtlier  fahric-.  .Aiiioni;  the  enveld|ies  were  also  oh.-ervcd  small  pieces  cd' an 
ai'dmatic  i;uin. 

'riirmiLih  till'  kiiidiies-  dl'  .Mexaiider  Xaysmilh.  M-q..  df  lidiiddii.  I  pds>.css 
ea-|s  dl'  the  -i\  -kiills  hi'diiLiht  hy  Mr.  Peiitland  Iriim  the  vicinity  id'  the  lake 
Titicaea.  and  live  df  them  are  ••trikiiitrly  like  the  spicinieii  here  liiiured.  hotli  as 
re-iiect--  their  Li'eiieral  fdrm.  their  nari'dw  lace.  Ilieir  small  -ize.  and  their  several 
diameter'^ :  yet  Ihey  presi  lit  nidre  dhvidus  marks  (d'  arlilicial  mudilicatidii. 


lM>A'l'i:    IV. 

AM  ii:.\i'  i'i;i;r\i.\N. 


^m^  ■r~^ 


\, 


1  have  alreaiU  alluded   Id  thi-  relic   a<  I'uinishiii'.:  an  e\aiii|ile  id'  the  head  dl' 
tin    piiiiiili\r    I'l  ruviai:<  ii'iallered  hy  art  :  and  it  may  tin  rei'dre  stand  as  a  type  of 


THE  ANCIENT  1*EHUVIANS. 


109 


the  cranial  conformation  of  (licsc  people.  Thoui!;h  the  forehead  retreats  rapidly. 
Iliero  is  but  little  expansion  at  the  sides,  and  from  tiie  faee  to  the  occiput  inclusive 
there  is  a  narrown'^ss  that  seems  characteristic  of  tlie  race.  The  posterior  view 
represents  the  skull  elevaled  in  tiiat  rei;ion  without  any  unnatural  wiilth  at  the 
sides,  and  the  vertical  view  sullicicntly  confirms  the  latter  fact. 


.■Mr.VSIHK.MF.N'rs. 


Lon!>;iludinal  diameter. 

Parietal  diameter.     . 

Frontal  diameter. 

\'ertical  diameter,     . 

Inter-mastoid  arch.  . 

Inter-mastiiid  line.    . 

Oecipito-lVontal  ai'cli. 

llori/.onlal  periphery. 

Extreme  Icni^th  of  head  and  face. 

Internal  capacity, 

Capacity  of  tiie  anterioi-  ciiamher. 

Capacity  of  llie  po-terior  chamber. 

Capacity'  of  tlie  coronal  rcijiou,  . 

Facial  aniile.    .... 


7. 5  inchi's. 

/).,!  ineiies. 

l.;t  inelies. 

5.3  iiielies. 

1  i.  inelies. 

•J, 3  inches. 

1  ").  inches. 

19. S  inelies. 

S.i  inelies. 

81.')  cubic  inches. 

31.5  cubic  inches. 

50.  c\ibic  inches. 

1().25  cubic  inches. 

7.t  degrees. 


My  friend  Dr.  Uuselienlierii-er.  from  whom  I  received  this  skull,  has  pre- 
served tlie  following  niemoraiidiim  of  the  circumstances  under  which  it  was 
fouiiil. 

'■  About  a  mile  from  the  town.  (Arica.)  on  the  south  side  of  the  inorro.  is 
a  ciMiietery  of  the  ancient  l'erii\iaiis.  There  is  one  path  to  it  over  the  hill,  which 
is  somcNvliat  laboiimi-;.  and  another  round  the  base  of  Arica  Head,  which  is  only 
]iractieable  when  the  tide  is  low.  On  one  side  of  tiie  hill  are  found  the  graves  of 
this  injured  people,  indicated  by  hillocks  of  uptui'iieil  sand,  and  the  numliers  of 
human  bones  bleiieliinu;  in  the  sun.  and  poitioiis  of  bodies,  as  leg>  and  :n  in-;,  or  a 
hand  and  foot,  scattered  ovei'  the  suriiu'e.  The  surface  is  covered  with  sand  an 
inch  or  two  deep,  which  being  removed  discovers  a  stratum  of  salt,  three  or  four 
indies  in  (hiekness.  that  s|ireads  all  over  the  hill.  Immediately  beneath  are  found 
the  bodies,  in  gravs  or  liole<.  not  more  than  three  feet  in  deptii.  The  body  [to 
which  this  head  heliuiged]  was  placed  in  a  scpiatting  posture  with  the  knees 
drawn  up.  anil  the  hands  apjilied  to  the  sides  of  the  head.  The  whole  was 
'2S 


lit) 


CHAM  A   AMKUICANA. 


iiiv(l()|)t'(l  in  i\  CDMrsi'  l)iil  clitsc  lulnic.  witli  stripes  of  nil.  Nvhicli  has  witlislmxl 
WDiiilcri'ullv  the  ilrslnnini;  cHiM'ts  of  jiijcs.  for  llicsi'  iiitciiui'iits  were  miulc  bcforr 
(Ir'  I'omiucst,  tlimii;li  at  wliat  piiioil  is  nut  known."* 

IM.ATK    V. 

an(Ii;ni'  i'i;iirviA.\. 


I 


V 


-1, 


A/ 


I  liavc  not  asciTtaincii  from  wliat  iiarticnlar  part  of  Peru  lliis  sknll  was 
()l)taini'(I.  liiit  it  is  strikini;ly  analogmi^  to  \\\r  tlircc  pnccdini;  s|)ccini('ns.  'I'lif 
intervention  of  art  in  llalteninti  tlie  skull  is  very  manifest,  yd  it  lias  been  eireeteil 
on  a  forehead  extremely  low  liy  nature:  for  the  lateral  swell  is  not  reniarkahli', 
and  the  parietal  ])rotul)eranees.  in  particular,  are  not  much  more  inllated  than  was 
natural  to  these  ]ieople.  The  depth  of  the  cranium  hehind  the  coronal  suture  is 
remarkal)le  :  and  the  very  narrow  face  in  this  instance  proves  that  the  head  could 
not  have  l)een  orii^inally  s])iieroidal.  like  that  of  the  later  inhahitants  of  Peru. 

This  specinuii  was  politely  lent  nu'  liy  Dr.  ,1.  Kearney  l{odi;ers.  of  New  York, 
of  whose  collection  it  forms  a  part. 


Ml'.ASI  lIKMCXr- 


Lon^itudi.ial  diameter. 
I'arieti.)  iliauuter.  . 
Frontal  dianuter,  . 
\  ertieal  diameter.  . 
lutt  r-mastoid  arch.  . 
Inter-mastoid  line,  . 
Occipito-frontal  arch. 


().*  inches. 

1.")  inches. 

I.I  inclies. 

1.1  inches. 
I  I .  )  inches. 

3.(j  inches. 
11. 2  inch.  s. 


•'riireo  Years  in  liio  Pacilic,  [i.  ;!ll. 


'I'lli:   ANCIENT   I'KRUVIANS. 


Ill 


IlDri/oiitiil  |)iiiplicry, 

Kxtn'int;  Ini^tli  of  lnad  mid  I'licc, 

Inlciiial  ciiparity,     . 

Ca|iii(u(y  of  till'  iiiilrrinr  cliiinilKT. 

Ca|ia(;ity  of  tlic  postcrinr  cliainl)!  r, 

Capacity  dI'  tlic  ('di'oiial  nuioii. 

Facial  aii^^lc, 


IS.  inciics. 
H.S  inclics. 
().)..5  ciihic  inches. 
19.7/5  (•ul)ic  inches. 
I'). 75  cul)ic  inches. 
1  2.75  ciihic  inches, 
(il  cieirrees. 


It  will  he  shown  in  the  sccpiel  that  the  average  internal  capacity  of  the 
Caucasian  or  Kiiro|)ean  head  is  at  least  ninety  ciihic  inches;  and  it  will  he  ohserved 
that  th<  three  adult  skiills  in  the  pncedinu;  series  of  ancient  Peruvians,  j^ivc  an 
au;f;'rcf;atc  of  two  hundred  and  nineteen  ciihic  inches,  or  a  iiiean  of  seventy-three. 
It  will  also  he  ohserved,  that  the  nieaii  capacity  of  tiie  anterior  is  ahoiit  one  half 
of  that  of  the  posterior  chamher.  or  twenty-live  to  forty-seven;  while  the  mean 
of  the  lacial  aiiu;l(;  is  !)ut  sixty-seven  decrees. 


tin:  chimuyans. 

This  name,  Chiiuii.  was  applied  rather  to  a  chief  than  a  territory.  The 
province  of  the  "tJreat  Chiinu  "  was  very  near  the  present  site  of  Truxillo.  in 
Peru,  and  its  iiihahitant.s  had  attained  a  certain  def^ree  of  civilisation  hefore  they 
were  comiucrt'd  hy  the  tenth  Inca.  My  friend  Dr.  M.  Burrough.  (now  United 
States  Consul  at  Vera  Cruz.)  examined  the  ruins  of  the  Chinuiyan  city  with  jjieat 
care,  and  traced  the  remains  of  (lwellinj;s.  walls  and  terraces,  over  an  extensive 
plot  of  ground.* 


"  I'"')r  siiiui.'  ailililiDiiiil   |i;ollii|]Mrs  rcspiriiiig  tlic  rriii.iiiis  ol'  thr  .■uirl.'iit  driiii-  ivili-iiUi'Mi  in  S'lUtli 
AiiiiiiicM,  the  riMdrr  is  rriiiiMil  to  llii'  Iruiiied  lieseiirches  ol'  Dr.  M'CuUdIi,  ('liap   IX. 


[i 


1 1 '2 


CKANIA  vVlNIKIUtANA. 


PLATK    VI. 

ClllMIVAN. 


.-/''    "V 


1    {■' 


UV 


.a/ 


In  llir  ('(iiiVM'  (if  sdiiif  (XCMViilidn-i  nnuMm  tlic  ruins  (if  llic  C'liimnv.'in  citv. 
i)r.  IJurriiMi;li  Idiind  a  sknil  in  ailniiialilc  |ins(  rvatimi.  It  diili  rs  I'mni  liotli  the 
Ancii'iit  ami  Inca  I'l  iiniaii  in  aijs  in  luiiij;-  ol'  a  nwirc  (ival  Inrin.  ailiinni!;li  tin  re  i>. 
^till  an  (ili\inu--  im  (inalil  y  InlNMcn  the  t\Mi  sides:  tiic  Idrclicad  also  i ;  I(i\v  and 
rctrcatin;:.  and  liir  widtli  is  laiL^i'  liitunn  llic  parietal  lidnis.  aiid  the  wIidIc  head 
ri'niari<al)l\  small. 


Mf.  \»l  Kl'.MI'.N'rs. 


Liin:::itudinal  diann  tcr. 
Parietal  diameter.     .  .  .  . 

Frontal  diameter.     .... 
\'ertieal  diameter.     .  .  .  . 

Inter-ma-tnid  arch.   .  .  .  . 

Intir-mastiiid  line     .  .  .  . 

()eei]iitii-IV(intal  ari'li. 
Ilnri/iiiilal  periphery. 
Internal  caiiaeity.      .... 
Capacity  id'  the  antei'inr  (dianilier. 
Capacity  nl'  the  pn^tei'idr  (diamlier.    . 
Capacity  (d'  the  ciirnnal  region. 
Facial  aniile.    ..... 


(i.-)  in(dies. 

.■).l  in(dn^. 

I.I  inidies. 

n.l  inches. 

1  l.()  inch(s. 

1.  inclns. 

I  I.  I  inches. 

l!t.")  inches. 

G7.")  cnliic  inidies. 

iS.,")  cnhic  indies. 

;J0.  ciihic  inches. 

10.2')  cniuc  inches, 

"(i  dciin  es. 


113 


THE   INCA    OH    MODEHN    PERUVIANS. 

'I'lic  <)rifi;iu  dl"  tlic  Iiicas  ol'  IVrii  is  slinnulcd  in  lalilc  Tlicy  an;  rcitrcsciitL'il  in 
tiicir  traditions  as  two  ci'lcstial  personages,  a  son  and  (lau;j,lit(  r  of  tlif  sun  liinisi  H'. 
who  wci'c  sent  I'roni  luaviii  to  instruct  and  civilise  a  favored  people.  Tlieso 
|)ersons,  says  the  tradition,  wi're  Maiico  Capae.  the  iirst  Inea.  and  Coya  Mania, 
who  was  lioth  his  sister  and  his  wife.  Tliey  appeanii  lirst  on  an  island  in  the 
hike  Titicaca,  and  takini;-  the  peoph'  under  tiieir  juriNdi  t Hn.  iieiian  at  (  nee  a 
vefoiin  of  all  the  institutions  (d'  the  country. 

Thus  a  fahulous  tradition  of  llie  I'eruviauN  refers  tiie  rise  of  t'  eir  monarchy 
t.i  two  personaijes  only;  iiul  liiis  pri'fereuee  foi'  a  small  numiii  r  was  calculated  to 
render  llw  account  more  luiirvelioiis.  and  the  desccniiaiits  of  llie  indi\iduai^  niol'e 
respected.  What  noes,  liowever.  lo  prove  tlial  I'eiii  was  not  eiilii|Uered  by  the 
artful  inventions  of  a  few  strauiier^.  is  the  fact  that  the  lir-l  Inea  planli'd  numerous 
colonies,  and  suhdiu'd  many  ualioiis:  ahva\^  appeariii'.;  in  arm-,  and  always 
victorious.*  Force  was  apjiealed  to  from  the  I'lr-l  appearance  of  tiiese  new 
people:  the  laws  were  altered,  a  new  lamjuaiie  and  a  new  reliii'ioa  imposed,  and 
all  the  customs  and  rii;lils  of  many  populous  and  warlike  c  mmuuities.  were 
aI)roi;ated  in  a  very  slwul  |)eriod  of  time,  and  this  liy  eii'ce  of  arms  m-  the  dread 
of  inmishmeiil.  All  that  ah-olute  pdwer  could  do  was  done  in  a  ■•in^le  reitiu.  Is 
it  to  hi'  believed  that  all  these  ehanu'o  were  lirouiiht  ahuut  by  two  strange  r-.  who 
spoke  a  foreijiu  laniiua-v  r  Can  it  be  credited  that  this  inial  revolution  in  -ocial 
and  civil  i^overnmeut  was  the  re-ult  of  moral  cauNe-.  uperaliu'.::  on  nations  who 
were  as  sironirlv  dev(ded  to  their  own  iu>'litutinns  as  any  other  people"  Certainly 
not.  On  the  contrary  we  are  eompelbil  to  alliilmte  tin-  ebau-c  to  an  inllu\  ol 
foreinners.  who>e  number  and  inlelliitence  enabled  them  to  overcmue  eyery 
obstacle  that  arose  in  ttieir  path.      Who  could  these  stramters  be: 

The  'Polleeas.  the  most  civiliMil  nation  id'  ancient  Mexico,  after  iiovernin;; 
that  country  for  four  centuries,  suddenly  abaiuhmed  it  abmil  the  year  lO'iO  of  (Uir 
era.  The  reasons  for  this  step  are  i^iven  at  sonu'  detail  by  the  Mexican  annalists. 
TluT  state  that  duriiuj  the  reiiin  (d'  their  last  prince,  a  xries  of  calamities  >j^a\c  a 
fatal  blow  to  their  prosperity  and  power.  "iMir  several  years  heaven  denied  them 
the  lu'cessary  showers  to  their  lields.  and  the  eartli  the  fruits  that  suppiu'ted  them. 
The  air.  infected  by  mortal   contagion,  filled   daily  the   i^raves  with  the  dead,  anil 


'  C.Aucii.A'io,  Coinniciil,  Lib.  I.  iiassiiii. 


29 


Ill 


CIIAMA   A.MKIUCANA. 


the  niiiiiU  of  thnsc  Miiviviim-  ^vitli  constcriiiitidii.  mI  Hh'  ilfs(nic(i(iri  of  tlicir 
(•(.illltnill.il.  A  nival  |i:iil  of  llic  ii;ilinii  dicil  hy  !:uiiiiic  aiiil  siclui.ss;  and  Ihc 
uiclclinl  icniaiiis  of  llii^  |i(n|i|c.  vvilliriu-  (,,  ^;,v,.  tli.insclvis  IVoiii  llic  i'dihiikiii 
caliiiiiilv.  soiinlil  tinitiv  iclirf  t(.  tlicir  iiiisl'nrtuiics  in  dllicr  cniiitricx."*  Tlir 
lli^l^^iaIl  tlicii  adiN.  Iliat  llir  'I'dtrcaK   luiuTalcd   j„   |;ir|,v  |„|,|j,,«,  (,,  varii.iis  parts  nf 

llic  cniiiiiinil.  and  .xtcndrd  tiiriiis.lvcs  as   far  sdiilji  as  Vncataii :   and  s,,  ,• pld,. 

was  Ihc  dis|i(.rsi(iii  »(  tlics,.  pniplc.  thai  the  land  nl'  Aiialinac  (tlir  ancinit  name  of 
Mcxicii)  irinaincd  >idilaiy  and  di'|ii>|iiilal('d  fi,r  iicarlv  a  (■ciitiirv.  Now  it  !;;,,- 
Ixiii  m(iitiMii..d  in  111,,  preceding-  idia|d(r.  that  tlu  Inca  race  date  tli.ir  possession 
of  I'.  Ill  from  alioiii  ih,-  (  Irvinlli  (■cnliiiT  of  our  ,  ra ;  and  as  this  pi  rioil  corrrsponds 
vvilh  tiir  ,|)ocli  ..f  Ihi'  iiiii;ralioii  of  the  Tidtccas.  uv  niav  r.Msonahlv  coniccturc 
that  liolli  wirr  of  a  coiiinion  oriiiin.  'I'liis  siipposiUdii  t;aiiis  strcn"-lli  wlicii  \vc 
iiiqiiiiv  into  III,,  cliaiactr:'  (d'  liir  'ridtccas. 

01'  all  thr  iialiniis  of  ihc  iirw  world  they  had  attaini'd  to  thr  hi^hrst  dc-rcc 
ol  civilisalioii:  thry  li\rd  in  society.  collcctinM-  th.niisrlvcs  into  cities,  under  the 
noveniiiieiit  of  kiii-s  and  re-iilar  law-.  They  were  not  reinarkaldy  warlike,  and 
prclVrred  llie  cnllivalion  of  the  art-  lo  IJic  exercise  of  arms:  they  also  devoted 
llieiii-elves  to  archill  el  lire,  and  ciillivated  with  care  various  iiM^ful  plants  and 
iViiit-.  Nor  did  111  .  pracli-e  tlio-e  arts  only  which  are  consid.red  a-  n,  ces-arv 
to  hiiiiian  comforl.  hut  iIiom'  al-o  which  minister  ti>  luxury:  and  it  is  addeil.  that 
allhounh  thiir  rdi-iiui  wa-  idolatrous,  i|  d,ics  not  appear  that  they  practiseil  those 
harharoiis  and  hloody  sacrilices.  wliiidi  liecaine  so  ciminion  in  Mexico  after  Ihc 
Tidfecan  emi-ratiMut  Now.  as  we  shall  heaivafler  s,.,..  these  arc  the  Icadinii' 
lealures  in  the  (diaracler  of  the  modern  or  Inca  Peruvians:  and  when  we  lake  into 
consideration  (hat  the  disaiijiearance  of  the  T.dteciis  from  ijieir  ,,wn  coimtrA.  was 
>iiniiltaneous  with  the  advent  of  tin  new  dynasty  in  i'erii.  may  we  not  hmk  upon 
the  two  as  eogiiatc  nations?  'I'liere  is.  hi^sides.  a  coincidence  in  Hie  si|iiared  and 
conical  form  of  tln'  head  in  the  'I'ldtccas  and  Peruvians  that  is  very  strikinu'.  and 
which  will  he  more  (larticiilarly  adverted  to  in  a  future  part  id'  this  work. 

AMiether  tlw  prcccdiiii;-  inlVrence.  which  is  i)y  no  means  new.  he  correct  or 
not.  there  can  he  little  douht  that  the  Inca  l':uu\\y  ^\i\s  nn  infrmfiiiii-  mi/ioii.  ]vd 
perhaps  hy  a  few  iiidi\i(liials  of  the  sacerdidal  class:  and  haviii-  com|uercd  Pern, 
miicli  the  same  |),ditical  ndalions  appear  to  have  siihsist.'d  hctwicn  them  and  the 
prc-cvistiiiiT  iiihahitants.  as  we  at  preseiil  ,d)serve  hclwirii  the  modern  (Jreeks  and 
the  Turks. 


<'i.AM(;i:ii,.,  IliM   (if  M,  vir,!.  I,  11.  lis.      f„!lrn's  Tr.  *  \\,\,\.  I.p.  ill,  lli 


'  ■« 


Till:  INC  A   I'KUUVIANS. 


1 1  r, 


VVc  next  proceed  lit  cxiiiniiic  iiitn  tin'  plivsiciil  clijii'iictcr  of  llu'  MiKJcni 
Pcniviiins.  'I'liiy  (liHt'i"  little  in  persim  fnnn  the  liidiiiris  iiroiind  llniii.  heiiii;  id' 
the  middliiit?  sliiture,  well  liiiiht'd.  and  with  small  feet  and  hands.  'Their  I'aee.s 
are  niund.  their  eyes  small,  hiaek.  and  rather  distant  from  eadi  other;  tiieii'  noses 
are  small,  the  month  somewhat  lar^'e.  and  tiie  tci  tii  remarkably  thie.'  Their 
c'()ni|)le\ion  is  a  dai'k  hrown.  and  their  hair  loni;.  hlack.  and  rather  coarse. 

The  sknil  in  these  peoph^  is  reniarkahle  j'or  \U  small  size,  and  also,  as  ju^t 
ol)ser\ed,  I'or  its  (juadrani^idar  I'orm.  The  oeeipnl  is  i;reatly  emnpresscd.  sdnie- 
limes  ahsolntely  vertical ;  the  sides  are  swidled  ont.  and  the  j'orehead  is  sonu'what 
elevated  lint  very  retreating;.  The  capacity  ol'  the  cavity  id'  the  crntiinm.  derived 
i'rom  tile  measurement  ol'  many  sjjccjmens  of  the  |MMe  Inca  race,  shows,  as  we 
Nhall  lieieal'ter  see.  n  sinuinlarly  small  cereliral  ma^s  Inr  an  intelligent  and  ci\ilised 
peo|)lc.  These  heads  are  remarkidde  no!  mdy  lor  tiieii-  smalliie^s.  luit  aKo  lor 
their  irrej;nlarity  :  tor  in  the  whole  series  in  my  posM  ■.>iiin,  tinre  is  hut  one  that 
can  he  called  symmetiical.  Tiiis  ii^rcgnlarity  chielly  e()nsi--ls  in  tiie  j.';reater 
projection  of  the  occi|Mit  to  oni'  side  than  the  other,  showin:;.  in  some  iIl^lances.  a 
sin'pri>inn'  dcLiree  of  defoi'mity.  As  liiis  condition  is  as  nften  ohser\(  il  im  one 
side  as  the  otiiei'.  it  is  not  to  lie  atlrihuted  to  tlie  intinlional  application  nf 
meelianieal  force:  on  the  conti'ary  il  is  to  a  certain  dei;ree  common  to  Ihe  whole 
American  race,  and  is  sometimes  no  duuhl  increased  liy  the  manner  in  which  tiie 
(diild  is  placed  in  the  cradle. 

I  am  in  fact  con\inced.  that  amona;  the  collection  of  Peruvian  skulls  alluded 
to  above,  tiieri'  is  not  one  that  has  been  (lesii;-nedly  nuMilded  by  ai'l  :  and  hence  it 
may  be  reasonably  inferr'ed.  tlial  individuals  of  the  royal  race,  or  tiin^r  furmimi 
the  iiiiiiu'r  I'lasses  anion^'  the  Peruvian'-,  seldmn  or  never  llattenid  their  iieads. 
Wiiat  to  liiem  was  natural  \vas  imitated  by  tiie  inferior  orders,  and  especially,  il 
may  be  con jecluri'd.  by  the  inhabilants  of  conipiered  province'^,  and  others  whose 
heads  may  not  have  been  oi'ininally  fiU'nied  lui  tiu'  aristocratic  model.  While  the 
early  Spanisii  travellei's  freipuntiy  speak  of  the  llatteued  heads  of  the  people,  they 
never  mi'iition  tiiis  condition  as  applicable  to  the  princes  and  other  diiiiiitaries  who 
abounded  in  Pern  at  the  cimiinest.  Let  it  not  he  supposed,  howiver.  that  these 
deformities  were  confined  to  a  simrle  model  :   im   the   coiitrarv   there    were    two 


■  Sri;\i;NS()N-,  Solllh  .\lllrl-.  1,  |i,  ,!;ii.  — I!l  M  lUlMiKllcr.ll,  Tluic  Nr.lls  111  ill.'  I'.irilic.  |l.  Hso. — 
I'l.i.dA,  \'i>y.  Ill  S.  AiiUT.  I,  [I.  'JiiT. — 'I'iii'  l.iUrr  aiillior  :is<ri-|s  lli:il  iiMr.'  iriiui;il  ilrlrr;s  iirc  u!'-rrvuil 
aiuoiiL;  llir  liiiliaiis  vi  (^iiilo  than  in  aiiv  cillicr  rai-i'  h1'  lu'ai.  IT  llii<  l"'  lln'  fai'l.  ii  iiiU'-l  Ih'  allnlnard 
lo  tlic  iiroMiiiily  cUavilisaliiiii,  which  is  well  kuowa  In  riiri'valc  ami  ilfhasr  ihe  liiili.iii. 


I  Hi 


CHAMA   AMKHICANA. 


priiu'ipally  ad  mi  nil  I'drms:  l)ii<  lliat  wliiili  ttiulril  to  widiii  and  i  Icvatc  tlif  hiad 
appears  tit  liavf  i^natly  iJi'ivailrd  over  the  opposite  extreme,  wliieli  llatteiied  ami 
eli>iii;aled  it  in  the  Imri/nntal  direetinn.  I  liave  liecn  at  some  pains  In  in(|iiii'(' 
into  tile  I'aels  eonneeted  witli  tiiis  singular  nistoni.  as  contained  in  llie  early 
Spanish  travellers  ;ind  lii'«toriaiis.  and  have  u;leaned  the  lojiowinii  iiartieiilars. 

Cieqa.  mie  nl'  liie  cddesi  antliorilii  s.  stales  that  "in  the  pro\in( i'  An/ernia. 

and  in  that  o|'  (juinliaya.  as  vv(di  as  in  some  other  pails  of  this  eontineiil.  when  a 
I'liiid  is  horn  liny  iix  its  head  in  the  shape  tliey  wish  i|  to  retain:  lliiis  vonie  have 
no  oceiput,  oilier^  have  the  i'oi'ehead  de|iressi(l.  and  a  lliird  si  |  h;i\i'  |hr  whole 
head  (  loiiualed.  This  eonl'iiriiialinn  is.  in  the  tir^l  place,  prndiicid  \i\  the  applica- 
tion of  small  hoariN.  and  is  siiliscipnnlly  coiilimKil  !;y  means  of  linaliiies."* 

The  -aiiie  lra\i  llrr  add>  the  Inilnwin:;-  notice  III'  the  Indian^  callid  ('arai|iie'«. 
mar  tlu'  Spanish  ^(tllenieiit  of  I'licilo  \  iejo.  -At  the  hirlh  of  ;i  child."  >;i_\  >  he. 
"IIk'V  tnniild  its  head,  and  then  Imid  it  lulwecii  two  Ijo.irds.  in  sni  h  maiim  r  that 
at  the  a;;!'  of  fniir  or  live  years  it  remain^  eillnr  hroad  or  loii^i.  or  divliliilc  of  Ihe 
occipital  promiiiniee.  They  a^Mil  liial  thi^  cii^loiu  coiilrihulo  to  lieallh,  •  d 
eiiaidis  llieiii  to  c;irry  iireairr  IiuiIIkiin.  "t 

Tnr(|iieiiiada.  aUo  wriliiiLi  of  ihc  l'(  riiviaii^.  has  llir  follow  iii'j;  pa-saire.  "As 
(o  till'  eusldiu  of  aiipiiiriiii:;  lirrcc  In  w;ir.  it  wa'-  in  so-.ne  proxinns  nrdired  tiiat 
the  iiiollicr^  or  lliiir  alliiidants  vhouhl  maki  the  face>  of  their  children  loiej;  ami 
iMiiLili.  and  till'  foiclMiuN  liinad.  ;i>,  I  li|ipociatt's  and  (iahii  r(  late  of  the  .Maerocc 
pliali.  who  had  tiieiii  moulded  li_\  art  into  the  I'JMileil  and  eonieal  form.  Tliis 
eiiNtoni  is  more  pre\aleiit  ill  the  province  of  Ihieuilo.  ihaii  ia  any  other  part  of 
l'erii."t 

The  preei  iUiil;:  (inotalioiis  are  ^ati-faelory  e\  ideiiee.  that  thi'  custom  of  distorl- 
iiin'  ihe  skull.  \va>  coiiimon  in  many  |iri'viiicis  of  I'erii  a1  llie  period  nf  the  Spanish 
iii\a»ion:  ihat  it  \\as  resort  il  lo  fur  the  i)iir|iose  of  inereasiiiii-  the  ferocity  of  the 
countenance  in  war. — aui;iiientlm;  an  imaginary  urace. — and  adiliim'  to  the  hi'.-iith 
and  streniilh  <if  Ihe   lajdy.      jl  is  aho  idivioiis  Ihat  there  were  two  principal  modes 

of  ell'ecliliu;  this  end.  iuul   thai   lln  s,.  wep.  tli,.  nppnsites  of  (  acll  other. 

The  follow  im:-  passa-c  iVdni  (iarcilaso  de  la  Ve^a.  proves  that  this  fashion 
was  not  iiitroduciil  liy  the  Ineas.  hut  was  in  use  liefore  tliiy  coii.|uered  the 
country,  lie  stales  that  the  Inca  Iiu_\na  t'apac.  haviiiii  invaihd  the  provinci-  of 
Mania  with  a  \iew  to  its  sulijiiiialion.  foiiiul  there  a  people  who  win    living;  in  the 


•Clironica  il.  I  l',ru,(a|..  WVI.  t  J,, -iiai.  Caii.  1-, 

;  .M'iiiai.|ma  liidi.iiw.  T.  II.  p.    '>\.  I'u'.  Madriil.  17.'.:. 


Tin:   IMA  I'KIU'VIANS. 


117 


most  ImrlmniiiH  niul  iliiuDiiiliscd  cDniiilidii.  ''Uolli  the  luiii  iIkI  llic  w»Mii  n  cut 
thi'ir  checks  witli  i)ointctl  Hints:  tiny  nlso  (Icrnnii  llic  iiciids  til"  llicir  cliildrcn  jpy 
pificiiii;.  at  Itirtli,  a  small  hdanl  <iii  tiic  t'urclicail  anil  aiiDllnr  on  liic  nccipnt.  anil 
drawing  tlicin  tiu;litcr  day  liy  day  until  llic  child  has  attained  the  ai;e  of  I'mir  or 
five  years.  Hy  this  process  the  head  licciinns  liro;id  IVoni  side  to  side,  and  narrow 
I'roin  hack  to  front.  Not  s;itis|icd  with  this  del'orniity  they  shave  the  hair  I'roni 
the  top  of  the  head,  and  tile  nape  of  the  neck,  litlinu;  it  ;;row  on  the  sides  (inly  ; 
and  this  not  heinn  coinhed  or  olhc  rwise  arraiii^ed.  hnt  rndc  and  cntanfjicd,  adds 
to  the  hidconsness  of  their  physio;j;noniy."*  Tiie  lii>torian  then  u;ives  the  names 
of  six  nations  or  trihes  to  whom  liie  ahove  description  is  applieahlc 

It  thns  appears  tliat  the  cu^lom  of  nionldinn  the  cranium  into  artificial  forms 
is  of  i^real  antiipiity  and  prevalence  in  I'eru.  We  lia\e  seen  that  it  existed  aiming 
what  we  have  teriiird  llie  civilised  primili\e  l'erii\ians.  that  it  was  eommon 
amoiin  many  harliaroos  trihes  nt  llie  invasion  of  tiie  liiciis.  ami  that  it  cdiitiiiiied  to 
he  a  popular  fantasy  when  the  Spaniards  toek  possessiDn  of  tjie  country.  Professor 
IJlnmenhach  (luotes  from  Asiuinc.  |iarl  (d'  a  decree  of  llie  I'!cclesias|ical  Court  id" 
Lima  in  the  year  l.')S.").  forhiddin^-  parents,  under  certain  speeilied  penalties,  to 
compress  or  distort  the  heads  of  their  children  in  tlie  vaiions  modes  which  were 
in  vo^;uc  even  at  that  late  period:!  and  tiiat  the  custom  was  not  extinct  a  very 
few  years  a^o.  is  evident  from  the  stalemcnt  of  .Mr.  SMinier.  an  Kii^lish  traveller. 
Speakingof  the  ('(iiiiiiras  u(  i*i  ru.  he  remarks.  -Ilial  all  Ihi  ir  atl(  iitioii  is  liestowcd 
on  preservin:;-  a  linn  texture  of  the  Imdy.  and  on  llitteiiiii'j;  the  forehead  and  hinder 
part  of  the  head  [in  the  upward  dinclinn]  witli  a  \iew  i>f  resemliliinr.  as  they  say. 
the  full  niiKUi.  and  <d'  heciuiiini;  the  sinniL^csl  and  mos|  valiant  people  in  the  world. 
To  attain  the  former  of  these  aims,  they  hind  tiie  waist,  and  ail  the  joints,  of  their 
male  olVsprini:;,  from  their  tender  iufaiiey.  with  hempen  liai'ds.  Willi  a  view  to 
the  latter,  they  wrap  the  forehead  in  cotton,  and  lay  on  it  a  small  s(|uare  hoard, 
applyini;  another  similar  iMiard  tn  the  occip\it.aiid  adjusliii;;-  them  with  c(U'ds  until 
the  iiitenli(ui  has  lieen  answered.  Thus  the  head  is  i  liuinated  ahove.  and  llaltened 
hotli  hefore  ;iiid  hehind.'l 

The  Omaiiuas.  who.  towards  the   miihile  of   the  last   century,  inhaiiiled  the 


*  Coiiiiiieiil.  Ucalfs,  l.ili.  I\.  {.\\>.  \11I. 

t"  Cuiilrulcs  |iriu|l|s  rMll'lKUV  alillslilll.  rl  m1|h  I'-l  lliiUirlll.  iluilMl-i  Illill  inissim  inr.uiliiiii  r:l|.ila 
foniiis  cxiHimuul,  i|U()S  i|isi  vnraiii  Cailo,  Oiiia.  Opalla."  \i'.  \'i,lr  JiiaMUMiArii.  l)f  (!fn.  l/iiuiiini 
I'lir.  Sal.  p.  J'.'O. — I-AriiKNcK.  I.fii.  on  Ziml.  ji.  ;i77. 

1  I'rcsoiil  SlalL'  (if  IVrii,  p.  i-Ti ». 
30 


IIH 


CHAM  A   AMKIUCANA. 


>|iiii'('>  (il  the  Mai'.iuiKiii  loi'  M'Vi'i'iil  luiiiilnd  lrii>;iu"«.  ;iiiil  i  \t(  iidid  (licniM'lvt  ."i 
i|iiili' til  llic  Allaiilic.  appi'iir  to  liavc  Itccii  a  I'l  riiviaii  ciiliinu  Imlli  riniii  niialii^^ 
III'  laiiu;iini;r  ami  ni>li>iiis:  Inr  thev  \vi  rr  in  llir  iirarlici'  nf  miMililiiii;  tlir  \um\s  iiI' 
tlii'ir  cliildrcn  mi  a^  Id  i^ivc  lliini  llu'  lii'j,li  and  Iniialcd  sliapi'  in  iisr  anmni;  the 
Ciinniviis.* 

I  incsiinu'  l)c  I'auu  alludes  In  tlii"  Oinn^jiias  when  lu  li  lis  us.  tliat  ••nitaiii 
Indians  lui  tlic  liordi  rs  nl'  tlir  Marai;niin.  have  s(|iiai't'  nr  cnliic  liiads:  in  (illicr 
wni'ds  tlii'V  art'  ilalliiicd  <in  liu'  t'aci .  nn  the  nnw  n.  nn  tiic  iic('i|inl.  and  nn  llic 
tcniiiii  ^.  thus  |in>(  iilinu;  tlic  aciiif  nl'  liiinian  (•xtravai!;an('i'."t 

I'cni.  iiki'  llif  cn-cvistcnl  Irudal  states  nl'  ICunipr.  ('(intaini'd  Isxi  (•|a>scs  dl' 
|ic(i|di  wiiiilly  unlilvc  cacli  (illur.  viz:  tin'  rxutic  Inca  I'aniilv.  witii  il»  niiinlit  ilr» 
iMiiiiricaliiins,  \\  iiicli  lii'lil  all  the  hunni'  and  advantai;'!'  in  tin  ir  nwn  lianiU:  and 
llic  nalivi'  iilchiian  niiiltiliidi'.  who  wrri'  in  as  [n\\  a  stale  nl'  dcm'adatinn  as  the 
s(Hi»ii  |iiilicy  III'  tin  ir  supcrims  cnnld  dtvisr  and  tstahlish. 

'I'll  tlir  I'lirniir  nl'  these  classes  was  euntined  wiiatever  wa>  kmnvn  of  ^eii  nee. 
ail  nr  iillni  inent.  The  inenihers  nl'  llie  rnyal  lamily  prided  theniMlvex  nn  tiieir 
^kill  in  areliilectiire.  a>lrnnnniy  and  the  natinnal  literature:  and  it  will  lie  niisi  rveil 
thai  w  henever  an  inilix  idiial  wa>  named  as  pre-eminent  in  any  nl  these  departments 
nl'  know  led'jie.  he  lirlnniied  In  the  ilnminant  easte.  in  fact,  the  plehi  ian  elas^  was 
exelmled  Irnm  any  pai'tiei|iatinn  in  literature  and  seienee.  e.\ee|it  nnly  when  they 
cnuld  lie  ein|iliiyed  as  musicians  and  artisans.  Tiie  Ineas  thus  liehl  alike  the 
pnwer  and  the  kniiwlcdije  in  their  nwii  hands. 

'Their  principal  intellectual  altainniints  weie  in  ^.^emuetry.  music.  |)netry  and 
archilecluie  :  hut  a  |ienple  ha\ini;  nn  written  lamiuaire.  and  ttau'^mittin;;  nnly 
hy  tradilinii  their  attainments  in  these  liranches  i)\'  knn\\ledi;e.  eaimnl  at  this  late 
|)erind  he  rully  appreciati  il.  and  much  less  can  they  he  I'aiily  cnmpared  in  these 
respects  with  Kurnpeans. 

Architecture  is  one  nl'  the  earliest  attrihutes  n{  civilisatinn.  and  in  tiiis  the 
I'ernvians  had  made  surpiisim;  pmtiress.     'I'heir  temples,  palaces  and  tninhs  hear 


•  l.\  C.im.amim:.  M'lii.  lie  l'A<:iil.  liny,  ili-  Sr,  ■r.iini'  I5J.  |..  1 J7.  — I 'i.i.d  \,  lliM.  i\r\  \i;iLf.'.  T.  I. 
|,.  -,i|-,. — |),,r>  lln-  Idllouin.'  Ini-iiMiil  •<{  liislury  rrl.r  1.)  llu"-''  ()iii;e-'u:is  :■•  ••  Winn  l'r;nMiM-o  riziiirn. 
Dl'-'"  .\liii;iLTn.  .111(1  iiilin-.  r.iiiiiinn'l  ihe  s:iiil  riiijiin'  nl'  I'rrii,  ami  liml  |iiii  in  .li.illi  Alalmlip:!,  irrie 

(if  llir    V -I  r  soils  el    (lii:i\ii;ii-;i|ia   llrd  (Piil..!'  I'cTii.  iiiiil  InoU    uilli  liim  luaiiy  lliniisauds  ef  ihnse 

snMii  IS  111'  ihc   eiiiiurr  lallcil   OnjMiirs,  ami   Willi   ihoM.  ami   many  nllnis  ihaMollciwril  liiiii.  Iir  vaii- 
qiiislird  all  llial  iraijl  and  valley  «'!'  AimTiia  wlinli  is  siliialc  luluarn  ihr  '.'rral  riviis  ,,1'  ilir  Aliiazuiis 
and  l!arai|iiaii,  olliorwisi' called  Oiiiidco  and  .Mara:.'iinii."— Sm  \V.  K,\i,i-.iiiii,  I'm/,  lu  (iiiidim.  [i.'iri. 
*  Ui'sclien.'lius  siir  les  Aiucrieaiiiis,  I,  p.  lii,. 


'I'lii:  IMA  I'KnrviANs. 


11!) 


ainpir  tviilciicf  of  llii<i  lacl :  niul  wliilf  llir  ili>i^ii  in  I'nr  lint  iikoI  |mrl  >iiii|tl« .  tliu 
I'Xt'ciitiiui  I'aiiiiiil  Itiit  rxfiti'  our  luliiiiiiiliiiii.  'I'lnir  irniil  ohjifl  upin  uis  to  Imvr 
Ihcii  lit  « net  ryclitpt'iiii  "iliMictiiio.  wliicli  slioiilil  nt  oiici'  attest  tliiir  skill  in  int. 
and  tin-  powtr  itf  lluir  inicluniifal  ciintrivancix.  'I'Ik  v  scparatid  I'l'inn  tin'  (|iiaiiit<( 
iiKirtnuns  nnis><ts  nl'  «,|onc.  liny  sIimjh  il  tin  in  into  i  xacl  pnipnrtiiins  anil  liny  linn 
ciiuv»'.v'  I  tlu'in  lo  MU'h  (li^tain-r^  thai  we  ale  at  a  |ns^  tii  CDnicctnrt'  liy  what  nuans 
tJM"  (ib).ct  wan  ai'ciinipli-'licd.  Acnsla.  al'tir  olalini;  that  W  had  nnaMinil  a  sin^lh' 
blork  til' stone  at  'riau;nanie((  (the  eily.  ax  we  liave  seen. ol' the  primitive  Peruvian!*) 
whieh  was  lliirly  feet  lonu;.  ei;j;lil((  n  l(  e|  hiKad  anil  six  I'eit  lliiek.  deelares  that 
there  well'  stones  in  the  walls  III'  till'  I'liilrcss  III'  Cn/vn  of  fur  ^nnltr  .lizr.  lUxA 
whieh  were  plaeiil  tin  re  liy  hand.  Vel  ihesr  masses,  says  Aeusla.  were  mil 
shaped  li\  mil',  lint  nl'  nin'i|nal  pnipiirlion.  Ihe  irn  u'niarities  of  Ihe  nnr  liein^? 
exaelly  titled  liy  exin  ine  Inil  and  inj^ennily  lo  tlmsi'  nt  llir  otlnr.  willmnt  nnirtar 
iireemeni:  and  yit  Ihr  plaee  nl'  jum'tion  was  scureely  disccrnilile.*  What  is 
iqually  reniarkalde  is  the  I'aet.  thai  lln.'se  i;i;j;anlie  rranimnls  of  roek  were  limuuhl 
from  .Mnyna,  which  is  live  leannes  distant  from  the  city  of  Cn/eo ;  and  sinne  of 
them  fnim  a  nineli  s^reater  distanee.f 

'I'hus  the  seemingly  superlininaii  eiliirts  nf  the  Kiryptians  are  al  h  as|  ciinalled 
hy  Ihnse  of  Ihe  I'cnivi.ins ;  and  what  nmsl  rxeiles  our  admiralion  in  liie  one.  mns| 
he  also  eoneeded  to  llw  other.  We  s,c  in  the  IVrnvians  n  pniplc  <lis|ilnle  of 
horses,  oxen,  or  any  iieasl  of  Lnrlhen  exeejit  the  ft  elih'  lama:  and  yi  I  lin'y  have 
left  nninnnnnts  which  siillicicntly  allest  their  itreat  inu;inuily  and  indomilalile 
perseverance.  We  are  iy;noranl  of  Ihe  means  hy  which  Hit  y  Iransporled  these 
cyclopcan  fragments  of  rock,  and  the  nnchanieal  conlrivanees  thai  wirtiistdiii 
e.xcavatinn  ami  adaplini;  them  to  their  destineil  sitnalion.  'l"he  arts  of  the  jin  sent 
<lay.  with  all  the  relineintiits  of  successive  neneralitins  of  ini;enions  minds,  would 
perhaps  be  inadeipiate  to  achiive  those  remarkahle  t nils  which  are  comnmn  iu  Ihe 
monuments  of  I'eru. 

The  Peruvians,  like  the  primitive  K^7ptians,  wire  not  acipiainled  with  the 
use  of  iron.t     Such  of  their   implements  as  in  other  countries  are  made  of  that 


•  Ilisi  ilr  his  IiiiIms.  l.ili.  VI,  (';i|..  XIW  — ri.i.ov.  \\>y.  II.  p.  1:50. 

KI.Mirii.As.i.  Cniiuiiil.  l.ib.  Ml,  Cap.  \\\ll,  XWlll,  WIX. 

I  Vul  ;ii'c'i)i(hiiL,' I  llic  lirsi  iiilnrinalinu  we  pussrss  on  tins  Milijcfl,  "  imii  was  liiidwii  (in  lln' okl 
worlil)  LSI  yi'ars  lu'lbro  llir  'I'lcijin  War,  alioiil  1371)  yt'srs  bi'f.ire  C'lirist;"  and  tliriv  i>  siulii  ii'iil  prnni 
llial  llu'  Kiiyptiaiis  iisiil  iniii  iii>!innirnls  ami  nliai>ils  so  uaily  as  llic  riiiuaunii  ria.— \\  u.kinmjn, 
.Inc.  Ei^mtl.  III.  p,  JIT. 


120 


CRANIA  a:\[i:hicaxa. 


iiii'tal.  wire  conipdscd  oC  copiHT  alloyed  wilh  a  vt-iy  small  proportion  of  (in.  \vliicli 
iiavf  it  urrat  additional  tenacity.  U  was  Milli  chisels  of  (his  kind  that  they 
shaped  those  enornions  hloeks  of  stone  \vhieh  have  already  heen  nunlioned. 

'•  \et  all  we  have  said."  idiserves  IJlloa.  ••  is  surpassed  hy  the  in^ennity  with 
whieii  they  \vroiii;lit  emeralds:  these  i^ems  heini;-  I'onnd  rnt  into  various  shapes. 
Minu'  s])herieal.  others  eylindrieal.  eonieal,  and  various  other  shajies,  made  with 
perfect  accnracy.  and  drilled  Ihrounh  witii  all  tlie  delicacy  of  our  Kuropean  artists. 
It  is  an  almost  insurniountahle  ditllculty  (o  explain  how  they  could  work  a  storn^ 
of  such  hardn<'ss,"'* 

'I'lie  cimstructive  talent  of  the  Inras  was  aKo  conspicuous  in  tluir  roads. 
One  of  tliese  is  eniim  nth  deservint;  of  notice,  and  is  thus  descrilied  hy  llumlmldt. 
in  lii-  jommy  across  the  plain-,  of  A>s,i.,y.  ■■  \\\  ^ere  surjjriMd  to  find  in  this 
|)lace.  and  at  hei-iits  \\hieh  -reatly  vurpass  the  top  of  the  peak  of  'Peuerilli'.  the 
maiinincent  remains  of  a  road  eouslruelrd  liy  IIk  Incas  of  1»,  ru.  'i'his  caus(  wav. 
lined  Willi  fr(.  stout .  may  he  cnmpareii  lo  the  linesl  {{ouian  roads  1  have  seen  in 
Italy.  France  or  Spain,  it  is  p,rfectly  straight,  and  keeps  tl,e  same  direction  fo- 
six  or  ei-iit  tiiousaud  nutres.  We  „|i<,rvi'd  the  couliuuation  of  this  road  near 
Caxamarca.  one  hundred  and  twenty  lea-ues  (,,  H,,.  snutli  of  .Assiiay  :  and  it  is 
helieved  in  the  country  that  it  led  as  far  as  the  eitv  of  t'u/co."t 

After  a  re\ie\\  of  the  preeediuii-  facts.  lio\\  idle  is  the  assertion  of  Dr.  I{(dierl- 
son.  that  Anurica  eontaiueil  no  mnuunieiits  older  than  tlu'  eiui(|ues|  !  ||,,w 
replete  with  ii;n(U'auce  are  also  the  aspersi,,,,,  ,,|-  |>iukerton  and  l)e  I'auw  !  Two 
of  these  autiiors.  who  wrote  e\prrs.|_\  ,„,  American  history  are  unpanlonalile  for 
such  uross  misrejires,  utatiiin.  TIk  _\  appear  to  have  veiled  the  trnth  in  order  (o 
support  an  liypothesis.!;  It  is  in  vain  loim-er  to  C(uitend  against  facts:  for  how- 
ever dillicult  it  may  he  to  e\|daiii  them.  I  hey  ale  nevenhdiss  inconlrovertihie. 
^VheIlce  the  l'.ru\iaus  (h  rived  ihiir  eivilisatioii.  may  loun-  remain  a  mooted 
qiii-ti..u:  that  they  p,,s.rss,,|  i|.  eannol  I:.'  denied.  "At  a  time  w  heu  a  pnhlic 
hiii;liway  was  ( itlier  a  relic  of  Roman  ureatness.  i,r  a  siut  of  ntmenlilv  in  Km  land, 
there  were  roads  llfti  (  n  hundred  miles  in  h  nulli  in  the  empire  i>(  Tern.  The 
feudal  system  v\as  as  (Irmly  (stahlished  in.  these  transatlantic  kinndoms  as  in 
l-'rance.     'I'he   reru\ians  were  ignorant  (d'  the  art  of   forminu;  an  arch,  hut  they 


'  '■i' il  ill  M'Cnllnirs  I!.  M  :ui  Iks  p.  Diii..  *  M..|iuiii(  nls,  I,  |i.  ,>|1. 

■  iiniiinn-uN.    lli-i.    Am.  r.    II.  ]i.  Ilo.      . /«(.  -./.  — I'lMcriuns,  iiss.iy  nii    <hr  (.i.llis,  p.  (is,— Di; 
'ai'w,  puiisiin. 


THE  IXCA  PEUUVIAXS. 


lil 


liail  constructed  suspcnsidu  l)ri(lt;cs  over  tri^litl'iil  ravines :  tluy  liail  mi  iniiilcnunts 
of  iron,  but  tlicir  rorclatiicrs  could  move  blocks  ol'  stone  is  iiuge  as  tlie  Sphinxes 
and  Mennioiis  of  Kiiypt."* 

II  is  remarked  by  Dr.  M'C'ullnIi  thai  in  aslronomv  the  Peruvians  appear  to 
have  iiei'ii  far  behind  the  Mexicans.  "As  the  I'eruvia'i-;."  says  he.  -  isKuh.  by 
means  of  diwers.  constant  aziniutli  (d)servations  on  tlie  sim's  risinj;  and  setlinu;. 
and  also  upon  the  siiadows  cast  by  pillars  at  the  times  of  the  equinoxes  and 
solstices.  I  cannot  easily  perceive  a  reason  for  the  vjvM.  inaccuracy  of  their  year  as 
it  has  been  reiH'csented  to  us :  and  1  am  therefore  incliiud  to  tliink  thai  mdy 
some  iirosser  part  of  their  calendar  has  been  pn-erved.  In  this  opinion  1  am 
furllier  seemini^ly  streni;lliened  by  not  fmdin;j;  the  Spani-h  writers  ti  describe  any 
cvele  of  years  to  have  been  u<rd  b\  them,  which  tbi'  nature  of  liieir  (diservations 
would  hardly  have  permitted  them  to  dispeu-e  with,  f 

■•'riieir  year."  says  llerrera.  -was  divi<led  into  twelve  month-.  ilisting\iished 
by  their  several  nanu's  :  and  particular  festivals  appointed  in  ea(di  of  them.  'I'he 
yiav  beijau  in  .lannary.  till  one  of  the  luea-  r.rderei!  it  -liould  ben'in  in  December, 
at  which  time  they  celebrated  their  iireal  fe-iival." 

■■'Phe  Peruvian-."  adds  Dr.  MCulloh.  ••  unlike  the  Mexican-,  were  i-noraul 
of  tlu  cau-e-  of  eclipse-,  for  lliey  -uppo-ed  the  |)lanels  at  such  limes  to  be  -iek. 
Thev  |iartii'ularly  di-|iui;ui-hcd  the  planet  \Cnu-.  -oirc  of  the  brijihter  hxcd  -tar-. 
tbi'  JMeiades.  the  Milky  Way.  i<e..  to  ;dl  of  wliieh  tiny  ijave  certain  namt  -.  and 
inianined  them  for  the  uui-t  pari  to  be.  or  to  rei)re-ent.  various  animals  vvhich  they 
were  accustomed  to  nuct  w  ith  in  l'(i'u."j: 

We  often  hear  the  uovernmeut  of  the  liuMs  eharaeleri-ed  a-  (Uie  of  pieuliar 
mildues-:  but  il  wa-.  on  the  contrary,  an  ab-olule  rule,  in  which  they  held 
de-|)olic  sway  oM-r  their  subject-.  ••  i;overnin;j;  them  aecmalini;-  to  their  own  views 
ami  pleasure.  (U'  as  the  exi!;eucies  of  the  time-  may  have  rei|uired  ;  hence  the 
procccdiuL^s  of  the  i;overnment  were  in  cc-sarily  tlncluatint;".  and.  acciuilint;  to 
the  capacity  and  temper  of  the  Inca.  were  eilher  Just  or  unjust,  capricion- or 
beuev(dent."'5  All  the  lands  (d'  the  empire  were  divided  into  Ihr'c  portions,  of 
which  (Mie  only  IVII  to  the  share  of  the  people:  and  even  thi-  they  could  not  -(II 
or  oiherwise  dispose  of,  ihe  title  being  vested  in  the  Inca  himself;  and  to  prevent 


■  l.(iN(i,  l'iilyML'sl;ui  Nalimi.  ]\  S". 

t  Kcscaniics  ('i.iii'riiiiiii;  tlic  Alionuuuil  lli-i.  ul'Amir.  y.  'M:'. 
I  IcUai;,  \\  I'il.  .>  l'l''n>,  y.  J7I. 

Jl 


122 


CHAMA    AMKHICANA. 


aiiv  |iii-^ililc  (li>i)iilc  (ir  iiiisiiiiilt'rst.>.uliiig  in  tliis  inaltcr.  tlic  plclician  lands  ^v(■r^• 
newly  ilistrihiitnl  every  year. 

'rill  nidiiarcliy  appears  Id  have  had  its  dne  p(irti(Mi  of  insurrections  and  dis- 
turlianees  of  variiMis  kinds,  some  of  wliieli  reached  the  palace  itstdf.  One  Inca.  at 
least,  was  deposed  and  put  to  dealli :  and  when  Atahiialpa  contested  the  empire 
with  (inascar.  he  had  that  prince  nnirdered.  together  with  no  less  than  thirty  ol' 
his  hrotliers.  ami  a  vast  niimher  id"  their  dependants.  We  have  already  alluded  to 
the  devtruction  of  the  C'ollas  in  the  early  times  of  tlic  monarchy;  and  as  another 
example  of  unsparim;  (Miulty,  Iiu_\na  C'apac.  after  a  revolt  of  the  Carampies. 
ordend  two  tiiou>and  of  tiiem  to  he  put  to  death  in  cold  Idood.  on  a  >-iiii;le 
iicea-.ion.*  'I'he^e  facts  sullieiently  siiow.  tiiat  the  civilisatioii  and  comparative 
relinement  of  the  liieas.  were  hlended  with  •>ome  remains  of  the  iVrnc'ily  of  the 
-.iNanc. 

In  their  social  relation^.  Imwcvei'.  thi'V  a|)pear  to  have  heen  cliaracleri^ed  hy 
i;entline^»  and  aU'ection;  and  aitliMUuh  hy  a  remarkalde  law.  all  eiimes  ^vere  alike 
puiii>h(ii  with  death,  such  wa-  the  natural  docility  of  the  temper  of  ihe  l'eru\ian'>. 
that  exrcutiiui^  ari'  •«aid  to  have  been  unl'reipient  anioni;  them. 

.Matrimonial  eULra^c  luents  were  i  iitered  into  \\ith  very  little  ceremouv  or 
I'orelhiHi^lit.  ami  they  were  as  readily  set  aside  at  the  option  df  the  jiarlies. 
l^)l_^L;amy  \vaN  lawful,  hut  not  prevalent.  Amonii  ihe  c(unmon  pdipie.  iuennti- 
nrnee  anuuii;  unmarrieil  persons  wa>  scarcely  regarded  as  a  crime,  and  seii>uality 
wa>  a  prevailing;  vice,  in  some  deiiree  counteiianct'd  hy  the  royal  authorit\.  As  a 
natural  eon-r(p'enee.  eiiiiil-mnrder  hecanie  so  (Munmou.  that  foun(ilini;-iiiiNpilaK 
were  e'>tal>li^hed  hy  the  n'overnment.  in  wiiieii  children  were  received  and  provided 
fir  at  the  public  expeuM'.  in  truth,  the  morals  of  the  I'eruviaus  in  tlu^e  respiets 
iia\c  nothim;-  to  commend  thein.f 

Tiieir  diet  was  chielly  veijctahles.  maize  entering;  largely  into  their  aliments. 
Kxhilaratiiiii  drinks  were  in  common  nsc  amom;  Ihi'  men;  the  principal  prepara- 
tion of  this  kinil  wa<  calliil  (diica.  wlii(di  was  fermented  from  the  maize.  So  fond 
were  tiu'  natives  nf  this  hevci  iL^e.  that  it  was  even  placed  heside  tiie  dead  in  their 
tonihs:+  and  I'lloa  asserts,  that  amonu;  the  Peruvians  of  the  jncsent  day.  spirituous 
liipiors  destroy  more  mi  n  in  one  year  than  the  mines  do  in  tifty. 


*  (1  Ann  I.  A  so,  lab.  1\,  |i.  JIM.     I'rycdul's  Tr. — Cokkai,,  N'ov  .  II.  p.  Vl. 

♦  M'Cei.i.oa,  Itcscarrlios,  |i.  ;)7!). — Caiii.1,  Lellres  Aiuoricalrn's,  1.  p.  l:!8. 
:  SiKVKNsoN,  S,  Aiiier.  II.  p.  371. 


THE  INCA  I'KUUVIANS. 


123 


'i'lic  unat  iniiss  of  people  was  iiuli)lent  from  two  causes,  tlie  eiicivaliiin 
wanutli  of  tlie  climate,  ami  the  humiliatinj.;  nature  of  their  political  institutions, 
of  which  we  have  already  spoken. 

The  apathy  of  the  common  people  rendered  lliem  filthy  and  n(i;li;ienl  in 
their  persons;  and  in  my  examinations  of  several  mummies  of  this  class,  taken 
I'roiu  old  cemeteries  near  the  coast.  I  have  noticed  the  hair  in  many  instances 
to  he  charged  with  desiccated  vermin,  which,  though  huried  lor  centuries  in  the 
sand,  could  not  possihly  he  mistaken  for  any  thinu;  else. 

The  religions  sjstem  of  tiie  Teruvians  was  niarlied  hy  a  ^reat  <im[)lieity.  anil 
wa-i  divested,  as  we  have  ohserved.  of  tliose  hloody  rites  which  were  common  with 
the  Aztecs  of  .Mexico.  They  helieved  in  one  (Jod.  whom  they  called  Viraeocha. 
ill  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  in  rewai'ds  and  puiu>iimeiits  in  the  next  life. 
They  worshipped  both  the  sun  and  moon,  in  whose  Imnor  they  erected  temples 
and  formed  i(l(d-<.  Even  th(,'  stars  received  their  share  of  honia.t;e.  iRcause,  as  it 
has  heen  happily  expressed,  they  were  esteemed  the  servants  and  handmaids  of 
the  u;realer  luminaries.  To  these  tiiey  sacrificed  both  lii:i>ts  and  hirds,  hut  never 
huniaii  lieiiiiis.* 

J}ut  (Uie  of  the  most  remarkaiiie  featiii'es  of  the  Peruvian  reiiiiioii  wa^.  tin: 
coiiseeralioii  of  virgin^,  in  the  same  iiiaiuur  a^  practiced  in  modern  convents. 

Haeli  tein|)le  was  provided  willi  a  liody  of  these  recluses  dedicated  to  the 
Sun,  whose  ollice  was  not  to  assist  in  relii^ious  exercises.  l)ut  to  \v(ave  certain 
fahrics  for  the  um'  of  tlie  myal  family.  'I'lie  I'eruviaiis.  moreover,  eiijoiiied  vocal 
confession  on  all  classes  of  people,  and  there  were  >[)eeilied  [Hiiailies  for  all  crimes. 
'J'o  conceal  all}'  tiling-  in  tliese  confessinus  was  in  itxlf  held  criminal. f 

We  are  forcild'  struck  with  the  superstitious  and  harliarous  funeral  rites  of 
these  people.  When  their  chief  men  died  they  mourned  them  many  days,  and 
huried  them  with  i^reat  sidemnity.  in  tlie  i;rave  or  tomb  they  deposited  the  most 
valuahle  possessions  of  the  deceased,  his  weapons,  utensils,  meats  and  drinks;  and 
with  these  \vere  also  huried  a  niimher  of  liiimaii  victims,  women,  hoys  and  servants, 
to  attend  on  the  departed  in  the  next  world.  J$esides  these  sacrifices,  which 
custom  rendered  compulsory  on  certain  individuals,  others  committed  suicide  for 


*  Acosta  c'li;iri;rs  tlir  I'eriiviaiis  with  s:iriili(  ini;  ilii'ir  own  rlulilreii,  whicli  is  ili'iiiecl  liy  (iarciliiso. 
and  lias,  ill  l;icl,  nil  prodf.  On  ilie  contrary,  the  Iiica  lloca,  having  ciiihhhtihI  the  li'iocions  liibe 
called  Ciuichi's,  t'orliid  tliciii,  under  p:iiii  of  death,  Icj  siierilioe  llieir  children. — Cauli,  l.eltres  ^imtri- 
caiiii's,  1,  p.  113. 

t  11khiu:ii.\,  Dec.  Ill,  l.,ih.  x,  Cap.  ;;. 


124 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


the  siiiif  ptiipiisf :  iiiul  llnis  wlun  Iliiayn.i  Capac  died,  early  in  tlic  fiftci'iilh 
t'cnliiry.  no  less  tlian  four  luimlrcil  jx'rsoiis  expired  hy  (lieir  (iwn  hands,  in  the 
,inil)ili(Uis  delusion  of  aceompanyini;  their  dead  nionareh  in  his  new  existence.* 

The  Peruvians  were  as  siirewd  and  politic  as  the  other  Americans,  and 
liahilual  victory  over  the  nations  that  surrounded  them,  gave  them  hoth  coididence 
iuul  supremacy.  When,  however,  they  were  opposed  to  a  people  hetter  armed 
yet  inlinitely  inferior  in  nnmher  to  themselves,  their  courage  in  a  great  measure 
forsook  them:  and  we  are  astonislied  at  the  spectacle  of  a  powerful  emjiire  laid 
in  ruins  iiy  a  handful  of  lirigands.f  It  must  he  granted  tiiat  the  latter  were  lietter 
armed,  defended  hy  coals  of  niail.  and  in  part  mounted  on  horsehack :  yet  when 
it  is  reee.jlected  that  after  Die  lirst  shock  of  Pizarro's  treachery,  tiie  natives  fduld 
have  o|)posed  a  thousand  men  to  one  of  tlieir  invaders,  it  seems  at  lirst  view 
incredible  that  the  Peruvians  >Jioidd  have  yielded  lo  so  contemptii)le  a  force. t 
Some  redeeming  circumstance^,  however,  mark  this  seeming  pusillanimity  of  the 
i'eruvia'is.  The  Sjianiaids  had  pov-es^ion  of  tlie  person  of  their  kinii.  who  was 
kept  as  a  hostage  for  the  forliearaiue  of  his  suhjects:  niul  tile  successors  of  (he 
fornur  having  excited  the  avarice  of  their  countrymen,  they  Hocked  to  I'eru  in 
sueli  numbers  tli;.t  the  disparity  of  force  hecame  every  day  less.  When  at  la>t 
thi-  injured  people  was  goaded  to  reMstancr.  their  courage  was  such  as  hetter 
iMcame  tlieir  causr.  hut  it  was  t,,,,  late  to  lie  einrtuai.  Had  tiny  possessed  hut 
a  fourtii  part  of  tjic  valor  of  the  Araiicanians,  lifly  y.ars  would  not  have  sutliced 
fill'  their  suhiugalion. 


■  lli:iiiii;iiA.  I),.'.  III.  I. ill,  \  III.  (':i|,.  1, 

■  '''' "'I'lr''  "I   l''ni  <vas.,l  ,„   ],-,,;:!,  l,y  H,,.  nuinlrr  of  Alaliualpa.     Then'  is  a  consolaiioii  m 

knowing  ihal  a// ihe  Ica.lns  u,  i|,e  alio,  iih-s  uhirh  u  ,-i-e  |.riiaiialr,l  in  iLi.-,  roni|iiosl,  ihal  vioiunt 
■  Icaths  ;  lioin  I'l/.arro,  wli,,  illi  l,y  i|„.  IkuhIs  of  Ins  lountiyiuni,  lo  llm  iiifamous  ValvciJe,  who  was 
saurilk'ed  lo  ih.-  vcnLri-'aiico  of  ihr  Incli.iii^;. 

:  Pizarro's  invading  fonv  consisirj  ,,f  sixty-lwo  horscincn,  ami  on,.  Inmilicl  and  two  foot  soidiurs. 
01  whom  iwiily  wciv  annid  wiili  iToss.h(.iws,  and  throe  with  iniislifls.— Koiikutsox,  ///,?/.  .//«.  II. 
[I.  aJ.      ./«(.  /■,'(/. 


THE  INCA  PERUVIANS. 


li.j 


PLATE    VII. 


I'KurviAN  niii.n  i'ko.m  san-i-a. 

This  juvniilc  skull  was  (ihtaincd  by  Dr.  Hiischcnbergcr  a1  Santa,  which  was 
oiK-f  a  i;rcat  cemetery  of  tiie  Peruvians.  Of  the  many  crania  observed  there.  Dr. 
|{.  (ibserves  that  the  occiput  "is  almost  vert'cal.  and  rises  iinite  abruptly  I'roni  tin 
great  h(de  at  the  base.  The  left  side  is  generally  much  more  prmnim  lit  than  the 
right,  and  the  forehead  is  narrow  and  retreating."'*  This  head  is  ligured  merely 
to  show  the  characters  of  the  genuine  Peruvian  a-<  developed  in  infancy,  and  a 
i',.t%-  r>i>l\'  111'  *lii>  Kini'i'  iniooi'lniil   iiiensnreineiits  are  subioilied. 


iw       ^li.'i.         111.         ..  xn.mv.ix    .  .■     ■■•         ....-       »., - 

few  only  of  the  more  important  measureineiits  are  subjoined. 

Longitudinal  dianietei 

I'arietal  diameter, 

Frontal  diameter. 

Vertical  diameter, 

Internal  capacity. 


5.1  inches. 
.'}.  1  inches. 
I.  inches. 
l.G  inclie>. 
(il  cuiiic  inches. 


PLATES  VIII  AM)  !X. 

!^i:iti'\iAN  riioM   riiK  tkmi'lk  ok  tiik  srs. 


\ 


y 


This  head  is  remarkable  alike  tor  its  s(iuareil  form  and  it<  small  <\n\  and  yd 
it  is  of  adult  age.  and  probaldy  belonged  to  a  female.  It  is  very  thin  and  delicate 
throu'ibout  :  the  breadth  lietween  tile  parietal  protuberances  is  nearly  the  sime 
with  the  longitudinal  diameter,  and  there  is  a  symmetry  of  parts  rarely  idiserved 
in    Peruvian   heads.      The   peculiarities  of  this  relic   are  represented   with   great 


•TliiLV  ViMi's  111  tlie  I'acili,',  p.  371. 


32 


lid 


CHAMA  AMEHICAXA. 


accuracy  oa  liic   two  annexed   jjlaks,  to  wliicli   it    is  only  necessary  to  add  the 
usual 


MKAsi  iii'.'Mr.N  rs. 


Louiiitudiual  diameter.     . 

Parietal  diameter.     . 

Frontal  diameter.     . 

\trtical  diiineter,     . 

Inler-MUi-loid  arcli.  . 

liiter-niastoid  line.    . 
Occipito-lVontal  arcli. 
Horizontal  periphery. 
Internal  capacity,     . 
Capacity  of  tile  anterior  ciianilier. 
Capai'ity  of  the  posterior  chainhri'. 
t'a|i;ieily  of  tile  coronal  rejiion.  . 
Facial  anLi;le.    .... 


5.8    inch"s. 

.'5.7     inches. 

1.4     inches. 

5.1     inches. 
11. 5    inches. 

'1.1     inches. 
12.7     inciies. 
IS.l     inches. 
71.75  cuhic  inches. 
'2Si.75  cuhic  inches. 
13.      cuhic  inches. 
11.1     cuhic  inches. 
75  di'irrees. 


I  am  indeliled   for   tiiis  skull  t.  my  friend   Dr.  Hu-cheniier-ei'.  wiio  ohtaiued 
it  I'rom  I'achacamac.  tlu   celehr.itid  Temple  of  tiie  Sun.  near  Lima. 


PLATH    X. 

i'r.i;r\i\N  cnii.D  iiioM  -iiik  tkmim.k  ok  thi-:  sin. 

Thi<  liead  is  fi^nred  cliietly  with  a  vie'v  to  siiow  the  extraordinary  ine(iua!it\ 
ol  the  skull  so  conunon  in  the  I'eruvians.  and  especially  in  those  fnun  I'achacamac. 
which,  with  few  exceptions,  present  more  or  less  of  this  conformati(m.  l)r.  Hus- 
chenheru;er"s  remark  on  the  heads  ohsrrved  hy  him  at  .Santa,  that  thi'  left  side  was 
the  most  priuninent,  does  not  ohtain  in   this   instance,  and  amonu;  the  many  skulls 

in  my  possession  the  deformity  of  one  side  is  as  < imon  as  the  other.     Was  this 

siiape  tile  revult  of  accident  or  desii;n  .-  If  it  were  intentional  we  mii;lit  suppose 
tliere  would  have  lieen  sunie  re:;,M(l  paid  to  syiiunetry.  wiiicli  was  not  the  case. 
\>  hile.  as  We  have  seen,  tiie  common  people  distorted  their  heads  in  various  Mays, 
there  is  no  evidence  that  the  liii;her  classes  ever  adopted  the  custom  ;  and  perhaps 
the  irregularity  ohs<rved  in  tiu:  skulls  of  the  latter,  merely  resulted  from  a  total 
disre-rard  to  pleheian  iisau^e  hy  strapping  the  child's  head  loostdy  to  the  cradle- 
hoard,  so  that  the  occiput  assumed  any  accidental  form  whatsoever. 

This  head  was  hrounht  from   I'aehaeamae  and  presented  to  n\r  hy  mv  friend 
Dr.  Hiiseliiiilicrirer. 


'nil:   INCA   PERUVIANS. 


n? 


PLATE    XI. 


PERUVIAN    I'KO.M    I'lIlO   TKMl'LK   OF    PllK   SUN. 


\ 


/ 


A  >tiilviiiii;ly  clKiractoristic  Pfniviaii  head,  for  wliicli  1  am  also  iiii.lii)t((l  In 
Dr.  H\isi-lR'nl)(  Tijci'.  As  is  common  in  this  series  of  skulls,  the  pari'tal  mni 
liihiiitmlinal  tliamrtcrs  are  nearly  the  same. 


^ir.ASI  IIF.MI'.N  IS 


Eoimiluilinal  tliameler.      . 
Parietal  diameter.     . 
Frontal  diameter.     . 
\'ertieal  diameter.    . 
Snler-mastoid  arch.  . 
Inter-mastoid  line.    . 
Oeeipito-frontal  areh. 
Horizontal  periphery. 
Internal  capacity.     . 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamlier. 
Capacity  of  the  posterior  chamher. 
C.ipacity  of  the  coronal  region. 
Facial  antjle.   .... 


(i.l  inches. 

(i.  inches. 

1.7  inches. 

.■).:")  inches, 

l(j.  inches. 

4.,')  inches. 

14.1  inches. 

19.5  inches. 

83.  cnhic  i''  .n;s. 

3J.5  cnl)!.-  inches. 

49.5  cuhic  inches. 

15.75  cuhic  inches. 

81  desirees. 


1 


128 


CRANIA  AISIKRICAXA. 


PLATE   XL— A. 


I'KRUVIAN    KROM    TUK    I'KMl'I-R  OV   TIIK   SfV. 


AiKillirr   liiMtl    I'riim   the    rciiictcry    at    racliiicainac.       A    skull  of   iiiuivii.ii 
tliic'kucx.  iJioiiiiiicnt  vt  rtcx.  i;rcal   ruliicss  ol'  the  wliolc  |)ari(tal  nuion.  and  laruc 


1  par  it; 


MI'.A*!  IIKMI'-NTS. 


Liiuiiitudinal  ilianictcr. 
I'arii'tal  dianirtcr,     . 
Frontal  dianicti-r, 
Vertical  (lianittcr,    . 
Iiit(  r-niavtoid  arch.  . 
liitcr-niastdid  line,    . 
Occiliitn-I'riinlal  arcli. 
ilnriziiiital  jjcriphi  IV. 


Int( 


al  capacity. 


Capacity  of  the  anterier  chaiiilicr. 
Capacity  of  the  pi)steri(ir  chambci 


ipacity  (if  the  cnroiial  n  iii{ 


in. 


Facial  anu'lc, 
F(ir  tiii^  itlic   I 


am  aNo  indebted  In  t 


().7  inches. 
().  inciies. 
I.')  inches. 
j.O  inches. 

16.1  inciies. 
4.5  inches. 

I  1.5  inches. 

20.2  inches. 

89.  ciihic  inches 
3  1.  cnl)ic  inches 
55.')  cubic  iiiche- 
20., 5  cubic  inclu  ■. 


SO  d 


eirrees. 


le  iiinuness  ii 


r  my  I'riend  Dr.  I{u>(h< 


lierii-el 


THE  INCA  PERUVIANS. 


Ii9 


PLATE   XI.— B. 


PKRUVIAN   FIIOM  THK  TEMI'lJO  Ol'    THE  SUN 


l(? 


.■^i>- 

•-< 

J  J  . 

'  -J  "^ 

/ 

\\  ■  / 

Another  skull  I'niin  (he  sanu!  sepulchral  locality,  and  from  the  same  iulelli- 
i^eiit  voyaper.  It  is  characterised  by  small  dimensions,  a  very  retreating  forchiad. 
and  a  verj'  proiuiueul  vertex. 


Ml'.ASt  IlEMENT 


Lonu;it\ulinal  diameter.     . 
Parietal  diameter.    . 
Frontal  diameter. 
Vertical  diaiiieler,    . 
iiiter-mastoid  arch.  . 
Inter-mastoid  line.    . 
()eei|tit()-l'rontal  arch. 
Horizontal  perij)hery. 
Internal  capacity,     . 
Capacity  of  iln>  anterior  ehamher. 
Capacity  ol'  the  posterior  chamber. 
Capacity  of  the  conuial  region, . 
Facial  angle.    .... 


f).3  inches. 

"lS  inches. 

1.5  inches. 

5.3  inches. 

1").  inches. 

J.  inches. 

13.2  inches. 

If*.  inches. 

7G.5  cul)ic  inches. 

30.  cubic  inches. 

1C.5  cubic  inches. 
li.'25  cubic  inches. 
80  degrees. 


33 


i 


131) 


CRANIA  AMKHICANA. 


I'LA'l'K   XI.— C. 

PKRUVIAN   KIJO.M   TIIF,  TKMl'LE  OK  THE  SUN. 


u 


\ho  Iroin  I'Mcliiifiiniac.  tliroiiiili  the /.cal  and  Iriciulsliii)  (if  Dr.  IJiisdicnliniit  r. 
lliir  aiiiiiii  llif  parietal  aiul  loiiiriliuliiial  tliainclcrs  arc  nearly  e(|iial.  Tin 
|>i)>leiiiir  anil  lali  ral  swell  nl'  llli^  eraiiiiiiii  are  very  reniarkaiile.  and  the  vi  rlex 
lia^  till'  eliaracterislic  proniineiiee.  'I'iie  clieek  liones.  lli(itii;li  liiiili.  are  nut  lieav_\. 
mil  tliere  is  a  plea-inij;  syniinetry  in  tlie  various  parts  of  the  lace.  'I'he  1m  ant\ 
and  aeenracy  <i|'  the  drawing  nMjnire  imthiu};  to  be  added  f.xcepting  the 


Ml.A-l  IIEMKNTS. 


Lou^itndiiial  diameter.     . 
Parietal  dianiVter,     . 
i-'iiuital  diameter, 
N'ertieal  diameter,    . 
Inler-mastoid  arch.  . 
Inter-niastdid  line,    . 
()cci|)itn-rron(al  arch. 
Horizontal  periphery. 
Internal  capacity.     . 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  ehamher. 
Capacity  of  tlie  jiosterior  chaniher. 
Cajjacity  of  tiie  coronal  region. 
Facial  ansile, 


6.  inches. 
5.9  inches. 
■I.  I  inches. 
5.  inches. 
1,5.)  inches. 
4.     inches. 

13.2  inches. 
19.     inches. 

77.  cubic  inches. 
'28.  cubic  inches. 
19.    cubic  inche-. 

1 1.3  cubic  inches. 
SO  decrees. 


Tin:  INC  A   PKRUVIANS. 


I  Jl 


PLATK    XI.— I). 

I'KUIVIAN    KUOM   TIIK   TKMl'M.;   OF   TIIK   SI;N. 


./ 


^ 


0- 


^rt^^ 


/ 


v.'-- 


va 


This  skull.  iiIm,  IVoiu  (lie  liKM  {•(•inrlcry.  ijrrs.nts  scvcrnl  Wdmids  of  the 
occipitnl  Imimc.  wliicli  iiui>1  have  Immm.  iiitliftcd  by  x.iiic  lil.mt  urnpon.  prolMl.ly 
tlu-  l.i.ck  of  a  uai-axc:  and  as  the  Lead  is  Ihat  cf  a  middle  a-vd  man.  w  may 
I"'""""'  '"■  '■'"  '"  ''^'"l'-  '''!"■  "<Tipital  virw  has  hen  iTi.ns..nfcd  nu-njy 
l(.  shou-  til,.  i.irv„h'nl  lonli-uraliuM  of  this  part  .d"  th<.  hrad  in  Ihr  Annricans 
-nicrally:  the  -cnrral  nmical  .,ntliM,._lhc  pnnninn.l  vertex.— Ihr  In!!  parietal 
protnheranees.  and  the  pr(.|.,,rtional  widlli  helweeii  the  mastoid  jn'oeesses. 


MF.ASI  IlEMKNTS. 


Lon^itndinal  diameter.     . 
Parietal  diameter.     . 
Frontal  diameter.     . 
Vertical  diameter.    . 
Inter-mastoid  arch.  . 
InliT-mastoid  line.    . 
Oreipito-lVontal  areli. 
Horizontal  periphery. 
Internal  caiiaeity.     . 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamber. 
Capacity  of  the  posterior  chamher. 
Facial  angle,   .... 


()..)  inches. 

5..')  inches. 

I.()  inches. 

;).6  inches. 
1  I.S  inches. 

•1.")  inches. 
13.()  inches. 
10., j  inches. 
(iS.,')  cubic  inches. 
3.!.    cubic  inches. 
35.)  cubic  inches. 

75  dci^rees. 


This  skull  forms  part  of  the  Ihr  collection   from   Pachacamac.  presented  b 
me  by  Dr.  Ruschcnbert;er. 


\:M 


CHAMA  AMEIllCANA. 


Iti.iiil/  of  till  1)11  iisinrnu III  of  livmlii-lhivi  iii/itlt  nhiills  if  l/ii  jmrr  limt 
/f,in. — 'riii-mii;li  llir  kiiidiiis".  el'  1ji.  Hiiscliciiluru;!  r.  I  |»os>.s><  hviiily-llinc  luliilt 
licmis  IVom  till'  ciinrtcry.  called  I'licliiuiiiiiiic.  or  the  'riiii|>li'  i>i'  Hit-  Sun.  iitiir 
Lima.*  As  tlii«i  sipuU'lire  was  nsrivrd  lor  the  txt'luMVf  use  of  the  liiijlur  rliis- 
(il  I'ciiuians.  il  is  riasDiialdc  In  iiilVr  llial  Ilir  sUiilN  (dilaiiicd  tliiri'  lii|iiiit;ril  In 
|).is(ms  'if  intt  llinriicc  and  distinction :  especially  as  learninu;  atiiont;  llie  l'eniviaii«» 

\\a^  an  aristDcialie   |)reroi:ative.     Six  nf  these  sknlls  afe  Cijjnred  on  llw  a xed 

plalis.  and  liv  sulimittin;;  llieni.  li>Me||ier  with  the  remainder  (if  the  s.  rie-.  tn  the 
mea'incmenls  ii-ed  in  this  work,  the  follnwin^;  results  are  olitained. 

'I'he  lari;esl  ciaiiium  uives  an  internal  capacity  of  Hfl..".  culic  inches,  which 
is  a  IVnetidn  siiorl  of  the  Caucasian  mean:  while  the  >mallest  head  measures  hut 
(,ll  euliie  iuelli  V  'Pile  im  an  of  llli'  wllnle  series  ;;ives  hut  7!  cuhic  inches,  which 
is  |UMliaM\  h  wi  r  lli,in  liiat  of  any  other  people  now  exislini;-.  not  exceptiiii;  the 
Hindoos. f 


•  ••  I'.Mir    IcMJIlis   1 1,  ■111  llli'    1  IIV  el    I.il-    l!i-\'  >  ,  l.illia>  nil  ill.'     :i i'n:i^l.  !■-    llir  X.lllry  ii|'   I'ai'llll- 

,M ,',  il,  lii'lill'iil  iiii.l  liiiiMiil,  iilhl  mil. ill-  111.'  lii.li.iiis  v.'i-y  1,11111.1  i.ii  ill.'  Iiilii.'ii'.  '|'i:mi'|.k  hk  iio;  -rN. 

.ihi.'li  IS  111  II  ;  ill.' -ivji.'M  iiii.l  ri.li.-l  ol  :ill  111.'  Inili. -.  "111.  li  llii'i  II.  i.l  111  111.'  Iii'.'li.-l  il.v.ili.iii;  il 
A'lis  l.iiill  .111  a  -11  :ill  lull.  >liiiul.'  I'V  1:  .11.1  , . 'I  :i.  I.  il"-  ,Mlli-ilr:.il  lii'i.  L-    mill  .'iU'lli.  iiliil  oi'li.'illii'liint  Willi 

linm   .|,.M|s  Milh  \, 1-.  |Mlllllll'JMil    »  ,M  :ilillli:i  s.      Ill  ill.'    -,illi.'    l.|l!|.l.'    lll.'l'.'  W.'l.'   .'l|i:iinili'llls    lur 

ill,'  |.ii'  ~N.  wli.i  |ii..;'.'s-.  ,1  'jr.';il  vm.'inv  :  l.ir  ul..  i,  lln  \  "'nil  i,.  ii]..K.'  ii  |.iil.li.'  ■.luiili..'.  lli.'y  w:iil>i'il 
l.,','K\v;inl-,,  Willi  111.  II  I  ii'.'s  1.1  ;li'  I .  ..|.l.'  iii'l  i!..  .!■  I''i''l--  I"  II"'  I'l"'-  'I'll""  *^  "''  il"«iii''i^'  |'\''-.  ■tii'l 
iiiii.'li  :i|.|i:ii'.'iil  |H'iiiii  l,,n.,ii,  il„  i  -,..  nl'h  .'.I  Liiiiuii  M.i.'.L  ,iii.l  •■luiiii,.!-,  :iihI  l.inh.  iin.l  iIh'  i.L.I  x^aw 
i.'|,;i.  s.  Tl,,,  |,i'i. -K  «,  I'l-  li.'M  111  LM.'iii  \.'ii.i,iM..ii.  '.Miittv  |..'..|.:  '  u.  Ill  111  I'll-'riiiiii'.'.'  L' ilii-  l'P'ih 
rilipl.'  Willi  ii.'li  ..ll.'iiii'--,;  )!■'  "iir  ,r„^  pi  II, nil, 'I  hi  ,'m'  liiiriiJ  nnir  il  ,  .vn/il  /irl,:^/^.  iiii/i/r^,  iiiiil 
.li.lhiKiii^liril  jii-r.nii^.  \f.i\n  wlh-,'  11,1,  nil. 'Ill-,  •.!.  .1  --niii-  ..|  l'..I.1  w.i.'  .I.in.'.l;  ami  al  lli.'  a|ii...iiil.'il 
l.-i-N.  .T.  ;il  i.iiiii!"  I-  .if  i„'..|>!.'  :isM'ii,|.'.  .1,  ,'iii.l  ali.'i'  ill.'  --a.'iifi.  .  •-  ili.  y  .liii.'.'.l  1..  lli.'  'm.hii.I  ul'  iiislrii- 
111.  ills."  — lliiiiii;.u.  //,'-/.  'A'  /"»  liiiiiii-    l.il  .  \  I.  II'.'.  \  .  I',  1  IS. 

Til.'  -lal.'iii.'iil  .il'  II.  ;l.  ra  lli  il  llii-  I  .  in.  1.  I'y  u  .is  cur.  .'i.ii,  .1  I..  |.i-rs.i|r  nl  .liMiti.-linli  i-  r.iiiliriiir.l 
\.\  (;,,iiiara.  ■■  In  .'-i.i  |.'iu|.!..  s,,  maialal  an  .'ui.t,!!-  1..-  mn.h.  s  i  I'l'in.iii.il.'s.  .'..ii  Mit.'iil..  .|ii.'  siis 
,11,  I'l  ,.s  s,,  ,1.  ,li.'a-.'ii  ."i  sii  lli,,s,  I  I  ,s  aniiii'is  piirja-las  la  'L'  sii,  .l.'al,,,  i  ]h'...'i.|...,  i.  ii'.miii  .'I  lU's.'iiiis.i. 
,..,,,,,,.  !  |,     ,,   r  i|.'s,,.|,|,,  ,  1,  Ml  Vhia  .1.'  .  ■:"-,"  -Or/-.//  ./.'  A'v  Inline.  ..S''',.  y.  .1,11.      .Mailii.l.  IT.'li. 

n!,.a  .l..s,,|;h.,s  |]:,    'I',  iiijil,'  i.:'  IVi.'lia.-iiiia.'  a-  ,i  .'.iiiiiil.l.'  null,     "  Il  is  .livi.lnl   ml.,  llirr.'   |.aris; 

iiaiii.'U".  a  |.a!ai'".  a  In, In  ~-  .'Mil  a  \>\\' '  |ir,iyi  r.      Kihl.'  as  tins  ..lili,.,  appnals.  «.'  liiai,    y.'l  |..'r.'.'i\L' 

all  air  .if  ui'aiiili'iir  aihl  in  .'jiiili.'.ii.'.'  lliitalhsN  llial  ,.|'  lli"  |.|  iii.  .s  wli.)  I. mil  il."  .\liil  (lai.'ilaso 
a'l'is  lli.'il  II  was  l.iiill  |,v  ill.'  \'iiii.'  IS.  a  I'.'iiiviaii  iiali.,.i.  I','|..p'  llm  nin.  -•  nl'  lii.'  lii.'.is.  Tin'  I  illrr, 
li,.w.'V.'r,  ar.'  sii|,]„is.,||  i,,  l,,i\ ,,  ,  iiil,.liis!i,',|  il,.'  nii-mal  i,'iii|i!.',  Inr  ilinr  nwii  us.' ;  aii.l  ii  i'M'Ii  appi'iirs 
lliit  II,.'  w.ii  .liiji  ..i  ill"  \ii;i''is  ami  ih.'  111. "I  I'l'limair  wis  aliln'  ilir.'.l.'il  l.i  /'iir/iiiiiiimtv.  The 
Siiii:-.  la.'  (;".l,  — S.  .'  M'Cri,i..ii!.  /.'•  ^■iirr/e^.  A'l'.,  p.    lo'i. 

*  Si  T  Anlll'll.li.X. 


Tin:  ATUIIKS. 


IJ3 


Till'  Aritci'iiir  cliiiinlKr  i;iv<'s  :t  niciiii  of  M  ciiliic  iiiclus:  tlir  liii^liisl  nicaoiii'i' 
liiiiit;  'Ki.'i,  (lie  smallol   li  I'liliii-  iiiclirx. 

'I'lic  I'osli'i'idr  (-lianilM  r  ^;ivrs  a  iiiiaii  ol'  M  ciiliic  iiiclio  ;  tlx'  lii^lK ><l  iiiiaMin' 
iH'inU  .'),'>. 3,  tin-  siiiallcil    10  fiiliic  iiicliis, 

Tlir  Coronal  region  nivts  \>  culiic  inclics  a>  a  iiiraii :  llic  liinlicsl  iik  a»iiir 
hciii^  M.Ct,  lilt'  Miiallol  ■)  i')  ciiliic  iiu-liiN. 

Tlif  iiuaii  of  llic  I'ariai  aiii;lc  is  75  ilf)j;r('cs :  llir  jar^'tst  all^'l(•  liciii^'  SO.  llic 
siiiallust  72  ilrj^rii'x. 

If  to  tins  sirics  \\v  add  tii«-  rnrasiiniiunls  ol  lui  he  oilier  ucMiiiiic  I'miviaiis 
I'roiii  various  Iftcaiilics.  the  iiicaii  inliriial  caiiacilv  i^  iiicnaxd  liiil  a  sinu;!'-  rnltic 
inch.  Willi  hut  a  I'rai'lional  diiliniicc  in  llif  Tacial  aiit,'lc.  ll  wilL  liirnron', 
appiar  in  the  sn|\i(l.  Ihal  llir  inlcriial  (M|iacil>  of  llic  traniiun  in  tin' (l(iiii-ci\  ilisctl 
IVrnvians.  is  niiicli  h  ^s  Ihaii  llial  of  liir  harhaioii*  nalioiis. 

ll  may.  niorcvfr.  hr  niiiarknl.  liiat  tlu'  In  aiK  ol  niiir  I'iriivian  chihln  n  in 
my  possession,  appear  lo  he  nearly  il  not  (|nile  as  lar'j,e  as  those  of  chihireii  of 
other  nations  at  the  >anie  .ii^e :  whieli  is  the  more  ninarkahle  as  no  specimen 
anion;;-  the  ,  .Hire  series  of  thirty-live  ailiilt  skulls,  rencliis  llie  Knropean  average  ol 
ninety  eiihie  inches  of  internal  capacity. 


TIIK     ATIUKS. 

At  the  sources  of  Ihe  Orinoco.*  amoli;^  Ihe  loresl  Militudes  of  one  of  the 
remotest  European  missions.  Ilaron  llumlndiit  (li>.eoviii  il  the  cavi  iii-se|iulchre  of 
an  e.xtincl.  hut  once  powerful  trihe.  calhd  .lliiit.i.  As  the  annexed  drawing  was 
made  from  one  of  the  identical  skulls  hroiii^ht  hy  that  dis|in:;uish(  d  travi  Her.  I 
shall  (lescrihc  this  remarkable  cemetery  in  his  own  wurds, 

"The  most  remote  part  of  the  valley  is  covered  hy  i  thick  forest.  In  this 
shady  and  solitary  spot,  on  the  declivity  of  a  sleep  mountain,  the  cavern  of 
Ataruipc  opens  itself.  It  is  less  a  cavern  than  a  jultiim  rock,  in  which  Ihe  waters 
have  scooped  a  vast  hollow,  when,  in  the  ancient  revolutions  of  our  planet,  they 
attained   that  height.     V\'e  soon  reckoned  in   this  tomb  of  a  whole  extinct  tribe 


•  Lat.  5-  3!)'  iiorili. 


34 


134 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


near  six  liuiuli'L-d  skck'toiis,  well  preserved,  and  sn  regularly  placed,  that  it  would 
have  been  dillieult  to  make  an  error  iu  tiieir  number.  Every  skeleton  repo.ses 
in  a  sort  of  basket  made  of  the  petioles  of  the  palm-tree.  These  baskets,  wiiich 
till'  natives  eall  nnipiroi.  have  tiie  form  of  a  S(iuare  bag.  Their  sizes  are 
proportioned  to  tiie  age  of  the  dead:  tliere  are  some  for  infants  eutoll'tlie  moment 
of  their  birth.  We  saw  them  from  ten  inelies  to  three  feet  four  inehes  long,  the 
skeletons  iu  tliem  being  i)enl  together.  'J'hey  are  all  ranged  near  each  otiier.  and 
are  so  entire,  thai  not  a  rib.  or  a  phalanx  is  wanting. 

The  bones  have  been  prejiared  in  three  diU'erent  manners,  either  whitiiied  in 
the  air  and  the  sun;  dyed  red  with  onoto.  a  coloring  matter  extracted  from  tiie 
bixa  oreilana:  or.  like  real  mummies,  varnished  with  odoriferous  resins,  and 
enveloped  iu  leaves  of  the  iielieonca  or  the  plantain  tree.  The  Indians  related 
to  uv.  that  the  fre^h  e<u'p>c  i^  plaeiil  iji  damp  grouiul.  in  order  thai  tiie  llesii  may 
he  C(msunu(i  by  degrees  ;  some  monlli>.  alter,  it  is  taken  out.  and  the  llevh  remaining 
OH  the  i)(uus  i>  >era|)ed  oil'  with  sharp  stoiU's.  Several  hordes  in  (iuyaua  still 
observe  this  custom.  Kartiu  u  \a^rs.  iialf  baked,  ;u-e  found  near  tiii'  iiKipins.  m 
basket-.  They  apjuar  to  eoulaiii  liic  iioues  of  the  sauu,'  family.  Tiie  largest  of 
tiiese  vase-.,  or  fiiiiri'al  uru^  arc  Ihrcr  fret  high,  and  hve  feet  and  a  half  buig. 
Their  eolnr  is  iineuish  gra\.aiul  their  oval  firm  is  MiHicicnlJy  pha^iiii;-  to  the  eve. 
The  liaiKJIiv-.  arr  made  in  llir  >liape  of  croeoclilrs.  nr  serpmls.  the  eiUe  i>  iiordered 
witli  meanders.  Iab\riulii>.  and  nal  iii-ayiKn.  ii;  straight  lines  varitui-ly  e(niii)ined. 
Siieii  painliugs  are  found  in  every  /one.  among  nation>  the  movt  n  umli'  from 
eaeii  oijiri-  citiicr  with  re-peel  III  the  -pol  whicii  they  oeeiipy  on  the  globe,  or  to 
Ihe  degree  of  eiviii>ation  wliieli  tiny  have  attained.  The  inh.ibitanis  of  liie  little 
niiv-iouof  Maypures  slill  exeeiile  tlieiii  on  their  commonest  pottery  :  tliev  decorate 
llie  bucklers  of  the  Olaheiteans.  the  lishing  imph'uents  i>{  the  Kskinmes.  the 
walls  of  ihe  Mexican  jialace  of  Mitla.  and  the  vases  of  ancient  (ireece.  Every 
where  a  rhythmic  repetition  of  the  same  forms  Hatters  the  eye.  as  the  cadenced 
repetition  of  sounds  soothes  the  (ar.  Analogies  fonmled  on  the  internal  nature  of 
our  feelings,  on  the  natural  dispositions  of  our  intellect,  are  not  calculated  to  throw 
linht  on  the  alliliatiou  and  the  ancient  coimecfion  of  nations.  AVe  could  not 
ac(|uire  any  precise  idea  of  the  jieriod  to  which  the  origin  of  the  iiiiijiin.s  and  the 
painted  vases,  contained  in  the  ossuary  cavern  of  .Ataruipe.  can  be  traced.  The 
greater  part  seemed  not  to  be  more  than  a  century  old.  but  it  may  be  supposed. 
that,  sheltered  from  all  humidity,  under  the  inlluence  of  an  uniform  temperature, 
the  preservation  of  these  articles  would  be  no  less  perfect,  if  it  dated  from  a  period 
far  more  remote.     A  tradition  circulates  among  the  (iuahiboes,  that  the  warlike 


THE  PUELCIIES. 


135 


Atnrcs.  pursued  by  Ihe  Caribbecs,  escaped  tu  the  rocks  that  rise  in  the  middle  of 
the  (Jreiit  Cataracts;  and  tiiere  tliat  nation,  heretofore  so  numero\is,  became 
i;ra(hiaily  extinct,  as  well  as  its  language.  The  last  families  of  the  Atnres  still 
existed,  in  17fi7,  in  the  time  of  the  missionary  Gili.  At  the  period  of  our  voyage 
an  old  parrot  was  shown  at  Maypures,  of  which  tiie  inhabitants  related,  and  the 
fiu't  is  worthy  of  observation,  that,  "  they  did  not  understand  what  it  said,  becaiise 
it  spoke  the  language  of  the  Atures."* 

PLATE    XII. 

AITRIAN    01'   Till':   ORINOCO. 

This  cranium  presents  the  large  face  and  ponderous  jaw  so  common  in  the 
American  race,  together  witli  the  retreating  forehead,  prominent  cheek  bones  and 
large  orbits  nf  that  jienple.  The  head  is  more  elongated  than  usual,  and  less 
tlattened  in  tlie  occipital  region.  This  skull  never  canu'  under  my  jM-rsiuial 
inspection,  for  which  reason  I  im  unable  to  add  any  measure  inents.  or  otlier 
precise  observations.  The  oriiiiial  is  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  .lardin  du 
Hoi,  in  Paris :  i'rofessor  ["'lourens  kindly  permitted  a  tlrawing  to  be  niaib  from 
it.  wliieli  was  taken  by  .M.  Werner,  an  excellent  artist,  inider  the  supervision  ol 
my  iViend  Dr.  I'^dmund  C.  l%vaus.  of  tills  eity. 

Haron  Ilumboldl  procured  several  of  these  skulls,  but  the  vessel  in  which 
several  of  them  were  shipped,  was  lost  at  sea,  and  I  believe  but  two  reached 
Europe.  One  of  these  is  ligured  by  Professor  Blumenbacht.  and  presents  a  much 
higher  head  and  Hatter  occijiut  than  the  one  representid  above. 


TIIE     PUELCIIES. 

'I'he  Puelches,  whose  name  imj)lies  Eastern  People,  wander  over  the  extensive 
plains  between  the  ;3(i'  and  39  of  south  latitude.  They  are  divided  into  many 
tribes,  which  extend  from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  to   the  Hio  de  la  I'lata.  and 


•  l>i".---iiial  Nan-,  j,  p.  ()17. 


tOocad.  Cuiii.  Tab.  ,\L\  I. 


136 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


from  the  AUaiitic  Ocean  to  the  counliy  of  the  Aiaucanians.  In  stature  they 
niucli  roscmble  the  Spaniards,  but  tliey  have  stronger  limbs  than  the  adjacent 
Indians,  a  larger  and  rounder  head,  and  a  heavier  and  harsher  person.  'I'hey  arc 
also  not  so  dark  eomplexioned. 

It  is  reniarkal)l<'  fliat  although  all  the  I'uclche  trii)es  are  of  wandering  habits, 
none  of  them  are  sti'ielly  pastoral,  neilliir  keei)iiig  sheep  nor  sowing  grain  :  but 
they  depend  entirely  on  hunting,  for  wliich  purpose  they  keep  a  great  numlur  of 
dogs.  They  are  diviileil  into  four  tribes,  one  of  which  is  the  'IMiuihlx.  \\\w  are 
celebrated  by  the  nanu'  of  I'atagonians.  They  are  remarkably  tall,  athletie  nu  n. 
and  according  to  falkiier  and  others,  average  more  than  six  feet  in  height. 
.Much.  ho\\ever.  tliat  tlie  early  voyagers  have  written  icspeeling  them  must  be 
received  witli  caution.  We  propose  to  advert  to  thi'^  >ul>iect  again:  and  will  now 
merely  add.  that  \\lien  European  voyagers  visited  the  I'alagonians.  the  latter 
showed  tlieir  policy  by  selectiiiL;  their  tallest  men  to  confer  with  the  strangers; 
thus  leaving  the  impression  tlial  they  were  a  nation  of  giants. 

The  Puelches  arc  proverl)ially  brave  and  skiifnl  in  war.  as  their  protracted 
and  bloody  contests  with  the  Spaniards  bear  ample  testimony.  They  at  iirst 
compelled  the  latter  to  abandon  the  foundati(ui  of  tiie  city  of  liucnos  Ayres :  nor 
did  they  yield  in  the  contest  imtil  tlieir  enemies  overpowered  them  with  cavalry, 
ill  jjioof  of  their  invincible  coiu'ag''.  l)e  Azara  ijives  the  following  remarkable 
example.  "In  the  heat  of  battle  five  I'ampas*  were  made  pri-oner-< ;  they  were 
put  oil  board  a  seventy-four  gun  ship,  with  a  complement  of  six  hundred  and  fifty 
men.  for  tin-  purpose  of  conveying  them  to  Spain.  When  the  vessel  had  been 
live  day-  at  sea,  the  captain  allowed  them  the  [U-ivilege  of  walking  about  without 
restraint,  when  they  immediately  icsolvcd  to  seize  tlie  ship  and  murder  all  on 
hoard.  'I'o  ell'eet  this  olijtet.  one  of  them  approached  a  corporal  of  marines,  who 
appeared  to  he  otl"  his  guard,  sei/ed  lijs  sahre.  and  in  a  moment  of  time  killed  two 
pil:>ts  and  fiurieeii  sailors  and  soldiers.  The  four  otiiir  Indians  also  Hew  to  arms, 
but  lindinii  tiieiiiselves  overcome  by  the  guard,  they  sprang  into  tiie  sea  and 
drowned   thenis(  Ives,  an  exaniiile  that  was  at  once  lollowcd  h\  tin  ir  riiiiileader.'t 


'  'I'll''  SinLiiiurils  i:ill  limn  I'ain]  a--,  lull  ih.ir  nwii  iKilviiiil  ;i|i|icll;ilM'n  i^  I'm  khu. 
\)y.  A/.au.s,  Voy.  T.  11,1'.  :!''. 


THE  PUELCIIES. 


137 


PLATE    XIII. 

PUELCIIE  OK    PATAf.OMA. 

The  original  of  this  drawing  was  made  in  Paris  witii  the  preceding  one. 
under  the  inspection  of  Dr.  E.  C.  Evans.  I  have  to  regret  that  I  possess  no 
measurements ;  hut  tlu;  accuracy  and  heauty  of  tlie  delineation  convey  as  perfect 
an  idea  of  the  cranium  of  the  Puelches  as  can  he  attaiiu'd  i)y  a  drawing.  We  are 
at  once  struck  with  the  hroad  face,  tiie  projecting  upper  Jaw.  the  arching  of  the 
zygoma,  the  low  os  frontis.  (lie  flattened  occiput,  and  llie  fulness  of  development 
ahove  the  opening  of  (lie  ear.  'i'he  size  of  the  lower  jaw  and  the  perfection  of 
the  teeth  are  also  characteristic. 


THE     CIIAURUAS, 


This  powerful  nation  originally  inhahited  tlie  nortlu  ru  shore  of  the  Hio  de 
la  Plata,  and  (■.vtcudcd  their  jxississions  to  a  distauee  of  tiiirty  leagues  parallel 
with  tiiat  river.  Tiny  are  of  (lie  middle  slatuie,  well  pmportioued.  erect  and 
active;  and  according  to  l)e  Azara.  on  whom  I  eliielly  dejieiid  for  these  details, 
the  whole  nation  wnuld  scarcely  iiroduce  a  iiia'i  too  fat.  too  meagre,  or  deformed. 
They  hold  the  head  erect,  with  a  Ixdd  plly^iogMlmly  ami  lieree  eouiiteiiauee. 
indicative  of  tlicir  ferocity  and  haughtiness.  Their  eidor  is  ueaier  a  hlaek  than 
a  wiiite.  with  very  little  mixture  of  red.  'Plieir  nose  is  straight,  their  eyes  rather 
small,  hriglit  and  always  hlaek.  and  are  never  ohserved  entirely  open,  at  the  same 
time  tliat  they  can  see  helter  and  twice  as  far  as  Euroiieaiis.  Their  teeth  are 
well  arranged,  very  white,  and  rarely  fall  om  spontaneously.  Tin  ir  hands  and 
feet  are  small  and  admirahly  proportioned. 

All  the  energies,  mental  and  physical,  of  these  people  are  devoted  (i>  \\:\': 
alone.  They  have  no  diversions.  n(U'  dances,  nor  sDugs,  nor  instruments  of  music, 
nor  social  assemhlages.  Their  liaiiitual  gravity  eoiieeals  the  passions:  they  never 
laugh  aloud,  and  always  address  each  other  in  a  suhdued  tone  of  voice.  They 
have  no  religion,  no  forms  of  p(diteness.  no  laws,  no  rewards  and  no  punishments: 
35 


138 


CHAMiV  AMEUICAXA. 


and  (li.ir  .-(juality  is  so  perfect  that  ihvy  do  not  cvin  acknowlcdu;!'  tlie  autliority 
of  a  cliii'f. 

Vit.  sndi  is  the  eourau;e.  tlie  feroeilv.  tlie  indomitable  spirit  of  this  warlike 
nation,  tliat  l)e  Azara  asserts  tliat  tiiey  liave  sj)!!!  more  Spanish  hiood  tiian  ever 
llowed  in  all  tlie  eontesuwitii  Monfeznma  and  the  Incas.*  In  fact  the  Ciiarrnas. 
witii  their  confederate  trii)es.  have  heen  called  the  '•  doorkeepers  of  l'arau;iiay," 
on  aceonnt  of  tiieir  pertinacions  and  successful  resistance  to  the  encroadnncnts  of 
the  Spaniards.  To  the  last  dej^ree  crud.  revenu;eful  and  externiinatinii  in  their, 
wars  with  the  native  tribes,  and  with  the  Eurepeans,  they  present,  in  stroui;  relief, 
all  tile  prominent  characteristics  of  the  race. 

I'LA'IK    XI v. 

CIIAIMIIA    OF    liRAZlI,. 

This  .knll  possiss.s  the  eharaelerivties  of  tlie  American  Indian  in  very  siron;; 
relief.  The  points  which  we  have  nolieed  in  the  Puelche.  are  e\a-i;crated  here. 
toi^etiur  with  a  more  relrealin:;-  fnn  licad  and  more  tlattened  occi|)ital  reiiion. 
This  head  i^  pr(>(  rveil.  with  llie  two  preceding';  ones,  in  the  Hoyal  Museum  in 
Pans:  nnd  the  drawinii-  was  taken  under  the  same  circumstances  as  those  of  the 
i'u.lehe  and  Alurian.  so  thai  I  am  unable  to  give  any  particulars  which  camiot  be 
derived  from  the  drawing  itself. 


Tin:   iJOTocrnos. 

These  people  call  themselves  hhiiirnvmduni:;  hut  tiiey  are  more  familiarlv 
known  by  the  names  Aymores  and  hotocudos.  the  latter  heinj;  <;ivcn  them  bv  the 
Portnuuese.  Tin  y  inhabit  the  dense  forests  of  Brazil  between  the  Rio  Uoce  and 
the  Hio  Prado.  or  in  other  words  within  the  Uilh  and  IDtli  dejirees  of  south 
latitude. 

Nature,  says  the  Prince  de  AVied.  has  ^iven  tiie  Hotocudos  an  admirable 
exterior  conformation,  for  they  are  iiandsonier  and   In  ttir  proportioned  tiian  the 


•  l)i:  AzMiA,  V,.y.  (I.iiis  I'Aiu.r  Mnid.  'l".  .',  p.  i\~->-' 


THE  BOTOCUDOS. 


139 


other  Taponyas.  Tlioy  are  mostly  ol'  tlu;  middle  stattire,  with  broad  slioiilders, 
larf^e  eliests,  and  delieatu  hands  and  feet.  Tiieir  eyes  arc  nio.stly  small,  black  and 
picrcinu; ;  the  nose  is  short,  straight  and  expanded  at  the  nostrils.  'Phe  whole 
face  is  lari^e,  and  occasionally  somewhat  llattened.  Their  color  is  a  reddish 
brown,  nuich  darker  in  some  instances  than  others,  and  in  some  examples  almost 
white.  Ill  other  respects  these  people  resembh^  tile  other  nations  of  the  American 
ctnitinent.  Hut  they  have,  in  common  with  several  tribes  of  Paraguay,  the 
horrible  custom  of  slitting  the  lower  lip.  and  wearing  in  the  opening  thus  made 
a  round  or  oval  jjiece  of  wood,  which  gives  tiieir  physiognomy  a  frightful 
expression,  which  is  heightened  by  the  almost  coi^tant  How  of  saliva  from  the 
aperture. 

With  respect  to  the  moral  character  of  the  liotucudos.  there  is  little,  perhaps 
nothing,  to  admire.  -Ueiiig  in  no  degree  guided  by  the  moral  principle,  and 
uncontrolled  by  the  laws  which  restrict  civilised  man  within  the  limits  of  sucial 
order,  these  barbarians  follow  the  impulses  of  sense  and  instinct  like  the  jaguars 
of  the  forest.  Tiie  outbreakings  of  lluir  demoiiiae  passions,  and  especially  their 
revenge  and  Jealousy,  are  as  terrible  as  they  are  sudden  and  uiiexpeetrd."  The 
most  trilling  iiieidi'ut  is  sntlieieiit  to  excite  their  aiigrv.  which  can  never  be 
ajjpeased  excej)!  by  the  death  of  tile  oibnder. 

it  will  be  of  course  infernd  that  their  wars  are  constant  and  sanguinary. 
They  coiit(;nd  with  all  the  surnuiieling  nations,  whether  of  the  Kuropi  an  or 
Indian  race,  and  their  hatred  to  some  adjacent  tribes  is  so  implacable,  that  they 
never  spare  man.  woman  or  child.  Though  now  nearly  e.vlerininated.  they 
remain,  as  a  nation.  uncon(|uered  and  uiie(Uii|nerable. 

Nevertheless,  unlike  their  iiriglibors.  the  Cliarruas.  the  Botocudos  havi-  their 
hours  of  mirth,  and  enliven  their  indolence  with  songs  and  dances:  and  with  all 
their  savage  attributes  it  is  due  to  them  to  state,  that  they  have  in  some  instances 
shown  lasting  gratitude  to  those  who  have  befriended  them.* 

I'L.vri:  XV. 

luirocii)!)  (IK  liitA/.ii.. 

Heiug  I'Ntriiiiely  desirous  to  (d)tain  a  drawing  of  one  of  the  skulls  of  tlies<- 
singular  jieoplc.  1  wrote  for  that  purpose  lo  his  Highness.  Maximilian  Prince  de 
Wied-Nieuwied.  celebrated   lor  bis  scientific  researches  in  both  Americas.     My 


"  Sio  \'ii\;igi'  ail  Iiii>il,  [lar  S.  A.  '^.  Maxiiiiilirii,  I'riiicc  ile  WiiMl-NiuiiwiiMl,  '1',  II,  p.  ,'o7,  &.C. 


140 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


application  was  promptly  rcspomlfd  to  by  that  (listiiiguishcil  traveller,  who  sent 
me  a  beautiful  drawing  of  which  the  annexed  lithograph  is  an  exact  copy.  The 
original  is  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  illustrious  Professor  Blunicnbach, 
and  is  the  identical  specimen  brought  hy  the  Prince  de  Wied,  and  figured  in  the 
Decades  Craniorum.  Not  having  had  access  to  the  skull  itself.  I  caimot  give  all 
its  measurements  according  to  my  adopted  plan:  hut  the  following  description 
from  the  above  work  of  Professor  I{lumenhach,  will  in  a  great  degree  supply  the 
deficiency. 

"The  age  of  this  man."  says  he.  '-was  about  five  and  twenty.  During  the 
war  between  the  IJotocudos  and  the  Portuguese,  he  was  accustomed  to  join  his 
countrymen  in  their  hostile  incnr>iioii-< :  l)ut  after  hostilities  ceastd.  he  frequently 
visited  the  garrison  on  the  Rio  Doee.  wliere  he  not  long  after  fell  sick  and  died. 

'■The  cranium,  whieli  is  large,  is  also  very  ponderous  from  the  thickness  of 
the  hones,  and  their  dense  and  hard  lextiire:  and  as  a  whole,  if  you  disregard  for 
a  mom.  lit  the  under  jaw.  the  liiiiiie  and  interval  of  tlii'  orbits,  the  elevated  nasal 
•<pinc.  and  other  particulars  peculiar  to  man.  tiie  general  aspect  approaches  nearer 
to  that  of  the  Orang  Oiitang  than  any  other  skull  Iroiii  a  barbarous  nation  to  be 
seen  in  my  colleetimi.  I  have  iudeul  one  or  two  specimens  of  the  Negro,  in 
which  the  upper  jaw  is  more  lUdjeeting :  but  this  skull  dillers  from  them  in  other 
resjieets.  besides  having  tile  cheek  bones  more  proniiiieiit,  and  a  greater  swell  of 
tile  parietal  bones. 

"IJut  what  (li'serves  parliriilar  imtiee  is  an  iiiileiilatioii.  sliapcd  like  the  point 
of  till  liiiiier  oil  wax.  which  ivniaiiiv  after  th(  loss  ,,f  tlw  fnmt  teeth,  the  sockets 
111  whieii  aiv  eom|)ivsH(l.  ur  rather  eoiiipletdy  absuriieil.  So  universallv.  the 
Prince  de  Wied  asMires  me.  doi  s  ibis  liappen  Id  (hr  yoiitli  of  this  nation  fnmi 
wearini;-  tiic  wooden  liji-iiniaiiient.  already  iiieiilituieil.  that  you  will  scareelv  lind 
"lie  of  them  arrived  at  the  age  of  thirty  who  ivtaiiis  these  teeth. '"'^ 

1  havr  only  lo  add  the  folinwiii-  nieaMiniiieiits.  which  are  derived  from  the 
draw  iiig. 

Longitiidiiial  diameter  G.r,  inches. 
Vertical  diameter  ahmit  /i.d  inches. 
Facial  angle. 


•  IKr.is  Craii.  So.M.i,  p.  Hi.  r\  ■\\^h.  l.VIII. 


1 11 


rit 


ic 


THE     AIEXICANS. 


le 


The  valleys  of  Mexico,  tiie  aiieiint  Annlmae.  liavc  been  eonipared.  in  (lieir 
politieal  vieissiliules.  (o  tiiiNe  of  Italy.  Beaiiliful  ami  iirodiietive  in  a  niiiarUable 
(ley;ree.  and  posscssini;  a  deliiililful  eliniale.  .Mexico  Ins  excited  tlie  cu|)i(lity  of 
many  dillerent  nations,  who  liave  successfully  estalilislied  tlieir  doniinior.  over  it. 
Let  ns  f(U'  a  moment  eninnerate  these  various  pcoiilr.  and  at  tlie  same  time 
in(inire  into  their  |ieculiar  characteristics. 

1.  Mexican  Irailitiim  states  that  the  country  was  oii:j;inally  inhalnted  hy 
barbarous  hordes,  who  were  no  doubt  analo;;ous.  in  their  physical  a|)piarauce  and 
social  institutions,  to  the  proeiit  population  of  the  more  northern  rei^ions  of  the 
continent.  They  have  left  no  momimeiils;  hut  it  i-  pndiable  their  descendant^ 
vet  exist  ammii;'  tiie  uucullivaled  lrih(s  \\hich  are  still  scnttereil  ovrr  the  coun'ry. 

2.  Of  the  civilised  nations  of  Anahuar.  those  which  claim  tiie  L;r<'ale>t 
anti(iuity  are  the   Oliiiecas.  who  i  \triided  their  miL:;ratiiins  to  NicaraLiua  and   the 


(iiilf  of  Ni 


-the  Mi/.lecas  iuid  the  Zaiiotecas.      T 


I  »(■  oeoolc  lire  ^aid 


to  h 


been  as  lii;;'hl\'  cultivated  as  an\  of  the  nation^  who  sucercdcd  them;   and  it 


mo 


re  tlian  i)rid)alile  that 


if  the  ar(diit(('tural  miuinnunts  oi'  Mexico.  N\il|  \il 


he  ti'aced  to  a  peiiod 


lou"'  antecedent  to  the  arr'ival  of  the  Toll( 


Ai 


nonir  the 


nations  who  inhabited  the   country  at    Ibis  early  ei)och.  are  also   to   be   nuntioned 
the  Tarascas.  and  the  Olmnies.  the  latter  beiuL;'  the  least  civili>ed  of  tlnni  all. 

:!.   The  lir-<t  recorded  in\a•^ion  of   Mexico  was  thai  of  the  Toltecas.  which   is 


dated  bv  most  bistiu'iaus  about  the  \car  (JdO  (d' our  era.t      'I'll 


eir  ornrinal  >eals  are 


stated    in  their  traditions  to  have  beei 


1   to  the   northwest  of  Mexico,  in  a  conntrv 


called  lluehiietapallaii.  Tneir  monarcdiy  commenced  in  the  year  007.  and 
terminateil.  as  we  have  already  stated.  A.  1).  I  Oil:  at  \\hich  period  a  series  of 
calamities  caiisi  d  their  partial  destriicti(ni.  and  dispersi(ui  into  other  counli'ies. 
Of  all  the  natiiuis  of  Aiiahuae,  the  T  illecas  were  the  most  retined  in  their  social 
ridations.  and  most  skilful  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  They  introduced  the 
cultivation  of  Indian  corn  and  cotton  :  tiiey  made  roads,  lived  in  towns  and  citi(\s, 
and  erected  as  we  have  seen.:];  the  most  surprisint^  moiuimcnts  id'  the  new  world. 


*  lleMMiii.r.T.  Mdiiuiiirias,  II,  p.  'J  I'), 

t  lliiliiiiiM,  u'illi  iHurli  |il:Hisiliililv,  villi's  ilie 'I'lillc.', Ill  niiiiioi'liy  li'Mro  the   Chrisliaii  era.      It   is 
iiiiliTil  (lillirull  111  unaL'ine  llial  tlie  lunmiiiuMils  el'  l',iliu'i|iie  are  Imt  1  JOU  years  iiKi. 
1  See  |i:i^'e  S  |,  ninl  se.|iiil. 

3(j 


142 


CllAMA  AiNIKHICANA. 


■I.  On  llic  ili'cliiic  (if  lilt'  'I'oltccMii  niiiniii'cliv.  tlic  (.'licclicmcciis  aiipt'arcd  in 
Mexico,  TlicM'  |)('()|)K'  were  also  I'nini  a  nortlu  in  country,  wliicii  tluir  ainial,» 
call  Ania(iucni('('an.  'riicy  were  a  niilion  of  linntcrs,  clotlicil  in  llic  skins  of 
ia-asls.  anil  nnaciinaintcil  with  aL;ricnltMrc  or  llic  arts  of  civilised  life.  Tluir 
religion  cnilnaciil  the  siinplc  \vorslii|)  of  the  sun,  to  which  they  made  oU'eiinns  of 
fruits  and  lloweis.  unattenih  il  hy  human  sacrilices.  Although  the  C'hechemecas 
were  a  rude  people,  tiiey  were  not  averse  to  civilisation  :  they  mixed  w  ith  tiie 
'IVdtecas  who  still  remained  in  the  country,  adoi)tiil  their  agriculture,  and  many 
of  those  oinannnlal  arts  to  which  we  havi'  already  atKertt'd.* 

■).  It  was  during  the  Chechenieean  monarchy  that  the  scnii  Irilii.i  toidi  up 
their  aliode  in  Anahuac.  '"luse  trilirs  l)orc  the  lollowinj;  names:  Zochimilcas. 
Calehese.  Tapanecas.  C(dhuas.  'riahuicas,  'IMa^ealaus,  and  A/tees  or  Mexican^. 
'rinsi'  nations  liore  the  C(dlective  name  of  Nahautlaeas ;  they  cann;  also  from  a 
northern  country  which  they  called  A/tlan.  whidi  was  c:)ntiu:uous  to  Ai|uem(can. 
the  hive  of  the  C'JK chemeeas.t  'I  his  immigration  took  place  in  the  ur,y  I17!S. 
These  several  trilies  estahlislied  tiieinselves  independently  in  Anahuac.  the 
Mexicans  heing  the  last  in  onlei-  of  arri\al.  A.  1).  1  J  lo. 

(i.  Sul)se(iU(iil  to  the  seven  trili(  -  tliere  arrived  another  great  family,  hearing 
the  name  of  Alcoliuans.  \\\ut-r  native  seats  were  nearly  identical  with  those  of 
the  CheclieuH  las.  A  confedriacy  was  early  estalili>hed  hetween  tjie  Alcoliuans. 
tile  C'hechemecas  and  the  i'olleeas,  and  the  national  appellation  was  lieriveil 
from  the  hrst  of  these  trihe^.  whieii  i>  reiiresented  to  have  heen  further  advanced 
in  eivilisatimi  than  any  peojile  ol'  AnaluuK'.  excepting  tiie  Tolteeas.  'I'liesr 
nations,  togi  ther  witii  the  Na\il;iea«.  appiar  all  to  havi'  spoken  dialects  of  the  same 
languagi,  a  I'act  which  i^  accounted  for  iu  tlieir  cognate  (U'igin.J 

The  Aztecs  or  Mexicans  W(  re  at  lirst  trihutary  to  the  Alcidiuans.  hut  they 
early  shook  oil"  the  yoke,  and  iiecaiue  in  tlicir  turn  the  rulers  id'  Mexico,  which 
they  governed  until  the  eapil:\l  fell  into  tiie  hands  of  the  Siianiaids  under  (.'ortez. 
in  the  year  la.'l. 


•  ('i..\vi(;kii.>.  IIiM.  ..iMrMr,,,  II    II. 

t  Tlirsi'  ii'irlli'rii  M  lis  (i|  rn  ili-.iiinii,  hnuTvcT.  Iiavr  lurii  sdiiu'lit  I'.ir  m  v.iiii;  am!  il  is  wmlliv  o( 
i''iii:irl  ,  thai   lln'   jcann'.!   Cil-irra   has  aliriiiplril   \u  show  llial   llir  iialivc  s"als  .if  ihr  iiaiinns  al'(i\  .■ 

illlHlurali'ii,  Wi'lc    llol    1,1    ill,'  liollli.  lail  ill    ill.'    s.Mllll  nl'    Mrvi.n,       Alhr    all    rliUllnlali if    vallnlls 

|i  uisilil,'  I'ai'ts,  111'  ail.ls,  ■•ail  lli'-s  ■  rin  iiai^taiii'i's  iinili-d  li'ii  1  lo  (Iriii'iiislrati',  liy  I'vi.lnin-  iis  clrar  as 
oviilciic'u  call  ]iriivr,  ilial  tlio  Uiiii.'(loiii  nl'  Aiiiaiiiirain-an  was  siliiali'ii  in  tin  prrsini  |iriiviiirc  ui' 
riiiapa." — Si'i'  SnlHti'in  ajllir  <^riiiiil  llistiiricil  prii'ikiii  uj  llu'  j}iiiiiil,i!iiiii  (>J\Jiinrn",  p.   "i'-. 

;  IIm.mdomii,  Miiiniiiii  Ills,  I,  p.  SI, 


THE  MEXICANS. 


143 


Iliivins  tliiis  traced,  in  as  few  words  as  piissil)lr,  tlic  alliliation  "f  the  variims 
(liliis  wiiicli  inUiidfd  tiiiMiiselvcs  into  IVIcxico,  \\v  procmd  in  the  next  placi'  to 
inciuirc  into  llic  distinu;\iisiiin^  traits  of  (lusr  coniMiunitics,  ail  wliicii  arc  now 
ri's^istcrcd  in  liistory  liy  liic  collective  name  of  .Miaicvns. 

All  these  nations  were  characterised,  as  we  iiave  observed,  hy  similarity  of 
lanj;uaj;c,  and  they  possessed  also  similar  maimers,  in^tiliilions.  and  pliysieal  traits; 
and  Ilumholdt  has  compared  their  allinily  to  that  uliieii  i>  known  to  exist  iietwecn 
the  (iermans.  the  Xorwe^ians,  the  (ioths  and  the  Danes,  who  arc  all  embraced  in 


a  sin 


rlc  raci 


Tile  iimral  and  iiiiyxical  (|iialities  of  the  Mixicaiis.  says  C'iavii;eid,  their 
teiupeis  and  dis[)()sitioiis,  were  llic  same  with  tlm^r  (if  tlie  Aleoliiiaii^.  the 
'i'(  paiiecas.  Ilie  TIasealaiis  and  otlier  nation^,  witli  im  other  dill'erenee  than  what 
arose  IVoiM  their  diU'ciciil  mode  of  education,  so  that  what  is  said  of  one  may  he 
considi  red  api)licahle  to  all  the  otliers.t  "The  ^Mexicans  are  of  u;ood  stature, 
generally  ratlur  exceeding  than  falliiit!;  short  of  tiie  niiddlin^;  size,  and  well 
proportioned  in  all  their  limlis:  they  have  iiood  eoiiijilixioiis.,  narro\v  foreheads, 
black  eves,  clean,  tirm.  leiiiilar  ^vllile  t((tli  :  tiiiek.  Iiinek.  coarse,  i^lossy  hair,  thin 
beards,  and  n'eiierally  no  hair  upon  tiicir  lejis  and  anii<.  There  is  scarcely  a 
nation,  perhaps,  upon  earth  in  whieli  there  are  fe\ser  drl'ornu  d  pciMuis.  and  il 
would  he  more  ditliciilt  to  tind  a  sin<j;le  hump-backed,  lame  or  s(iuint-eye(l  man 
ainonu;  a  thousand  .Mixieans.  than  amonu;  a  hiindrcd  of  any  other  nation.  'I'hc 
unpleasantni'ss  of  their  color,  the  smalliiess  of  their  forehead,  the  thiiines-^  of  their 
bi'ard  and  the  eoarsriiess  of  their  hair,  are  -^o  far  compensated  liy  the  n  ;j;ularity 
and  line  proportion  of  llieir  limbs,  tliat  they  ean  neither  \n-  ealled  very  bcautifiil. 
nor  tile  contrary,  hut  seem  to  hold  a  iniihlie  place  lii  t\Men  the  extremes. 

•■  Their  ajipearaiice  neither  eiii^aiies  nor  disgusts;  but  amom;  tlie  yoiin;;-  women 
of  Mexico,  there  are  many  very  beautiful  and  fair:  whose  beauty  is  at  the  same 
time  reiulered  more  winning;  by  the  sweetness  of  their  manner  of  speakiiii;.  and  liy 
liie  |)leasantiiess  and  natural  modesty  of  their  whole  behaviour. "{ 

Their  senses  are  very  acute,  especially  that  of  siiilit.  which  they  retain 
niiimpair.il  to  old  ai;e.  They  are  moderate  in  eatiiifr.  but  like  all  llie  American 
nation  tiny  delight  in  intoxicatinn'  drinks,  which  have  already  caused  a  frij;htfiil 
wasti'  of  liie.  To  these  observations  of  Cla\ii;ero  may  be  aildi  d  a  tew  others 
from  Humboldt,  who  describes  them  as  possessini;  "a  swarthy  and  copper  color, 
tlat   and    smooth   hair,  sipiat  body,  long  eye   with   the   coriiir   directed   up\\ards 


*    MilMlHIli'lllv,   I,  |l.   ■.>!  1. 

:   ('l.AVIilKUo,  1,  |i.   10  1.      ,//;;.  n/. 


t  llisl.  01  .Mexio,  I.|i.  103. 


114 


CIIAMA  AMKHICANA. 


(nwanls  llir  t.niplcs.  proniiiicnf  fliitk-lxnits,  tliick  lips,  and  iiii  txprcssidii  <>( 
a;»nlliiirss  in  Ihr  luoiitli  str(mj;ly  coiiliiislcil  wiMi  a  ahmuy  nid  stvcrt'  l(i<  '.."♦ 
The  same  aiitlnti-  adds,  lliat  the  Mrxiciiis.  fsptcially  of  tlir  A/ttc  and  Oltoniilf 
races,  have  more  lieard  llian  any  other  American  nation.  ■•  Almost  all  the  Indians 
in  the  neiniihorliood  of  the  capital.  (Mexico),"  says  he,  -wear  small  mnvtaches. 
and  it  is  even  a  mark  ol  tile  trihntary  cast."t 

This  accoimt  ot'  the  physical  character  of  liie  ."Mexicans  is  cliiellv  derived 
from  Clavii;ero.  who  well  knew  the  jieople  of  whom  he  wrote,  not  oniv  from 
havinu;sliiilii  d  all  the  works  that  havr  liren  written  respectini^  them,  hut  especially 
from  havin;;-  r('«-ii!((l  thirty-six  years  amonu;  tlurii.  This  ;uithoi  Iio\m  \er.  >tates 
that  the  Mexieauv  have  iiarrnu  inrehr.ids;  which  may  he  in  ^r,.,,,,;,!  true  of  the 
existiuii  trilies.  Inil  Ih*'  remark  does  u>il  apply  to  the  ancient  tialions.  ,is  is  jiroved 
hotli  h_\  their  sculpture  and  tin  ir  crania. 

(hi  Ihc  Ihiiils  iif  llii  .Inriiiil  Mi.iicnis. — f  have  not  succeeded  in  olitainini; 
an  ade(|uate  series  of  .Alexiean  skulN.  aiul  of  those  in  my  possession  hut  einht  are 
old(  r  than  the  e(ini|uest.  N(,  ene  of  ihem  is  altered  liy  art.  and  they  present  a 
strikiu'j.-  reseiiilihiiie,'.  hoUi  in  si/e  and  conii^iu-atinn.  to  the  heads  of  the  Aueii  lit 
I*eru\ians.  In  e\aniiiiiiiii  the  ili  liue.ilioiis  in  Del  liio'sf  aecMnni  nf  i>a|,  nini,..  | 
ohservi  il  in  the  eonier  of  hi.  fiflh  pl.ile.  a  -niall.  iu\i  It'  d  ~kull.  which  is  s,,  enm- 
|)letely  charaetc  1  !>! ie  of  thes,  ualiMUs  that  I  ha\e  had  it  drawn  <ui  a  lariicr  seale. 
pn  s(  rviuu,-.  hnw(  ver.  the  exact  |iropMiti,,ns  of  the  ori;;iiial.  Oil  c(Uii|iariii;;-  this 
skull  with  these  of  the  I'eru  vi  o: ,-;  already  fi-ured.  a  sirjkin.^r  resemMaiiee  is 
mauilest  in  the  -real  lateral  s\\e|l  ,,f  ilu-  h,ad.  the  rather  expanddl  forelu'ad.  and 
the  priuuiueiil  aspect  of  the  vertex  or  crown. 


\ 


^«   ms  I   \ 


n^^^ 


*  Pdliii.-a!  Kssay  .„,  N.^u-  Spain,  p.  l<)-,.~\.   J',,./,-  c,t.  t  i,„,„  ,,,,„. 

!  DrMHiinon  oftlMi  l{Mii,s„r,ii,  Aiin.m  Cny  „.  (Miatnuahi. 

§Sc.Mr,nre  pam.'ululylh..  -.kiiil  iV.m,,  i1„.  T.  ,„pl,.  nf  il,e  Sun.  ,.iate  M.-C.  and  c  nnpare  ,l„s 
v.run  wall  ,hr  .N;,|.'l,.v.  h.,.,i..     Tl,.'  l'ai,a.pu;,n  xrW  ,s  a  mclnin.  l.-Uvrrn  ,l„.  iwn. 


TIIK  -MKXJCANS. 


145 


In  fart,  tlifsc  fcnliiiv*  arc  so  (lei-idcd  that  tli.y  appear  to  risiill  in  part  from 
tl\r  iipplicalion  of  nitcliani»al  pnsMin-.  'I'l.is  drawiny;  lias  i;rint  inl(iT«.l  Ironi  i\\v 
circiinis'ancf  oi'  ils  licinj;  an  aiillii  iitic  copy  Ironi  an  antique  Tolttcan  Itas-nliel. 
and  pr(dial)ly  ri'intscnts  tin  conlii^Mratioii  of  llie  licid  in  tliat  nation;  lor  it  is 
idiviouH  from  tlir  syninntry  and  accuracy  (d'  llic  liuinv.  (liat  tiic  artist  accomplislicd 
liis  task  ^^itll  a  skull  in  I'on'  liini. 

With  rcsp.ct  to  III.  many  licads  fiuMircd  by  Dd  Hio.  tlicy  iircscnt  a  strikinj; 
iTscinblaucc  to  cadi  nllirr.  Tlicy  liavc  a  conical  luriii.  v.  ry  narrow  from  front  to 
hack,  and  coiisc(|U(iitly  very  limad  liom  side  to  side.  'I'lie  fonliead  retreats,  the 
brow  is  low.  the  nose  larice  and  ai|iiiliiie.  the  mouth  wide  and  the  lips  Muuewhat 
tumid.  'I'bere  can  be  ii(t  (|ues|i(m  that  some  of  iIum'  features  are  cNayiicrated  : 
but  lliey  no  doubt  piVM  rve  thr  1.  adiiii;  trails  in  the  physio,u:iioiiiy  of  the  peopb' 
thiy  represent.  The  two  folb^wiiii;  illustralious  are  lailtifully  tiaiiM'rib.  d  from 
Ihe  work  <if  Del  IJio.  merely  (uiiilliu-  such  |.ar(s  of  the  elaborat.  head-dresM>  as 
are  unnecessary  to  Ibe  present  purpose. 


V.'ere  it  not  for  the  evidence  of  undeniable  facts,  sueh  conliiiuratioii  of  the 
head  would  be  pr.mnniH'ed  altoi;ether  ideal.  But  ^^lleu  the  reader  has  examined 
the  real  skulls  fi-uied  in  this  work,  and  esp.eially  Ibo^e  of  Ibe  Natclie/  tribe 
(xvho  app.'ar  to  bav  b.eii  nf  (be  ToUeeau  stock.)  be  \\  ill  perceive  i.i  (hem  a 
distortion  similar  in  kind  (..  that  npreseiiled  in  the  bas-reliefs  of  I'alemiue.  but 
in  a  uiucb  more  ..xa;ii;eiat.d  de^iice.  Witli  respect  to  the  extravananlly  dispro- 
portiniied  noses  of  the  'i'ldtecan  sculpture,  liumboldt  (d.servcs  that  they  mij;ht  at 
first  si-ht  appear  to  indicate  a  race  v.ry  dilVeient  from  that  which  now  inhabits 
these  countries:  but.  lu'  adds,  -if  is  possible  that  the  Mexican  people  nii-ht  have 
37 


I 


I  Hi 


CWANIA  AMKinCANA. 


Inlicvcd,  uilli  (III  |iliilii>o|ilu'i'  IMalu.  thai  tlitrc  nmi^  mihu  lliiiii;  iiiiijotic  and  niyal 
in  a  iai'^i'  nusr.  ami  luncc  may  lia\i-  used  it,  in  tin  ir  |iaintinp  and  ri'lii'l':^,  nM  tin- 
Mnilml  III'  |)i»\v(  r  ami  nimal  wmlli."* 

\N  illi  rrs|i(  rl  III  (III'  I'niiii  ami  i\|)ri'?*siiin  nC  (lir  'I'lillrcan  lace,  wr  jhlssi'sm 
iillirr  I'linaiiis  ni' an(ii|iii(\  llial  im  dmilit  ;i|i|iriia('li  vriy  mar  tn  naliirr,  and  a(  Ica^*! 
('.xiii'c''^  \vlia(  (lii)M'  |irii|ilr  nin^iilrrrd  (iir  liiaii-iilial  id'  (III'  liimian  |di}>iiii;miin}'. 
I  allmli'  III  llir  Iliads  inmildrd  in  (rna-culta.  wliicli  iiavr  lii'i  n  mi  aliinidantly  rniimi 
ainiinu;  (lir  Tnltrcan  ruins  nC  Analiuac.  Iliimin  il^.  |)i'rlia|is  (liiiu>amls,  ul'  llusc 
rlVi^ii'S  lia\i'  turn  iili(aim'd  I'riini  (lir  vii'iiii(_v  nl'  (lir  puamid  uC  'rnililinacin  aloni' : 
tlu'V  all'  nl•>^lly  aliiiiM  an  imii  in  li  ni;lli.  and  (lu'  |c  alnrrs  arr  ailmiialdy  |irii|)i)r- 
(iomil.  'I'liry  liavi'  liiu.!)  ami  limad  I'mi  luaih,  oval  lace-.  |iriiniinrii(  elm  k  Imnrs, 
and  radii  r  (iiniiil  lip^.  'I'lii'v  arr  all  \i  ry  niiii'li  i'nni|in'>si'd  Crnni  hack  di  I'mnt. 
ami  a|>p' :ir  In  lia\r  lii'in  nrnaniriilal  a|i|i('nda!::rs  nl  (lay  Mssi  Is  in  I'liiiininn  iiM'. 
A  lad'  travt'ljrr  has  nlisirvrd.  (hat  llu'  arts  cnnld  iml  havr  hrrn  m  ry  (IrHciriit 
Willi  a  jii'iipli' "uhii.  wilh  such  cnaisc  matirials.  and  Inr  such  ciuninnn  |iiir|)iis('s. 
ciiiild  I'ashiiin  In  aiU  nn  mi  small  a  scale,  and  cxhiliitim:  so  much  cliaractir  and 
ex|iri'<'siiiii."t 

Dr.  I''rcdi'iirk  I'MiiiuiuK.  ,iii  l'".ii^li>li  lii  ulh  man  wlm  passed  srvi  ral  years  in 
(he  Ml  xicaii  ir|iiiliii('.  has  |iiiMiitid  me  \\i(li  a  numlii  r  nl'  (liisc  nlics,  w  liich 
were  (ililained  liy  him  IrDiii  llie  rules  nl'  (he  'i'emiiles  nj'  the  Sun  ami  .Mnnn.  nt 
'renlihuai'an.  Twn  nf  thesr.  wliieii  are  similar  tn  (iinsc  deserihed  and  liiiund  liy 
('a[i(aiu  \  e(cli.]:  are  ri'|ii'csi'nleil  in  ll.e  siilijniiM  il  wund-cuts. 


It    is  thus   that  we   traci^  the   sanie  style  nl'  features  in  the  scul|itiiri'  nl"  the 
nations  of  Anahuac.  frnni  llie  northern  iirovinces  of  that  country  to  Nicaragua^  in 


'  .MiiiiiiMMiils,  I.  |i.  I:)l. 

t  \'t:icn.  Ill  ■Pr.ins,  If. .v.  (I.'.iir.  ^,„•.  ,,1'  I,,,ii  |..ii.  \I1I.  p.  ').  Il,i,l,  phil,'  II. 

§  KnMii    lli'rri'r;i",s  i'.l'idiihI.  llic   |ir.i|ili'  nl'  .\ir,ir;i.ii;i  a|i|ii:ii'  In   liiivr  I'lHiliiiui'il  tlir  curium  ol' 

moulding  iIk'  head  ii|i  lo  llii;  tliiir  ol'  llic  Siimiii."!!  lUvaMnii  nl   ili.'  cuiiiiliy.  liis  words  arc  as  I'ollow  : 


'Illi:   MEXICANS. 


I  »7 


tlif  soulli,  ji  (listiuico  of  twelve  liiiiulieil  iiiilex  ;  while  over  this  vast  t met  was  ill 
tlie  same  time  ilill'iised  a  lam;iiai;e,  iiis(itiitiim«.  and  mipimmeiils,  wiiieii  all  i)esjii)kf 
iieommuii  niii;iii.  lliimiinldt  has -.iMiiew  lure  reiiiarkid  Ihal  it  if*  in  t  unlikely  that 
tile  I'miiies  with  eiuirmuiis  a(iuiline  noses,  ohserved  in  the  Mexican  liieinu;l}ithie 
paintings,  may  point  to  a  raee  ol  m<  ii  already  ex.inet.  For  tlijs  siirmiv.  Imwevi  r. 
there  appears  to  he  no  I'oundalion  :  lor  thi>  peenliarily  of  'I'ldlt  ean  seiilptiire  is  to 
he  ref^arded  as  a  eonveiitional  rule  of  art.  like  otln  i>  in  the  Ims  reliefs  ami  statues 
of  the  Nile. 

'l"he  praetiee  of  artificially  niouldini;  the  hi  ad,  varied,  it  is  true,  aceordiny;  to 
fancy,  has  heen  traced  iVoin  I'eru  into  \ene/.uela.*  and  tlu  nee  into  Nicaragua  as 
matter  of  fact  :  and  as  we  also  lind  the  Natchez  and  other  trihes  oriijinally  from 
Mexico  addict!  d  to  the  same  u>a;ie.  we  may  reasonaldy  infer  that  the  'I'oltecas 
and  Aztecs  who  ^jve  evidence  of  the  same  custom  in  their  !ias-i  liefs,  and 
hicr<ij;lyphicN.  did  really  practise  it  as  a  national  usv^e:  loid  skulls  \vi"  no  doiihl 
he  hereafter  found  that  will  jilace  this  (|\iistioii  heyo  id  conlroversv.i 

\Vc  now  turn  from  the  physical  to  the  mmal  and  ir.tellectr  d  charactir  oi 
the  .Mexican  nations.  ••  'I'hc  n  li,u;ion,  i^overnmeiit  iiid  ecoi>oiny  of  a  state." 
(ihserves  Clavii;ero.  "are  three  thin^is  winch  chielly  form  the  character  of  ,  iialioii. 
and  without  luini;  ae«|uainted  willi  tliise  it  is  impossihle  to  have  a  pe;  .  ,  ulea  ol 
the  nenius.  disposition  and  kno\vledL;e  of  any  people  wiiatevc  '■."!:  The  histoi'ian 
then  adds  that  the  nlinion  (d"  the  Mexicans  was  a  lieap  of  ( i  i<>.  n|ierstitions  ai'.l 
cnnl  rites.  Their  i;ods  were  nearly  as  numerous  as  tin  s(  „['  the  Uomaus,  and 
their  ollices  and  attrihutcs  were  niystilied  hy  the  wm-st  inveutious  id'  pricslcraft. 
They  worshipped  the  sun  and  moon  anioiii;  their  principal  divinities,  and  they 
pcrsoiiilied  the  seasons  and  vari(nis  phenomena  (d'  nature,  tjiviicj;  to  each  its  place 
in  tiieir  mytliolo;j;ical  series:  they  had  a  i;od  of  war.  a  i;n.;  !'  peace,  a  nod  ol 
mirth,  and  in  fact  a  ;io(l  for  almost  every  ima;;inalile  contingency,  together  with 
hous(  hold   divinities  (answerini;  to   the  jxiiates  of   thi'  ancients)  almost   witliout 


■•  i.ds  lidnibri's  son  di'  liiU'iiii  slaliira,  mas  lilalicos  cine  loras;  liis  i':ilicc;;is  ,i  loldiulrnms  foii  im  lioyo  cii 
mi'tliu  por  lirriMosiirii,  i  [inr  iisiiiilo,  i  pur  cari,';!." — ///.'.     ■'■  /"•?  Iniliii.s',  Dec.  111.  I.ili.  1\  • 

'  Sit   I'l  lie  Ij  I. 

t  SiiicM'  this  ii;n-;iL'nipli  was  wrillrn  I  li;ivt!  nvcuv,!  a  Irllrr  from  Dr.  .lolm  MaiMfliR'V,  nf  llir  cily 
(if  Mr\ic,i.  ulin  spcilvs  n{  ill,'  ••  singular  Inniis"  ul'  111"  skulls  ill  tho  m\nrui  .■I'liictiTv  nl'  Saiiliauo  de 
■I'lalrluliM).  1  uail  wilh  L'lvaf  iiiliTi'sl  lor  llir  la'  '  insi'  rclifs  may  di'Vilo|ir.  Tlir  i-niirlcry  asscrled 
lo  have  hi'cii  lalcly  discovcri'd  al  Diiiaii'i),  .  Mo  Mcxiiaii  slalrs,  may  also  throw  iiuiiU  additioi'.al 
liL'liI  on  this  sulijcfi. 

;  llisl.  ol'  Mexico,  1!.  \I.  i^t'iiili'ii.) 


1  18 


t'HAMA  AMERICANA. 


Muinbcr.  It  is  as^trlcd  tliat.  after  llic  coiiquost  by  the  Spaniards,  the  Franciscan 
nil. MAS.  alone,  de^^tniyed  in  eii;lit  years,  mure  than  twenty  llionsand  id(ds.*  'i'lieir 
tenii)le-^  were  in  iimporlion :  Toni\ieniada  estimated  tin  in  at  forty  lliiMisand.  and 
Claviu-er.  tliiid%-  tiiis  estimate  is  mneli  witliin  bounds.  Tluy  liad  tiieir  fasts, 
penaneeo  and  feasts  tlnir  monks.  vestaN  and  priests  of  ditli'rent  orders.  Hut  what 
is  most  snrijrisi'i;;-  in  a  nation  possesMin;-  any  claim  to  refmenunt.  was  ilieir 
numberless  llnmal^  saerilices:  nnii.  women  and  cliildren  were  put  to  ibatli  by 
every  possiMc  vari.  ty  .1  sinrcrinji-.  and  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  iilood 
of  no  less  t.ian  twenty  tl>nisand  human  beinus  was  aimually  devoted  to  the  nods 
of  tile  .Mexieaii<.  When  to  <liis  aecoiiiit  we  add  the  appallim;-  fact  that  the  bodies 
of  the    victims  wi  iv  devoiii-ed   at    the   I'l  asfs  of   the   pcojde.  we  are   compelled   to 

ackiiowledM-e  that  ation  <,n  n...  ,;i,ti,  has  ever  presented  such  a  combination  of 

revoJtiiiM-  ,.||,,riiiiti(s.+  It  is  In, I  Mistic...  however,  anaiii  to  remark,  that  these 
abominations  wciv  not  practisdi  ly  i\ie  Tidtecas  and  the  other  ancient  nations  of 
Anahiiai'.  but  by  tiieir  successurs  and  plvhaps  comiuerors  of  the  A/tec  faiiiilv. 

\\e  pass  over  othd'  trait<  of  haihavism.  which   jirove.  that  while   the   iiilid- 
lectiial   character  of   the  .Mexicans  was  fir   ;xalted  above  that  of  the  other  nations 
of   North    Aimriea.    their    moral    pei-eiitioi  s    appear    to    have    been    iiiuiited    in 
])ri>portioii  :    all  tli(  ir  iiistitulions.   n  li-ious  ;  lul  civil,  were  established  and  niain- 
laiiietl   with    IdoHiiy  rites,  wliieli    u\u-\    have    constantly  ojierated    to    ih  adeii   and 
oblitd'ate    the    liner    tee|in-s   ,,|'    eiir    nature.   .  Familiarity    with    death    leads    to 
indiireivnce  of   life,  and    hence,  jierhaps.  the   superior  coiirau-e  of  the    .Mexicans: 
for  notwithstaiidini:-  the  asp,  rsimis  of  l)e  j'aiiw  a. id  others,  these  penile  yiehbd  to 
the    Spaiiianjs    only  al'ti'r  a  \aliant  s|nin-le.      !),■     'auw    asserts    that    .Mexico   \\as 
i'oii(|nered  bv  Corte/,  with  f)ii  va-ahonds.  and   tiftoii   horses,  h.ully  armed.     'I'liis 
is    a   iireat    error:    lor  every    leailer   of  .\iiiericaii   h'story    is  aware,   that    Cortez 
enlisted  a-aiiist  the  doomed  em|)ire.  the  people  of  varioii..  trihiitary  and  discoiitenled 
iU'oviiicis;   so  iJKit  III  j,l;iee  .,f  altackim;  Mexico  with   |V;>  men.  hi'  comim  need  his 
iiivasinn    with     JIKl.lKMl.      (',,r|e/,     aekllowled-es    (he    mul<^tu(le   of   his    allies,  and 
ailmils  that  at  the  si,  ^e  of  th,^  eapiial.  tliiv  lou-lil  against  tl-  ■  Mexicans  with  even 
i:ivatei'  ai'ilor  than  the  Spanianls  tli,'ms,.|v,.s.      'I'he  sieoe  ,,f  tl\  city  last,,!  seveiitv- 
loiir  ,la_\s.  diirin-  which  tim,   ih,-  inhahitaiits  ,l,|Viul,d  th,nis,u,s  ^^  ith  theutmosi 
bravery  :   nor  did  lli,  _\   surr,  ii,|i  r  until  ■)(l.il(i(l  ,if  lh,ir  number  \M\  be.n  d,s|r,M cd 
h.v   faiiiin,'  ami  tli,'  sx\,,r,|.  ami  s,  \,  n  of  th,'  ,  i-lit  (larts  of  their  city  had  falliii  into 
til,'  liamU  of  the  en,  ni\ . 


Ill-I.  Ill    .\I,  \..  ,,,  |!.   \|.  ,,,  o,;         (• 


*  Ci.  w  ua:iiii.  Ilisi.  fii'  '\\v\i  ■<>.  |). 


Ill 


THE  MEXICANS. 


1  n> 


Let  us  now  (urn  to  the  more  plcasiu'j;  pari  of  tlic  |)ic(\n'c.  tliiil  wliicli 
cnusidcrs  the  progress  these  people  liiul  made  in  llie  refnienieuts  of  ei\  ilised  life. 

The  state  ol"  eivilisation  anumii  the  .Mexiean*;.  wlieu  lliey  were  lu>t  known 
to  llie  Spaniards,  was  mueh  superior  to  tliat  of  llie  Spaniards  tluMnselv(  s  nn  their 
first  intercourse  with  llie  Phenieiaus.  -'or  that  (d"  the  (;anls  when  iirst  known  to 
the  Greeks,  or  that  of  the  (iernians  and  Britons  when  lirst  known  to  the  Uonians. 

Their   understandings  are    fitted    for   every  kind  of  seienee.  as   experimee    has 

actually  shown.  Of  the  Mexicans  who  have  had  an  ojjportunily  of  ent;aninu;  in 
the  pursuit  of  learninjj — wliieh  is  hut  a  small  nuinher.  as  the  greater  pari  of  the 
people  are  always  employed  in  the  pulilie  or  private  works — we  have  known 
some  liood  mathematicians.  exc(  lleiit  architects,  and  learned  divines."* 

The  architectural  taste  of  the  Mexican  natiiui  is  chiclly  seen  in  the  I'alace 
of  Mitla.  and  the  ruins  of  Paleinpie.  The  fn'^t  (d'  tlie-e  remains  i>^  situated  in  the 
province  of  Oaxaca.  and  t)elont;s  to  the  era  of  tlie  Zapotecas:  it  emhraees  live 
separate  hiiildin^s.  di^jjo^ed  with  i^reat  rciiularity.  courts,  terrace  cidiinin-. 
arahcMines  and  suhtirranean  vauh-.  Tiic  cciliiinn<.  wliicli  are  the  only  ones 
hitherto  found  in  Ann  rica.  are  witienil  ea|iitals.  and  imlieate  llie  infancy  of  this 
depai'tment  (d'  art.f 

If  we  no  southward  to  (Juatemala.  which  wa^  a  prn\inee(d"  Mexico  under 
nearly  all  the  dyna-tie-;  that  Lioverned  that  country,  we  lliid  other  architectural 
remains  of  an  (laiiorale  and  imposinii  character,  which  ti  ud  ^lill  more  strongly  to 
impre-s  the  mind  with  the  genius  of  tli^'  ancient  ptciple  id'  Anahiiae.  "  Thr  cave 
id'Tihulca."  says  Juarros.  ••  appears  like  a  ten  jile  of  iireat  >i/,e  ludlowed  out  of  the 
hasi'  of  a  hill,  and  is  adorned  with  cojuiuu-.  Iiavinn'  ha^e^.  pedestal-,  capital^  and 
crowns,  all  accurately  adjusted  according  to  aridiitectural  piineiples."!:  .luarros 
also  descrihes  the  cavern  temple  at  Mixii  in  yi  t  more  extraordinary  details: 
which  remind  us.  says  an  ingenious  autlmr.  of  the  roek  caverns  and  temples  ol 
Ellora.  Klephanla.  and  other  similar  imunuuents  (if  Hindoo  wurkiuaiiship.^  Are 
these  the  Works  of  the  Toltecas.  or  (d'  their  cultivated  progenitors  the  Ohnecas? 

In  the  same  re;iion  of  country,  near  the  villa;;e  of  Palemiue.  are  the  ruins  df 
a  citvof  which  we  have  already  spoken,  in  which  the  massive  edifices,  the  inclined 


"  ('i.AVKiKiio,  nt  supra.  t  Himiioi.ht.  Mmiumriils,  II.  \k  l")ii. 

'.  Ilisl.  1)1'  ('■ii;ili'iii.il;L,  p.  .'7. 

§  M'Cri, 1.011.  UcMVirclii'-^,  |i.  ;!1  (i.— 'I'lir  iiinnuiiiiiil:il  liviivims  dt'  New  S|i;uii  liavc  liii'li  (or 
iTiitiiric's  ludilou  iViiiii  invrsliLriilhiu  hy  a  sin-uliily  s.IlMi  pnlicy.  Il  is  iiialli'V  el'  eoiiL'ralulalion, 
liiiUTVii-,  thai  llir  nine  is  ia|iiiliy  aiipin:ii'liiiit;  wlini  Ihr  AliL'ln  S.i\nii  \-drv  will  rcUilinl  iIil'  (IcsUlliiis 
111'  Mrxieo,  anil  tliniw  ii|icii  lur  luiiuil  iiu.miiniils  lo  llii'  siiiiliny  nl  alt  and  si  iciii-e. 

38 


150 


CRANIA  AMEHICANA. 


walls,  the  ims-irlicfs  ami  hieroglyphic  sciilptmr.  hclmiu;  olivioiislv  to  a  rfiuotf  a-a' 
and  aiv  hy  pntty  ;;(ni  nil  coiiscnl  attrihuU'd  to  the  'I'oltccas. 

'I'hc  uijiaiitic  mi'miiui'iits  of  Analiiiac  arc  also  seen  in  the  iiyiainids  of 
Cliolula.  Tcotihiiacaii  and  Papaiitla.  When  the  A/.tees  took  possession  of  this 
country  in  llic  IJth  century,  tiny  round  these  nionunicnls  already  existing,  and 
rd'crred  them  to  Hic  'I'oK.cas.  The  pyramid  o{  Chohila  has  a  hase  twice  th.' 
Imadth  of  lliat  of  Cheops,  yet  is  low  in  proportion.*  I(  is  huilt  of  mdiaked 
bricks,  is  I'oin'  ^tories  or  terraces  ju  juiohi.  and  is  constructed  in  the  direction  of 
the  fourcanliiial  p,,ial-.— 'I'he  pyramids  of  Teotiimacan  are  ei-iit  lea-uo  north 
of  llie  cily  of  Me\ici>:  two  of  tlies,.  are  dedicated  to  (he  Sun  and  Moon,  and  these 
a,-,iin  ar<'  surround. d  hy  hundreds  of  oilurs  of  smaller  si/.e,  winch  form  Mr.els  iu 
lines   fnun    north    to    s,,ulli.   and    fnuu    ea>l    to   \vc>t.      Lastly    in    tiiis   m  ries   of 

iinents.    is    thr    jiyramid   of    Pajiaulla.    huill    of   hewn   ^ton(^   of   Cyclopean 

iliuiensioii^.  and  ornanu'iited  willi  liii  roiilvphics. 

Sullie.  ii  I,,  add.  that  the  year  of  tlic  .Mexicans  consist(d  like  (uir  own.  of  three 
linndnd  and  sixtN-hve  days,  jnit  in-lead  of  twelve  it  was  divided  into  ciM-litcen 
monlh-,  each  of  twenty  da_\s:  they  posM-scd  a  di-linet  sy>lcm  of  liicroiijyphic 
wriliu.ii.  and  their  annals  \\,ul  hack  more  llian  ei-iil  centuries  and  a  half  Ik  fore 
the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards. 

Their  knouhdu-e  of  arilinnetic  and  a-tronomy.  as  we  ha.c  already  noted,  wa- 
lioth  rxtensive  and  accural.  .  They  had  cuistruct.d  c.uisideralde  a.iueducts.  .,f 
wliich  111.'  r. mains  y.  t  ,  xi-t.  and  num.  n. us  canals  f.ir  irriiiali.m.  »(  which  on,,  is 
ass.rt.d  to  iiav,.  ext. nihil  a  dislance  of  one  liunilnd  and  lifty  l.anucs.  ••The\ 
ueiv  ahle  1.1  ixfracl.  s,.parale  and  fus..  nutajs:  t.i  -ive  cpp.r  the  hardnes.  of 
-till.  I..r  111..  faliricali.>n  of  lliiir  w.  apons  and  instruments;  to  make  mirrors  ol 
lliis  hardened  cippi,-.  ,„•  ,,f  jiar.l  siou.^:  to  form  imaites  of  pdd  ami  silver,  h.dlow 
witiiin:  lo  cul  111,,  iianl.st  pivci.ois  sLuu^s  with  the  -realest  uicety:  t..  manu- 
laclure  and  dyr  cott.m  and  wool,  and  work  and  ti-ur.^  Ilie  stuHs  in  various  ways; 
and  I.)  spin  and  weav.^  the  riiic  hair  of  hares  and  rahi.ils.  info  fahrics  rescnihlin-  and 
aiiswerm-  llio  |nir|)os,s  ..f  silks. "f  Such  are  the  p.-o]]!,.  whom  cerlain  cl.is.l 
audi.irs  in  Kiirop.'  have  siiun;aii^,.ii  as  harharians.  incapahle  of  flic  arts  and 
r.  fnienients  of  civiliscij  lif,.. 

Clavii;ero.  spiakin- .(f  tiie   pr.scnt   descendants  of  the   A/.tecs.  oiiservis  that 


•  IIi-Miinia,T,  Moniuiirius,  I.       s.,._Tla.s  tiMv.ll,!-  stairs  the  m.I.;  ot   tl..'   ba-- t.,  h,  ,  I .  i  j.j  |,,,..i. 
"liilc  its  lii'iL'lit  IS  mily  177  Iri't. 

*  ('aiii.i.  >1i|  ilr.l  111   I,:.',V|.  l,r,  's  L,rl '/..n,lr^y.  \r.   [..    IS  i. 


THE  MEXICANS. 


151 


they  possess  botli  thi^  imitative  aiul  inventive  faculties:  anil  althoush  slow  in  their 
motions,  they  show  extraordinary  jjerseveranei'  in  those  works  that  reiiuire  long 
continued  attention.  They  are  taeitiiiii  antl  severe  in  llieir  manners,  and  seldom 
exhibit  those  transitions  of  passion  so  eoiumon  in  other  nations.  They  are  <renerous 
and  disinterested,  setting  little  value  on  gold,  and  giving,  without  reluctance,  what 
ha^  cost  liiem  much  labor  to  obtain. 

Hut  it  will  still   be  asked,  where    ire   now   the  descendants  of  the   civili-ed 
Mexicans?     Where  is  tlie  g.Miius  of  that  ^-  ople  ?      A  passage  from  lIumi)oldt  will 
sutlieicniiy  answer  these  (luestions.     "As  to  the  mural   faculties  of  tlie  Indian^  it 
i<  dillieult  to  api)reciate  them  with  jiistic*'.  if  we  only  consider  this  long  ojipressed 
caste    in   their   i)reseht   state  of  degradation.     The  bitter  sort   of   ludiiuis.  muong 
wlnun  a  certain  degree  of  intellectual  eulliu'c  might  be  •^uppnse(l.  perjslu'd  in  great 
part    at    the   eommeneeineut   of  the  Spanish   eoiKiiiest.  tiu'  victims  of   Euroi)ean 
ferocity,     't'he  Christian  faniilicism  broke  out  in  a  particular  maimer  against  the 
A/.tee  priests:  and   tlu'  Teii))i.\(iui.  nr  ministers  of  the  divinity,  and  all  those  who 
iidialiited    the   Teoculli.  or   houses  of  {\\v   gods,  who    miiilit    be   considered   as    the 
depo-.ilorie>   of  the    historical,   mythnlniiical   ami    astronomical    knowledge   ol   the 
country,  were  exiirniiiiitid  :   for  the    priests   obsi  rved   the  meridian  sliade  in  the 
iiuomous.   and    regulated    the    calendar.       Tlie    monks    burned    tlie    bieroglypliic 
paintings,  by  which  every  kiiiil  of  knowledge  was  transmitted  from  generation  to 
•:eneiation.     'i  ('e  people,  deprived  of  tiiese  means  of  instruction,  were  plunged  in 
iiiiioranee  so  much  the  dee[)er.  iuasiuueh  as  the  missionaries  were   unskilled  in  the 
Mexican   languages,  and  coubi   substitute   few  new  ideas   in  the   place  of  ibe  old. 
'i'he  remaining  natives  then  consisted  of  the    most  indigent  raci'.  poor  cultivators, 
artizaus.  among  whom  was  a  great    uumiier  of  weavers,  porters,  who  were  used  as 
beasts  of  burthen,  and  especially  those  dregs  of  the  people,  those  crowds  of  beggars. 
who  bore  witness  to  the  imperfection  of  the  social   institutions,  and  the  existence 
of   feudal   oppression,  and  who.  in   the    time  of  Corte/..  tilled  the  streets  of  all  the 
-real   cities    in    the    ^Alexican   empire.       Ilow   shall    we    judge   then,   from    tiiese 
miserable  r'luains  of  a  powerful   iieople.  of  the   deu^'ee  of  civilisation  io  wiiieli  it 
bad    risen    from    the    twelfth    to   the    sixteenth   century,   and   of   the    intellectual 
(levelopineut  of  which   it   is  susceptible.'      If  all  that    remained  of  the  French  or 
(;ermaii  nation  were   a   few   poor   aurienlturists.  could  we  read  in  their   features 
that  they  belonged  to  nations  which  had   produced  Descartes  \nd  Clairanl.  Kepler 
and  Leibnitz?"* 


•  I'ulit.  l-:s>.iv.  It.  II,  ('Ii:M'.  \i. 


152 


CKANIA  a:meric'ana. 


In  addition  to  these  remarks,  we  will  merely  note  tlu-  moral  and  political 
resemblance  tliat  exists  Ix'tween  the  ancient  anil  modern  Mexicans  on  the  »me 
hand,  and  the  E,i;yptians  of  the  ajre  of  Pharaoh  and  liie  present  Coi)ts  on  the  other. 
Slavery  has  degraded  tiie  facnlties  of  both,  and  it  wonid  reijuire  e.ntinies  of  the 
most  favora])le  eirenmslances  to  resnseilate  liic  dormant  i;eniiis  (d' either. 

PLATK   XVI. 

."MKXICAN. 


\v 

■J 


\ 


'V 


A  skull  of  larn-e  and  ma«.Mvc  (levelo|)nients.  willi  a  lull.  Iiroad  hut  nireatinir 
foreheaii.  and  -real  width  lutwern  (he  |)arietal  Imnes.  T!ie  head  is  more  oval 
and  elonj^ated  than  is  usual  la  this  race,  and  tliere  is  a  remarkable  fulncNv  of  the 
phrenoloijieal  region  (d'  eonstruetiveness.  The  face  is  Inriie  nnd  projrclinn'.  and 
the  lower  jaw  broad  and  ponderous  This  is  a  relic  of  the  trcnuine  Tidlecan 
^toek.  bavini;  iieen  exhumed  from  an  ancient  eemrtrry  at  Cerro  de  (^uesilas.  near 
the  city  ol  Mexico.  It  was  aecomiianied  by  nuuu  rous  auticiue  vesscN.  weapons. 
&.e..  iiuiicatinti-  a  per<(inau;e  of  di-tinclion.  This  cranium  was  broui;ht  from 
.Mexico  by  the  Hon.  .1.  I{.  Poiusc  tt.  anil  by  him  prcM  iiled  to  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Science-,  of   Pliiladeli)lua. 


Mr.  \>l  UKMI'.XT' 


lioniiitudinal  dianuter. 
Parietal  dianuter,  . 
Frontal  diameter,  . 
Vertical  diameter,  . 
Intcr-mastoid  arch.  . 
Intcr-mastoid  line,    . 


7.1  inches. 
.5.7  inches. 
1.1  inches. 
■'i.J  inches. 
]■>.!»  inches. 
■1.     inches. 


THE  MEXICANS. 


153 


Occipilo-rniiitiil  arch. 

Horizontal  periphery, 

Internal  capacity,     . 

Capacity  ol'  the  anteridr  chanihcr. 

Capacity  "f  the  posterior  clianiher, 

Capacity  oi'  the  coronal  region. 

Facial  angle, 


1  1.  inches. 
'20. .5  inches. 
8J.  cubic  inches. 
39.  cubic  inches. 
1  J.  cubic  inches. 
17. .5  cubic  inches. 
7'i  degrees. 


PLATE    XVII. 


MEXICAN. 


1 


/ 


"U,        I 


1^^ 


With  a  lietter  I'orebeail  than  is  usual,  this  skull  i)reMnt>^  all  the  prominent 
characters  i<(  the  \iiiirie;ui  ract — the  prominent  face,  elivaled  vertex,  vertical 
occi|)Ut.  and  tb"  ^riat  ^well  iVom  the  leniixiral  !)ones  upward.  Of  tln'  particular 
trilic  to  wiiieli  lliis  individual  brlnnged  I  am  not  inlnrmed  :  and  I  >.ho\ild  havr 
liesilaled  to  pn  ^eiit  it  as  ;i  ncnuine  Mexican  bad  I  not  neeivcd.  through  Mr. 
.)(weph  Smith,  late  ot  \\u^  city  and  now  id'  Mexico,  a  ^kull  wliich  corre>.pond- 
wilh  it  in  alnio-t  every  particular.  I'rom  an  ancient  tomb  at  Tacuba.  Of  tin 
latlrr  I  -ubjiiin.  at  the  rod  id'  tlir  tollowin^^  nnasurementN.  tliree  diagram^  lor  tin 
pm'jio^e  III  eoin|)ariMin. 


MCASI  Ur.Ml.N  !•■ 


liOU'^iiludiiial  diameter. 
Parietal  diameter. 
Krontal  diannter. 
Vertical  diauteter.     . 
liiter-nia>itoid  andi.   . 
39 


(i.8  inches. 
5.,)  inidies. 
l.fi  inches. 
(5.  inches. 
1 ,").()  inches. 


154 


CKANIA  AMEHICANA. 


Inter-niastoiil  lino,    . 
Occipito-t'iontiil  iircli, 
Horizontal  jn  riplicry. 
InlxTiial  capacity.     . 
Capacity  of  tlic  anlirinr  ciiaiiilxT. 
Capacity  of  tlic  pnslciior  ciiamlH  r. 
Capacity  of  the  coroiii'l  rcL'ion. 
Facial  aiinic   .... 


./•rr:::u?\ 


/      ! 


-ocxj'  V~ 


•1. 1  inches. 
14.(j  inches. 
19.9  inciics. 
89.5  cubic  inches. 
'3:1.5  cuhic  inciies. 
5().    cubic  inciies 
19.5  cubic  inches. 

SO  degrees. 


yr 


I    I 

''I 


The  skull  n pn-icntcil  in  iIr-  above  diagrams  came  too  late  to  be  litbonraphed  : 
hut  in  a  future  part  of  tliis  wurk  are  inserted  three  heads  from  Otumba.  wliieii 
will  materially  assist  in  eompbtiuii  this  section  of  the  iiluslratiiuis.  (See  I'lates 
59.  G(l.  01.) 


PLATE    XVII.— A. 

ME.XICAN. 


/ 


This  is  the  cranium  of  a  Mexican  Indian  of  the  I'anies  tribe,  whose  location 
IS  at  the  hamlet  of  San  Loniizo.  not  far  from  the  city  of  Mexico.  It  was 
ixhunic  d   at   the  jjartieular   rei|U(^l    of  tiic    latr    Dr.  Aniommarchi.   I'hvsieian   to 


THE  MEXICANS. 


155 


Napoleon,  ami  by  that  gentleman  deposited  in  my  collection  at  the  request  ol 
my  friend  Dr.  M.  IJurrough,  United  States  Consul  at  Vera  Cruz.  The  certificates 
which  acconipaiued  this  skull  go  to  prove  that  it  helonged  to  an  Indian  of  the 
unniixed  race,  but  of  wiinse  history  notliing  is  stated.  It  tliereforc  only  remain^ 
to  sul>ioin  the  usual 


MI'.ASI  UliMKNTS. 


Litnu;iliuliual  dianu'ter,     . 
Parietal  diameter,    . 
Frontal  diameter.     . 
Vertical  diameter,    . 
Inter-nuistoid  arch.  . 
Inter-mastoid  line.    . 
()cci|)it()-i'rontal  arcii. 
Horizontal  pcriplK  ly. 
Internal  capacity,     . 
Capacity  of  llie  anterior  diamher, 
Capacity  of  the  |)!)>t(  ridi'  eliaMil)ir. 
Capacity  of  tlic  eoriinal  rLgion,  . 
Facial  aiiL;lc.    .... 


PLATE    XV  HI. 

M1::\1CAN. 


G.U  inches. 

5.3  inches. 

4.3  inches. 

5.2  inches. 
1 1.6  iuclies. 

4.1  inches. 
13.6  inches. 
1<).     inciies. 
74.    cwi)ic  inciies. 
2.8.     cubic  inches. 
l(j.    cubic  inches. 
II.)  cubic  iueiies. 
77  degrees. 


A  remarkably  well  characterised  Toltecan  head,  from  an  ancient  tomb  near 
the  city  of  [Mexico,  whence  it  was  exhumed  with  a  great  variety  of  antiques, 
vessels,  masks,  ornaments.  &c.  It  is  preserved  in  the  collection  of  tlu'  American 
i'liilosiinliieal  Societv:  and   1    am    indebted    for   its  use  on   this   occasion    to   the 


1.56 


CHAMA  AMERICANA. 


cslimabU"  Librarian  of  that  institution,  .lolni  Vauu;han.  Vm\.  'I'lic  foroluail  is  low. 
l)iit  not  very  rccciiinu;;  llic  face  projects,  and  tiic  wliolc  cranium  is  extremely 
une(|uai  in  its  lateral  proportions. 


MKASI  III'.MKNTS. 


Tionu;ituilinal  diametci-. 

Parietal  ilianu'tir. 

Frontal  diameter, 

Vertical  diameter. 

Intt  r-niastoid  areli.      . 

Inter-nui  toid  line. 

Oceipito-t'rontal  areli. 

Horizontal  peripherv. 

Internal  capacity, 

Capacity  of  the  anterior  chainhi  i'. 

Capacity  of  the  posterior  chainlH  r. 

Facial  anule.       .... 


fi.l  inches. 

5.7  inches. 

■i.rt  inches, 

5.1  inches. 
1  l.(i  inches. 

1.5  inches. 
13.5  inches. 
'20. •»  inches. 
77.     c\il)ic  inches. 
3((.     cubic  inches. 
■17.     cubic  inches. 
78  degrees. 


I'LA'I'i:    XVIII.— A. 


Mi:\l(  AN.— ri.AllI  ICA? 


J--- 


f^- 


]    / 


(  / 


.J 


'riiis  ix  a  !'( male  ^kiill.  ulilaintd  iVnni  Aeapaeiuiio.  in  the  valley  of  Cuernavaea. 
about  liKy  niib^  voutli  of  the  eily  of  Mexico.  It  \va>i  obtained  and  presi  nted  to 
Mir  by  lliat  di-liiitiuislied  friend  and  patron  of  -eienee.  William  .Maelure.  Ks(i.. 
I'reMdent  of  the  Acad( my  of  Natural  Science-;  of  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Maelure  did 
not  inform  ine   to   sviiat    tribe    this    individual   iielonged :    but  as  Clavigeni*  states 

"  Ili'-l.  ■if  Mi'viio,  I,  !>.  7.     (('nil'  ii's  'I'r.) 


THK  NATCIIKZ. 


157 


i\v. 


that  all  tlir  tribes  of  tliat  siction  of  Mexico  liclonnctl  to  the  urcat  Tlahuica  nation, 
I  have  ilcsignalid  this  spccinu-n  accord ins^ly.  We  rccoi;iii«ic  in  this  skull  the 
proji'ctinu;  face,  tlif  ntnatinu;  foriiKiid  and  tlw  Hat  occiput  of  tlic  'rultccai'  family. 
al(iiouu;li  till'  wliolc  head  is  mori'  clonnalfd  than  usual.  The  st \  Inid  process 
exceeds  any  similar  appendaii'e  I  iiave  ever  sicu.  and  touelies  tjic  lo\V(  r  jaw  in  a 
>va\  that  must  have  iuipedid  the  openiui;  of  llie  nmutli. 


Mr.ASIHr.MENTS. 


Loui;itudiual  diameter, 
Parietal  diameter,  .... 
I''r()ntal  diameter,  .... 
N'ertie.d  diameter.  .... 
Inter-mastoid  arcii.  .... 
luter-masloid  line,    .  .  .  . 

Occipito-froutal  arcii. 
lloriznutai  periphery, 
Internal  capacity.      .         .         .  . 

Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamiier. 
Ca|)acity  of  tiie  posterior  cliamher.     . 
Capacity  id'  tiie  enrnnal  rei;iou, 
Facial  amrie.     .  .  .  .  . 


(J.O  inclicv 

5.i  inches. 

1.2  inches. 

■).  1  iiudies. 

11.')  inelies. 

4.1  iiudies. 

11.  inches. 

1ft.  2  in(hes. 

7S.  cuhic  inches. 

,)().  cuhic  inclu's. 

18.  cuhic  iiu'hes. 
1  1.2">  cuhic  inches. 

7(i  (h'uret^. 


THH     NATCIIKZ. 


•a. 
to 

i- 
id 

(■S 


'I'lie  Iradiliiins  of  Die  N'atclu/,  slate,  tliiil  tliey  migrated  from  Mexico  at  two 
diHerciit  periods:  ;uid  tiieir  Niuiiulai'  usages  had  to  thr  belief  lliat  I  bey  were  ,i 
hraneh  (d'  the  ;;reat  'rollec;in  family,  which,  as  \\c  have  seen,  was  subjected  to 
iireal  vieissitiulcs.  and  ultimately,  in  a  ureal  nuasiu'e.  expatriated  from  Anahuac. 

The  more  obvious  aiialo'.i,ies  between  the  Natchez  and   tiu'  'rolleeas.  consist 
in  thr  \Mii-hip  of  the  sun.  tlu'  practice  of  human  sacritiees  on  the  death  of  eniiiuul 
j)ersiins.  hereditary  di>linetious.  and  tixed  inslilulinii-..  iu  \' hich  nspi  d  {\iv\  dilhred 
from  all  the  other  nations  of  Florida. 
10 


H8 


CHANIA  AMKIIK  ANA. 


Till'  Nutclii'/  not  ..Illy  woiHliipiud  tin-  miii.  Iml  k.pt  what  llicy  tnin.d  the 
il.Tiiiil  I'liv;  wliifh  last  lii.y  am.m|)lisli((l  Uy  >l(.\vly  liuniiii;;  a  (mrli  made  of 
(lircc  pii'ccH  of  wood  joiiu'il  at  one  riid* 

'I'liiir  liiicdilary  usino  wi  it  m  i  y  icmarkaldf,  and  cniistitiilid.  in  fad.  a 
ffiidal  Mstcni  of  llic  nio>t  r.\cln>ivi'  Kind.  'I'li.y  cidl.d  llii  ir  |iriiiri|ial  cliicf  llir 
(.'riiif  Sini.  iuul  till-  iiol)|i's  and  lliiir  cliildi'i'ii  ^M  iv  called  ."iins;  while  all  thai 
poition  of  Die  irihi'  not  alliid  to  th.M  di-nitaiio.  wi  iv  stinniatixd  hy  an  ( |iith<f 
i(|niv:d(iil  lo  ihr  Knulivh  won!  lalddr.  V.  (  what  is  ..v,,,  ni,„v  sinu;iilar.  n(dpility 
was  (liiivid  and  tranMnilt.d  c A(!iim\(|_\  thnnmli  ihr  rcniale  sex. 

'I'hc  character  i)(  these  iici.ple  was  iiioiv  pacilic  than  thai  of  most  olji.  i 
Anniican  tiihes.  They  ran  |_\  niake  war*.  sa_\s  CliarleMiiv.  nor  jilace  their  i;l(irv 
in  destniyini;  their  fellow  cnatMns:  Imi.  ,,n<'e  e\cit(d  to  nvenuv  li_\  npiated 
pnivocation.  Ihiir  reseiitnnnt  is  ajipiased  only  |iy  the  i  \((  rniinalinn  of  their 
'"""''"••  ''"'"■  ''"''•  "I'  111!'  lint  I'nnch  cojiuiy  in  their  nation  is  a  tra-ieal 
illustration  of   this    fad.   and    may    he   lohj     ij,    a    few    w..rds.      '{"Ik     French,    hy 

l'|.eale<|  a-iinssioMs.  arons.d  the  \(M-eaiiCe  of  a  i.enple  who  had  assiduinisly 
cidli\ate,l  their  friindshi|,.  \  plan  was  c,,nc.  rtid  hy  the  Indians  lor  deslnninn 
their  en(  niies  in  a  sini^je  ni-lit  ;  and  with  sncii  liiielily  was  this  secret  maint.iimd. 
ihat  on  the  eve  of  .S|.  Aminw.  A.  I).  ITJ'i.  they  1,11  npon  the  haph  ss  ,.,,lony.  and 
of  >cv(n  hnndr.d  Iv.ir.peans.  ;  ,i  ■>..■,;:<  ;.  men'  handfnl  wwr  ma-acr.d    withoni 


imrcw 


Wr  have  only  to  add  the  uniform  re-nlt  of  such  r. -istanc.'  on  the  part  of  the 
Indians,  '{"he  French  enti nd  thi'  connlr,\  of  the  Nalidie/  in  -nat  force,  ami  this 
'ii.l'i'"'  |""lde.  altera  valiant  st,n--h  .  was  ;,|  h.[  disp,rs,d  and  almost  eMermi- 
nat(d  in  the  year  ITJO.f 

It  is  a  sinirnlar  circumstance  in  the  diarader  of  these  peojile.  that  tlnv  were 
in  the  practice  of  funeral  sacrifie,  s   i,,  ;,„  ..^t,  ,„  „iiknown  .New  here  in  America 


*  'iiAHi.Kvijiv,  \oy.  ill'  I'AiMiri'iiii',  I,,  i.  X  \  \. 

♦Thr     l'n.||,;l,    snl,|    ||„,r     Nalrlir/     |,n.,  „|,.|-.    nirlll.lllr.'    ,1  rlnrf.  llll.l    ^l.lVi'iyi WrM     ||„|l:l 

lsi;,l„l..        SU.  h   Ml    ||„.    N;U,1„V.:,S  ,.>,;,,„, I     1,,  IL  „(     1 1,.   „■    IMM,  ll ,  V .   ll,  ,  I     U|,    li.,1     liu.,.   ,U     1  ...UIM.U,.-. . 

.01.1  ri,i;,i,i|ir,i  soi  „ul...s  kli.u-  11,,.  l„u„  „1   NalilMl  .Ins.      .M„i,-.,inr  Si.  |),.„ ,  ,,  K,,,,.!,  (  •ui;,,!,,,,. 

UM^  till  II  CiMMnuMilaiil  M  .Viirhii,,,  I,,.. :  l„,  ,, ,;,.,,, ,|  „.|,;ii  >„l,l„.rs  ;n„l  niiliii;,  l,r  I,  i-l  ;,t  In-  ,1,>|m,s,I, 
mil   lliiM.  l.nii-  jojiinl  liy  ll,.'  .\,.lrhilnr|„.s  liMJi;,,,-,  III,-  .\;,li  l„  ■;  u.re  iilla.  kril  11,  Il„:r   ,.,i,i|,  l.y  ||„. 

Whiile   Inir,..       Thi.  lx'MrL'..|"i|,.r,„ili.|   I  lli',nv,-h  ,.,  |,,.,  „.,.;,„.!  y   |i„sl\    l„„„-,l„|,    WIIVM  liUL'I  I,  I.  ,1;,  lly 

ili'liMtni  hy  Si.  I),.mi,|i'.  ami  mh'Ii  ,,1  ilni,,  .,s  u  ,  iv  i,.,i  Kill,-,!  i,,  l,;,nlr.  uiic  ilnvn,  inlu  ||„.  lake,  u  l,.iv 
111.;  lii-I  I.I'  llinii  |M.ris|„.,l.  ami  i|„.    .\  u,!,,.;-  ;,.s  a  ,  .^;|„|,  I,,,  an,,'  rMii,cl."-Sini.i:v.  Mrsuigr/nw,  //„■ 

I'l.'^iiiciii  I.J  III,'  r  s..  |s,,<i,  p,  sii. 


'IIIK   N.\TClli:Z. 


159 


lial 

iH't 

Illy 


iry 

h.l 


iir 


l\ 


III 


excciitinn  in  I'crii.  .My  I'lirml  Mr.  Nult.ill  lias  I'liiliiidicd  tlir  iiiorc  strikin>; 
iVnturcs  of  this  wm^v  in  tlif  rnllDuiiii;  |iiiiiii;iii|)li.  ••  When  citlicr  the  male  or 
frinalr  Sun  died,  all  tin  ir  (il/iiiirz.  nv  iiiliniati'  allriiilunN,  divoli'd  tin  niM'lvcs  li> 
dcatli.  under  a  persuasinn  lliat  tin  ii'  |ii'e>eiu'e  uniilij  he  ne('e«>ar}'  ti>  niaiiilain  (he 
dif^nity  oj"  llieir  eliiel'  in  llie  I'uliire  wurhl.  Tin  \\i\es  anil  liii>l)aiuls  oj'  llnse 
(•hiel\  were  likewise  iriiiimlaied  lor  the  >anie  |iiir|Mise.  mid  eniisidered  it  the  must 
hnniirahle  and  desirahh'  of  dralhs.  Mure  than  a  liuinlred  vietiiiis  were  siiinetinit  s 
sacririced  to  the  iiiane>  of  tin  (inal  Chief,  'i'ln  s;iiiie  horrihle  cereiiionio,  in  a 
mure  limited  (le;;ree.  were  mImi  eXerei-ed  at  the  di  ,itli  of  the  h  v»ei'  chiefs, 

••  .Vt  the  death  of  one  of  tlirir  |i  male  eliii  r^.  (Iiailevoix  ri  lales.  that  her 
liii>haiid  not  heiin;  iiolile.  was.  aeeoiiiiiii;  to  their  (Mislom.  >l!aiii;led  l>\  the  hands  of 
his  (iwn  son.  Soon  nfli  r.  (he  two  ilicraM  d  In  in:;  laid  oiil  in  stair,  were 
surrounded  hy  the  dead  Imdies  ol'  twehe  iiifaiils.  slraiinled  hy  (Uih  r  of  tjie  eldest 
daui!;liter  id'  the  late  female  chief,  and  who  had  now  sneceedi  d  to  her  dignity. 
Fourteen  other  individuals,  were  aNo  |iie|iaieil  to  die.  ;uiil  acciim|)aiiy  the  deceased. 
On  the  day  of  internn  nl  as  the  |iiiieessioii  :iil\aiieed.  Iln  fathers  and  niolln  rs  who 
had  sacriliced  their  eliililnn.  |p|eeeilin;i  the  hii  r.  threw  the  hoilies  on  the  i:rounil 
at  dill'ereiit  distances,  in  order  liial  tiny  mitjiil  lie  Ir.iiuiili  d  u|inn  hy  the  hear 
of  the  dead.  'The  corpse  Miri\iiiL;  in  the  temple  wlnre  it  was  to  he  inlernd.  the 
fourteen  victims  now  preiiareil  tlnnisehes  for  ihalh  hy  swallowin;;  pills  of 
tithacco  and  water,  anil  were  then  s|r:in;iled  hy  the  relations  cif  the  dece.ised.  and 
th(!ir  bodies  cast  into  liie  conunon  i;rn\e  and  eoMied  with  lailh."* 

Annum  other  siniiular  ciisimns  of  the  Natehe/.  was  ilmt  of  disimtim;-  the 
head  hy  ciuupression.  Dii  Pial/.  nnntions.  iJic  wmuen  jdaee  their  new  horn 
inl'.int  in  a  cradle  which  is  aiioiii  two  j'eet  ;nnl  a  hall'  hui^'.  nine  inches  hroail.  and 
six  inches  deep,  stiill'ed  heinalh  with  a  ki.nl  of  nialtrass.  with  tii>'  plant  c.illed 
Spanish  heard.  "The  infant  is  laid  lUi  its  hack  in  the  cradle,  and  fastened  to  it  hy 
tin'  shiMilders.  the  amis,  the  lei;s.  the  thii^hs  and  the  hips;  mul  over  its  forehead 
ire  laid  two  hands  of  dec  r-skin.  which  keep  its  head  to  the  cushion,  and  leinler 
Ihat  |)arf  Hal:"   and  he  ailiN.  that  they  never  place   their   children  on  their  feel 


er- 


iinlil  they  are  a  year  old.t 


Dnrinn  the  invasion  of  i'lorida.  hy  Kenlinaiid  de  Soto.  tJie  Spaniards  met 
litli  some  Indians  whose  hi  ails  were  moiiliied  iineisely  into  the  form  aho>e 
esciihed.     ••  Their  heads  ;ire  incndihly  louii. "  (iiit^h)  cdiserves  the  historian,  "and 


'  'I'ravc'ls  in  Arkansas,  [i.  .'71. — Cm.mu.kmux,  V'oy.  Ar  l'.\iiirii'|iir,  l.i't,  XW. 
♦  ll!--!.  (if  I.iMiisi.ina.  |i,  .IJ.I. 


ion 


CHAM  A   AMKIUCANA. 


|)i)iiiti'it  iipwiinN.  <i\viii^  to  a  ciisliitn  (if  iii'tiri(-iall\  (■innpn  s'^int;  llu  in  I'roiii  tlic 
pi'iiiid  ol'  tilt'  cliilil's  liiiili.  iiiilil  it  atlaiiio  llir  ai;r  nf  iiiiic  nr  ten  jt'taro."*  'Phi' 
p('<i|i|r  Ihiis  tli'si'i'ilii'd  arc  said  In  iiilialiil  tin  |ii'ii\iiu'i  uf  'I'lil;);  niul  i|  j.  ciirinim 
111  nli^i  rvc,  ||i:i|  ilii>  iiiiiiir  Was  iil^ii  ||ii|  iil'  i||i'  'I'lildfaii  <'a|iilal  id'  Analiiiar.  and 
sijiiiilicd  a  itltin  nf  rmls.  'I'lii'  »aiiir  iianii'  i-  rniiiul  in  'I'l  \as  and  (inalrinala. 
iiidicatiiiL;  lln  lui^raliiiii-  ni'  llir  'I'ldlican  iialinn.  Il  i>.  tlun  I'liii'.  a  i'(a>iiiialdr 
|iri".niii|diiiii.  Iliat  llir  Nali  In  /.  \m  it  i\  ciiliuiy  uC  IIh'  old  'I'ldlccan  sinck.!- 

Till'  N'atidir/  lived  yen  iniK  II  i  \(  Indcd  Iruiii  iiiltrcoiirsc  wilh  ilic  ndjaccnt 
iiatiiins.  t'xci  plini:  llu'  Cliiliiiiaclio,  'I'lnv  iiilialiiird  the  Imiiks  <d°  tin-  Mississippi 
in  llinr  priiii'ipal  villa;;i's  mar  tln'  citv  uliiili  imw  luars  tlnir  nainc  :  lint  llu  last 
iriniiaiil  III'  llii'  naliiin  iml  Imiu;  NJnri  uccnpird  a  small  villa;;r  on  llu'  'I'alipixisa 
rixtr,  in  Alaliaiiia.  Dnriiiu:  tlu'  late  war  inluii  n  tin  I'liilcd  Slates  and  the  (Jreek 
Indians.  Iliise  Naleliiv,  juim d  tin  armv  nl  (ieiieral  Jackson,  liut  since  llial  peiiiid 
till  ir  name  appi  ais  In  exist  iiiil\   in  liis|iir\.{ 

PLA'IHS    .\X    AM)    \\I. 

N A  iciir./. 

The  exIrannliiiaiT  cranium  id'  wliicli  Iwn  views  ,ire  niveii  on  tin  annexed 
plates,  was  iililiiiniii  linm  a  miinnd  m  ir  llie  eilv  ni'  \  iidxslniri;.  stale  id'  Mississipid. 
Ii\  Dr.  \V.  Ihrd  I'nui  ll.nl  New  ()i|i;ins,  wlm  has  riiinislied  me  willi  Ilie  Inllnwini; 
bricl'  memnraiidiim. 

•• 'I'liis  skull  is  a  rac-simiie  nf  aimllier  ntilaiiied  al  Nalclie/.  Inil  in  a  lietter 
state  nl'  pleservat  inn.  ||  was  nlilailied  rrnlll  a  iiliiUIld  wllicli  was  Inll  nl'  lioiies  I'nr 
tile  innst  p.iit  ill  a  decnnijinsed  stale.  'I'lie  diMwiims  I  send  \nn  arc  reinarkaldy 
accurate :  ;ui(l  llie  I'nllnwiiiii  are  a  lew  III'  tile  iiiiisl  remarkalde  plirciudnifical 
liieasiiienii  nts.  deii\ed  rrmii  till-  skuU  ilsill': 

••{•"mm  indi\  idnalil_\   In  nccijiilal  spine   '>',  iiii'iies. 

"  [•"inni  desliuclivelll  ss  tii  ill  struct  ivelli'ss    ')     inclies. 

••  I'rnm  canlimisness  in  caiitiniisin  ss  i,}^  iiielies. 


■  'i  MU  II.  \Mi   in:    I.  \  \'i:r;  \.  Mil.  il.'  I:i    I'lor.d.i.   I.il'.  1\'.  i;i|i.  1 .). — In^liiiil  nl'  nine  or  liii   yenr^. 

IHii'Vi-  .1  ili^  /.    iii.i^.    i!,.-  liiiK'  niiplM  ,  .  ,1  i:i  ill,    |,r. "  .^s  \v;i^  |ii  i>l.ilily  lli;il  IMUnliiT  of  |lllllllll^. 

'  M'l  I  1. 1.  Ill,  I!.  -.  ;iii  hi  -.  |i.  -'71. —  Mr,  NiiltjH  lliiiiK^  lli:il  lln  |.l,ir,'  r:illi  il  V"'a'"//"  ill  !''■  Sulci's 
li'imlH'-.  :iii'l  llii-  p:  I'T  uhi|i  lli'il  Iui'.mihI  i  S|iiii'l,  w.i^  «  illiiii  llic  ,\:ilrh.'Z  Iririlnry, —  Tiur.in 
./i/.iiin'f-.  ].,   ,'i,,t. 

;   ,^|   I  ,  \i.l.,  Ti'  'V.  |i.   .'  !  I, 


'I'ln:  NATtiiK/. 


it>i 


"  Fnini  sicrttiviiii*'*  to  •<ti'irtiviins,s  u\. 

••  |''ri)iM  (•(iii>tnicliviin'ss  U\  (•(iiiHtniclivi'iicss  1^." 

Mr.  Dorlcmllf,  nl'  Ciiiciiiiinti.  1ii»h  kiii«ll}'  pns.  nd  il  me  vvitli  a  cunI  of  aiiotlirr 
skull  nldirmril  iimr  Hi''  »ily  "f  Nutflii/,  aiitl  wliuli  (•()iii's|><>ii»U  in  uuoi  <>l'  il» 
ilcdiils  with  timt  Inn-  ('ij^urid.  i\iul  nf  wliirh  I  Miiijtiiii  Iwu  (iinniains. 


I  :im  I'iiiIIk  T  iiiloniitil  lliiit  I'hr  mI  lr;isl  nf  lii.-i' rxlraonliiiary  niiiiiii.  liiivr 
li.cii  (ililaimd  iVoiii  ilill'cn  iil  iikhiikN  in  llic  aiiciiiil  li  iriluiy  nf  llic  Natcln  /.  ll 
is  now  Will  aMMi'taiiicd.  Imwcvd'.  Ilial  several  (pIIh  r  tiiln  s  ul'  our  smillicni  Imliaiis 
ills,  [iraclis((l  till'  art  «(  cliaiiiiinti  llic  lunn  nl'  (lif  •^kuil.  Ainimu;  \\u<r  wire  llif 
I'liocTVM-.  ••'I'licy  llaltin  lli.ir  liiiuls  with  a  iiaij  uf  saiui."  siys  Vdair.  •■  wliicli 
wilh  mnat  care  tiiry  kicp  raslrncd  U>  iUv  skull  <•!'  tlie  inlaiit,  wliil.  i(  is  in  i(s 
tender  and  iinperl'ect  >\:\\v." '  Martiani  is  nmre  explieil.  -''IMie  flmctaws  are 
called  liy  the  traders  I'lats.  or  rialhcads.  all  the  males  Imvin-  the  lure  and  hind 
part  of  their  skulls  llattened  xv  couipress.d,  which  is  ellrelid  in  thi'  lollowin^ 
manner.  A'^  soiui  as  tin'  eliiid  is  horn,  tiie  nurs(  provides  a  cradle  (U'  wooden  case, 
whi're  tlie  head  reposes,  iieiu'j;  lasliioned  like  a  hrick  mould.  In  this  pnrt  of  the 
machine  tiie  little  ho\-  is  lived,  a  ha^-  of  s;md  heiiii;  laid  "U  its  forehead,  which,  hy 

continual  u^ee.t! )mpressnre.  liives  the  head  somewhat  the  form  of  a  hrick  from 

Ihi'  temples  npwaids.  and  hy  Ihese  means  they  ha\.'  hi,u;h  and  iM'ty  foreheads, 
slopiui;  olV  hackwards.'  i  The  C.'ho'.taws,  therefore,  moulded  their  heails  in  the 
same  style  or  form  with  'he  Natchez.  I  suipjoin  dia;irams  of  an  admirahly 
preserved  cranium  from  a  mound  hi-li  \ip  the  Alahama  river,  and  which  has  iieiii 


II1-.I.  (if  llii'  AiU'T.  Ill  liaii-^,  |i.  js  I. 
-II 


*    I'l   IV.   |i.   .'ill 


162 


CIJ AMA  AiNIEUICANA. 


kimlly  In. I   inc  U\  Dr.  O.  II.  Fnulcr.  of  tliis  city.     Wlicllur  it  he  a  Caoctaw  or 
a  NaU-lif/.  I  iMiiii  .  dtlcnniiu-.  Itut  i(  is  pnibal)!^  tiic  latter. 


t^'"\ 


y     s 


\    / 


imS'^S 


± 


I       A, 


\  i 


Tile  Wavsaws.  aeednliiit;  tn  l.awMiii.  resorted  ti)  a  somewliaf  similar  lieviec 
••Til.  y  use  a  roll  \\liieli  is  pjae.  d  en  the  hahe's  fonhead.it  heiii;;-  laid  with  its 
iiiek  oil  a  ilat  hoard,  ami  swaddhd  ilowii  hard  thereon.  IVoiii  one  end  of  this  enniiK 
to  the  otii.r."  "'I'lir  instrument."  h.-  ad. Is.  "is  a  s.irt  .if  press  that  is  l.t  out  and 
iu.  more  or  hss.  aeeordiii-  to  the  .lis.n  ti„n  of  the  mirs.'.  in  wliieli  they  niak.'  tlu 
eliild's  luad  llal  :  it  iiiak.s  the  .  \.s  s|;ind  a  prodiuioiis  way  asund.r.  aiu."  the  hair 
haute  ov.r  till'  for.  h. ad  like  tli.  .av.s.if  a  li.iuse.  whieh  s.'ems  v.rv  frinhli'ui."^ 
Filially,  it  siiuis  crtain  llial  tlu'  Kalauhas  on  the  east,  and  the  Attakajias  uii  the 
\\e-l  vide  of  tli.'  .Mississijipi.  praetis.'.!  a  vimilar  iisuj;.'. 


'I'll  i:     (HF/n  MA  CUES. 

Near  the  Natehez  was  aimth.  r  powerful  t!i..Ui;h  not  numerous  nation,  eall.d 
th.'  Ch.timaeh.s.  I)n  IVatz  stat.'s  that  tli.^  latt.r  ar.>  a  hraneli  of  Ih.'  Naleh.'Z. 
who  have  alwa\s  l,.<ike.l  upon  tli.ni  as  (h.ir  hr.thren.t  Hut  tiiis  allinity  appears 
to  have  h,...n  of  a  soeial  iiatniv  ,uily.  f:r  Mr.  (iailatin  idiMrv.'s  that  he  rould  lind 
no  analoiii,-.  in  tli.ir  n  sp,  div.'  lan-iiaiiTs.  and  tli.ir  euvloiiis  a]ipiar  to  have  h.cn 
altoiiitiiir  dissimilar. 


*  lli-i.  oiCinilina,  |i,  ;i:l. 


*  Ill-I.  ill'    l,iilii-,|;l||;i.  [1.  ,T|  I. 


THK  CIIiyri.MACHES. 


163 


Tlu'j  lornurly  iiiliabikil  tlic  vicinity  ol'  the  Lake  Uarataria,  l»ut.  tli()uj;li 
otu'f  a  warlike  piople.  were  sulxUied  !)>'  tlic  Kuiopeaiis  early  in  tlie  last  century; 
for  Charlevoix,  writin.i!;  iii  the  year  17i2,  says  that  the  Chetiniaches  wenr  nearly 
all  destroyed  at  that  time,  and  that  tiie  lew  of  llie  trihe  then  reniaiiiint;  were 
sliives  to  the  Freneli  eolony. 

PLATE   XIX.* 

CIIKI'IMACIIES. 


••\  \-. 


/' 


\ 


/ 


i-. 


The  late  Dr.  .luvtiis  Le  H.aii.  of  \,w  Orleans,  presented  uie  with  two 
.jemiine  skulls  of  tliis  Irilie.  whieh  were  exhumed  from  a  eemetery  in  tl\e  l'ari>-h 
ot  St.  .Mary,  in  Louisi.ina.  Of  these  heads  1  have  tiiiun d  (he  largest,  whicli 
|)nsfiits  a  singularly  missive  developmenl.  The  ni  arly  verlieal  oeeiput.  the  ;;real 
hiiiiht  of  the  skull,  and  the  si/.e  ;ind  stren!',th  of  the  Imnes  of  the  faee.  art  not 
MirpasM  il  hv  those  of  any  Indian  cranium  1  hav(  seen.  Tiie  n\easmcments  are 
.is  f(dliiW  : 


Mi'.vsi  iir.Mr.sr' 


Loni;itudinal  diann  ter. 
I'arietal  dianu'ter. 
Frontal  diameter. 
Vertical  diannter.     . 
Inter-mastoid  arch.   . 
Inter-masloid  line.    . 
Oceipito-frnntal  arch. 


(i.'t  inches. 

;),()  inches. 

■1.2  inches. 

"i.l)  ineiies. 

\ :').'}  inches. 

l.J  niches. 

I  I.  inches. 


Ill  Ihe  iv:;iil;ir  onli'i  lln'  {'lii'tHii;irlii>  sliouM  have  i.n'rcileil  lln'  Nali'li.v.. 


■! 


144  Tin:  MUSK(KJEES  OH  CHEEKS.  AND  SEMINOLES. 


Hori/ontal  luiiplury.        .... 
Iiittriial  capacity,     ..... 
Capacity  "f  tiic  aiiterior  chainbcr. 
Capacity  III' tile  posterior  cliamlu'r.     . 
Capacity  of  tlic  coronal  region. . 
Facial  auLrlc    ...... 


H).  inches. 
85.  cubic  inches. 
39. '25  cubic  inciics. 
•1').75  cubic  inches. 
13.1'}  cubic  inches. 
71  tlegrees. 


THE    .AirSK()(;EES   OH    (  {{EEKS.    AM)    SE.MIXOLES. 

The  .Mu^kn;;!!-  or  Creek  eonfetleraey  i>  composed  of  several  nulions  or 
remnanls  of  nation^,  anion:!  wliieh  the  niovl  jironiinent.  at  the  preMiil  lime,  are 
the  Seminole^.  1  ;im  imlebtdl  to  tlie  |ioli1eMes«,  (,r  Dr.  l\nr\.  of  the  Cnileil 
States  Army,  for  mmiic  interotiii^  parlieular^  in  n  fennee  to  (Inn  eo;iMlioii. 

.Ml  «iMi(.r.i>.  ••AnionLi;  Ihe  i^n  ;it  nalion  of  Creek  Indian^."  s;^y•^  he.  ■•the 
prineiiial  and  nri^ina!  trilie  was  tlie  Miisko-vc.  by  \\liom  Ihv  claim  (d'  ha\inu^ 
always  oceiipi. d  Ihe  country  n  cmtly  in  Iheir  posMssimi  js  boldiv  a-M  rled.  Lon^- 
knnwii  a-  a  poweiful  and  n-llc-  conlrderaey.  it-  >\\ay  rxlcndnl  ov,  r  Uu-  i)reMiil 
Innil--  of  (;cori:ia.  Alabama  ;.iid  I'jorida.  ll  eousivi,  ,1  ,,|'  ;,  communilv  of  trilMs. 
\\iiiid;.  Iiavin-  become  rrdneed  in  numbi  r-.  incorpnialnl  liiemsclvcs  \\ilh  ihe 
'■"li'i-  ''""'■  III  |'ioi;ri-.s  of  time  ijhm  -.arioiis  elaii~  or  tribes  bccann'.  in  some 
iinasui'e.  a  iiomo^rniiiiis  pi  opjc. 

••The  Sr.\ii\oM>.  will)  iiavr  a  similar  oriLiiii.  consjsi  diirlly  of  Miiskou'ees. 
Tbr  aiieii  III   possrs.:,|s  i.f  tlir  soil  lia\e  Income   lAliiicl.  or   at    bast    have    lost   thi  ir 

idinlil\  anions-   the  wars,  and   (dian-es  and   eonfiisim,    incidtiil   I ■  aboriiiiues. 

'I'bo  'nllictiNc  ..piiellalion  (d'  SimiiKiLs.  in  its  Mosko-rc  aeee|)tation.  has  a 
si-iiiiieatmo.  i-xpiisMvr  of  the  (diaraclcr  id'  the  Medonin  Arab.  Delaehimr 
ilirms:  ivis  trom  the  main  body  of  thr  Cn  .  do.  Ilicy  wandired  wher.v.r  a  iirealer 
dmndaner  of  uano'  or  nndisiurbrd  poss,.>M(in  of  ibc  s,,il  nii-ht  oll'rr  indnecnu'iils. 
Tlir  ^■amass|.,  s.  a  powrrlul  |)eoph.  of  whom  much  is  .aid  in  onr  earlv  eobudal 
lostoru  wuT.  aflir  ion-  wars  wnli  tlnir  ani'ient  .rn  niirs  ihe  Crnks.  cornpbhdy 
'"'"■^'■i'  "!'•  ■iiiil  'i'i'l''r  til'-  '  Ider  kin-  I'av  ne.  thr  Seminnlrs  nalneed  as  trilnitaries 
all  rrlVactnr\   tribes.     Thus    iVoni  this  nucleus  of  a  people,  there  irrailiiallv  arose 


THE  CREEKS. 


165 


by  natural  increase  and  accessions  from  otlier  trilies.  a  nation   of  Srniiuolr.s.  or 
innidcnrK."'^ 

Mr.  Bartrani  deserilxs  tlie  Creik  women  asof  slioit  ■stature  l))it  well  formed: 
IJK  Ir  visage,  says  he.  is  roinid.  their  fealnres  rei;\il:ir  and  heauliful:  the  hrow  is 
high  and  arclied  :  tiie  eye  lari;e.  l)laeiv  and  lani^uisiiiiia.  and  expressive  of  modesty, 
and  dini(hnce.  '-They  are.  I  believe,  the  smallest  race  of  women  yel  known, 
seldom  above  five  feet  hii;li,  and  the  iireaternumber  never  arrive  to  that  stature: 
their  hands  and  feet  are  not  larj^er  th;in  those  of  Europeans  of  nine  or  ten  years 
of  acje  :  yet  the  men  art  of  i;ii;an(ie  stature,  a  full  size  lart^er  than  Etn'opeans: 
many  of  them  above  six  feet,  and  few  under  that,  or  live  f(  it  eiiiht  or  ten 
inehes."t  He  adds  tjiat  their  complexiiui  i»  much  darker  tbai\  tti:il  of  any  tribe 
be  had  seen  to  the  north  of  tliiin. 

Bernard  Homans  obsipves.  tiiat  they  are  remark:iiiiy  well  sha|icd  and  a  very 
hardv  race.  -What  deserves  notice  lore  is.  tliat  tiieir  tiiorax  is  viiy  sliaUow.  sn 
that  a  sava'^e  of  tiiis  raer  may  a;ipear  almost  a  liinil  liy  the  linadtii  ol'  his 
slioublers.  \r\  imt  measure  s(i  much  in  eireumfrrenee  as  ;ni  onlinary  Eumpean: 
but  wiiitlur  tliis  is  tbr  ellict  of  ;M't  or  ii:iturr.  I  eauuot  i)rrt(iiil  to  deeidc."  'riiiir 
women.  Ill-  ad(N.  aiT  liandsonie.  and  tiir  whole  n;ition  sn  hnspiial  le  tli:il  tliey  ;uc 
always  ready  to  sjiaiv  tlicir  pipe  and  linard  wilii  a  s!ian'j:(r.  On  the  ntlier  li;uul 
tiny  are  adepts  iu  erudty  when  they  wreak  tlirir  viMezTanee  on  a  captive  enemy. + 
iiartram  eniilirnis  this  picture,  by  statin;;  liiat  tiny  are  fond  of  their  wives 
and  ciiilihvn.  :inil  kind  to  tr:ivrlier<  win'  pass  tiu'dULi:!!  llirir  ennntry  with  paciiic 
intentions.  "I  have  bicn  weiks  and  nnuilb':  luuou-si  ihim  in  their  tMwns."says 
he:  -I  ne\er  oliscrved  tin-  bast  -\':i\i  of  eniitention  or  w  niuirliiej.- :  mver  saw  an 
inst;inee  of  :ui  lndi;in  In  atiiii;  bis  wife  or  rrjiroviuii  iu  r  in  :ue:vi-.  In  tlijs  easr 
tbe\-  stand  as  example^  of  rrpronf  t"  tbr  most  cixilisid  natinns.  as  nut  biiuii 
detieient  in  justice.  i;r:ilitii(le  and  a  ■z^u'd  nnder-itandiuL;.'''} 

riaitram  has  justly  cliaracteriscd  till-  ('neks  as  a  j-rouil  and  arro--aut  pcnplc. 
•■valiant  in  war.  luuliitious  of  eoni|U(st.  rrslbss  ,,iid  p"rpelii:illy  cxercisiu'.:  ibiar 
arms.  \(t  m;i:j;uaniinous  and  nureilui  to  :i  \:nu|nisbed  euomy.  wbeu  ho  sniooits. 
:ind  si'cks  tlieii-  friindslup  and    proti'clidn.'       'I'bey  liabitually  unite   the   snbji  cted 


•  Sk.'irh  lil'  ilir  IihIiui  'I'nli.'-;  Uiiouii  iniil'T  ili''  ;i|']^' il  ithni  nl'  Xfn^l.i'u'f'.  "  nli  ->i\\ir  ■^■■\ir\-:\\ 
riiii  uks  nil  ill'-  M.iiiiiris  .iii'l  (list.. in-.  S..-,.  ,,r  ill"  Aiii'Mh:!!!  A 1 1.. num.  I'.v  Shium-  l-"..rrv.  M.  I*  . 
M..li.  ill  Si. Ill,  1',  S.  Aiiiiy.     MS. 

♦Ti  IV.  Ill  !-'l..ii.l  1,  p.  Is  I.  •  .\  ,1.  Ilisi,  ,,r  l-'i.Mi.l..  I.  !    'I.'. 

5j  'I'lMV.    Ill     l'|..l|.l,l.  |1.     C'll. 

12 


lC(i 


CUAMA  AMKJ.ICANA. 


(lil)fs  into   Ihoir  dwii   I'oiifcili  racy,   iiiul    ^ivc    llnin   all    tlif   riijhts   piis'M'sscii    liy 

tll('lll>^('lv('S. 

ili'iK-c  llic  pn'sciil  Creek  nation  is  said  to  eniln'ace  the  remains  of  no  less 
llian  lil'teen  diiVerent  trilxs.  wliieli  they  have  eoni|nere(l  at  varions  times.  •• 'I'his 
eonl'ederaey  of  remnants,"  says  Homaiis.  ••  is  a  race  of  very  cnnnim:;  fello\vs.  and 
with  regard  to  ns  the  most  to  he  dreaded  of  any  nation  on  the  continent,  as  will 
for  their  indefatinaide  thirst  for  hlood.  (which  makes  them  travc  1  incredililv  for  a 
scalp  or  prisoner)  as  for  their  beins;  trnly  piditieians  hred."* 

Ail  these  details  tjo  to  prove  tlial  the  Cncks  possess,  in  a  remarkahle  dei;ree, 
tiiose  seemingly  incompatible  extremes  thai  compose  the  Indian  character. 

PI. ATI:    XXII. 

SKMINOI.K. 


^ 


•-*.«r^ 


[■■        i 


This  remarkably  eharaeteristie  Indian  liead  was  pnsented  to  me  by  my  friend 
Dr.  (J.  Kniersou  of  this  city,  whn  at  the  same  time  favored  me  with  the  bdiowin^ 
historical  niemorandnm.  -SeniiiKde  warrior,  slain  at  the  battle  (d'  St.  Joseph's, 
thirty  miles  below  St.  Aiii,nistine.  in  .lum  IS.iti.  by  Captain  Jnslin  Dimmick.  id' 
(he  First  Heiiiment  United  States  Artilbry.  At  the  commencemi  nt  of  the  action 
Captain  Dimmick  rode  forward,  and  received  the  lire  id"  the  Indians  at  a  distance 
(d'  about  thirty  yards.  Thi'  Captain's  horse  beinn  sirnek  on  the  neck  and  Hank, 
he  dismounted:  and  the  Indians,  supposing;  him  lo  be  badly  wiiiiiuied.  rushed 
towards  him  to  scalp  him.  At  that  monu  id  Captain  1).  raided  bis  L^un,  (a 
double-barrel    fowling    piece.)    and    sii.d   both   id'   tiie   Indians   in  succession  ;    he 

'  Nal.  Ifi-t.   )l'H(.nil;i.  I.  |..  'il. 


THE  cki:i:ks.  ic? 

tlii'ii  stiziil  llic  nuiskrt  of  11  soldier  who  stood  near  him,  and  spraiis;;  upon  hi> 
cncinics.  one  ol'  wlioni  (the  siil)iict  of  llic  anni'Xfd  dniwinii)  he  I'ouiid  already 
dead,  hv  a  liall  tiinini;ii  tiie  iiead.  while  the  otlier  was  merely  wounded.  'I'he 
latter  was  at  oiiee  despalehed  hy  a  thrust  of  the  hayonet  :  and  thus  hy  the  siu^ular 
liravery  of  Captain  I)imn\iek.  these  two  savat^as  lay  dead,  and  side  hy  side,  in  a 
tew  moments  alter  the  aeliiin  heijan." 

The  aecom|)anyinu;  lithograph,  and  the  preeedinj;  wood  outlines,  convey  an 
exaet  representation  of  th's  interestiui;  relie.  whieh  presents  a  lofty.  thouf;li 
ri'trealini^  forehead,  ureal  hreadth  lietween  the  parietal  horns,  and  remarkahle 
altitude  of  the  whole  eranium.  The  orhits  of  the  eyes  show  the  medium  size  and 
(|uadrani;ular  form,  notie  d  when  spe.duni!;  of  the  t'r((k  Indians.  The  fatal  hall 
is  ohserved  to  have  entered  the  skull  at  the  coronal  suture,  at  its  junction  with  the 
-phenoid  hone;  and  it  passed  out  thriiut;h  the  ojiposite  i)arictal  bone. 


mi',.vsihi;ments. 


Longitudinal  diameter, 
Parietal  diameter,      . 
Frontal  diameter. 
\'erlieal  diameter,     . 
Inter-mastiiid  arch.   . 
inter-niastoiil  line.    . 
Oeeipito-froutal  arch. 
Ilori/.iuital  perii)hery. 
Internal  capacity. 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamber. 
Capacity  oi  the  posterior  chamber. 
Capacity  of  the  ciu'onal  region, 
Facial  annle.    .... 


7. .3  inches. 

5.9  inches. 

\.(i  inches. 

■).8  inchi's. 
'.'i.9  inches. 

4.1  inches. 
\').3  inches. 
■2(1.7  inches. 
!»3.    cubic  inches. 
;j5.')  cubic  inches. 
,')7.")  cMt)ic  inches. 
2').    cubic  inches. 

7i  degrees. 


1G8 


C'HANIA  AMKHICANA. 


PLATE   XXIII. 

SF.MINOKE. 


A  SciiiiiKilc  \v;uri(ir.  ol'  wIkm  lii>.((>ry  iiiitliinn;  is  known.  'I'lu'  sknil  \\;i> 
"blaincd  in  Flurida  twelve  miles  suutli  of  (he  Suwannee  river,  and  proenled  In 
me  li_\  Dr.  Ku-ene  II.  Aliadie.  of  llie  I'niled  Slates  Army,  to  wliom  1  am  indeht.il 
lor  various  similar  oldination«..  It  i>  a  lari;e  li.ad.  witii  the  Indian  eliaraeters  very 
Mroni;ly  marked,  and  liavinu^  a  remarkaldy  well  devi  loped  I'oreinad. 


Mr.Vsl  lU'.MI.N  I 

Lon;,'ilii(iinai   diannter. 
Parietal  diametei-.     .... 
Frontal  diann'ter.      .... 
\"ertieal  diameter.     .... 
Int(  r-ma^toid  areli.  .... 
Intei-mastoid  line.    .... 
Oecipito-IVontal  areli. 
Horizontal  |)eri|)ller^•. 
Internal  ea|iaeity.      .... 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  ehamher. 
Capacity  of  the  ]iosterioi'  ehamher.     . 
Capa<'ity  of  the  coronal  region. 
Facial  amile.     ..... 


7.1  inclies. 

■).()  imdu's. 

■J. 7  inelies. 

/)..)  in(dies. 
I"),    inches. 

1.1   inches. 
I  I.S  in(die<. 
.'(1.3  inches. 
N't.     (iihie  inches. 
■>J..'   cuhic  inche*'. 
i7.,'  cnhic  inches. 
I  !l.r   eiihie  incln  s. 

7S  de^a'ces. 


THE  SEMINOLES. 


169 


PLATE   XXIV. 

SEMINOLK. 


t 


\ 


WW' 
(I  tn 
lt((l 


This  Seminole  siiull  was  sent  ine  iiy  the  late  lanieiiteil  Henry  13.  Cnmni.  E^(| 
It  possesses  tlie  stnuii;  traits  of  tile  other  crania  nf  this  nation. 


MKASniEI^IENTS. 


Lonu;ituilinal  diameter.     . 
Parietal  diameter.     . 
Frontal  diameter.     . 
Vertical  diameter.    . 
Inter-mastoid  areli.  . 
Inler-mastoid  line.    . 
Occipito-frontal  arch, 
Horizontal  periphery. 
Internal  capacity.     . 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamher. 
Caj)acity  of  tiie  posterior  chamher. 
C'ajiaeity  of  the  coronal  region, 
Facial  angle.   .... 


7.     inches. 

j.fl  inches. 

1.")  incln;s. 

.'•.s  inches. 
11. 7  inclies. 

•l.G  inches. 
1  1.2  inches. 
'20. 5  inches. 
9l.'>  cuhic  inclu"i. 
•1 1.    cnhic  inclie>.. 
17./)  eiihic  inches. 
18.1  enhic  inches. 

SI  degrees. 


43 


170 


CRANIA  AMEIUCANA. 


PLATi:    XXVI. 

Mi;sK()(;i;i;,  (lu  ckkkk. 


7' 


X 


/ 


\ 


.V 


This  plate  is  l;iktn  I'roiu  the  skull  of  Allilalia  Kii'ksa.  a  fiill-bludd  cliicf  ol'  tin- 
('I'ttk  nation,  lii  t'iiui;lit  witli  i;ri  at  l)iaviiy  in  the  United  Stat(s  service,  and 
aijainst  the  niajinil}  nf  his  own  enimln men  in  the  present  Florida  war.  lie  died 
at  .M(diile.  in  1  S:t7.  whenee  1  iceeived  iiis  eraninui  throiinh  ilie  kindness  of  Dr. 
Ilenn  S.  Hennohls.  of  tiie  I'nited  Slates  Nav\.  The  hinad  hut  lo/  forehead,  and 
ihe  \vidlh  hetwi  I  n  the  parii  tal  Ihhu -.  are  InhJiIv  eharaeleristie  in  this  head  :  a 
IronI  view  is  i;iven  of  it.  in  nnlri'  In  ennve_\  an  accurate  idea  ui  tiie  o>leolony  of  the 
Indian  face.  Thus  we  ^t c  tin-  lar^r  and  jirnji ctinii  cheek  hone-.,  an  arclu  d  ami 
imiinini  nt  hridt;e  of  (he  uom'.  |mi\\(  rfuilv  de\el(>|ied  jaws  and  reniarkahlv  perfect 
irelli.  The  di>lanee  hetwi m  the  e_\c  ^  is  rven  i;reater  than  i>  usual,  vt  I  Ihe  orliits 
liieiuselves  are  not  larp  in  pniportiou.  Tlie  fdjinw  iu;;-  nre  ihe  niea-ureiuenls  oi 
iliis  reniarkahlv  line  In  ad. 


Mr.  \si  i{i.Mi;\r' 


l..on;j;itndinal  diaim  |(  r. 
Parietal  diaiui  (er.     . 
Frontal  dianii  Irr. 
\i  itieal  (liane  ler.    . 
li.ter-niastoid  arch.  . 
Inter-nuistoid  line.    . 
()('ei|)ito-frontal  arch. 
Ilori/iuital  |)eripher_\. 
Internal  cajiacitv.     . 


/.  Indus. 

.).7  inches. 

I.()  ineius. 

5.3  inches. 

I'l.t  inches. 

■1.)  inches. 

1  1. 1  inches. 

H).S  inches. 

!)  1.75  cuhic  inche: 


TIIK  CIIKUUKKES. 


171 


Cajmcity  nf  tlic  aii(tTi(»r  ('1i!iiii1h  r. 
Ca|)iit'ily  ol  llii'  postiiior  cliamljir, 
Capacity  of  llif  coronal  itf^ioii, 
Facial  an<;lc,  .... 


•I  J,.")    nil)ic  inches. 
r}l.i'}  ciiliic  inclns. 
15.(>    ciil)ic  inches, 
7-2  decrees. 


THE     ClIKUOKEKS. 

The  (JluTolvccs.  says  Hartiinii.  arc  even  laili  r  iiiul  more  roljiisl  tlian  tiie 
Muslvofrees.  anil  liy  far  tlir  larL^est  race  of  men  lie  had  seen.  Their  complexion  i.s 
nrii!;hler  thaii  that  of  (he  >nccee(lin'.;  (rihes.  anil  somewhat  of  an  olive  cast,  while 
>ome  of  their  yoMiin  women  arc  nearly  as  fair  as  Kumpeans. 

Tile  same  Iravellrr.  who  \\as  niiieh  anioni:  the  Cherokees  towanK  the  clnvc 
of  the  last  eeiilury.  ileserihes  them  as  ^rM\e  ami  eireiim^pret  in  their  ileportiiuiit. 
anil  slow  ami  rescrveil  in  convi  rsalinn  :  tciiaeiciiv  of  tluir  rights,  aiiil  impatient  of 
anirn  s>ion.  yet  ninre  humane  than  must  of  their  Imliaii  m  ii;lil)ors.  Mr.  Hartram 
-peak-^  of  IJKin  a^  a  warlike  nation.  "  nady  alwa_\s  to  vaeriliec  every  pleasure  and 
U'ratilication.  even  their  liloml.  and  life  il>rlf.  to  defend  their  territory  and  maintain 
their  ri^htv"*  'l"lii>  la^t  statement,  iiowiver.  is  ratlier  at  variance  with  history, 
for  the  Clid-okees  lia\c  In  en  remarkrd  for  their  |iaeilie  disposition,  and  their 
jirefeniiee  of  a'j;rieultiirc  to  war.  .Mr.  IJntram  himself  mentions  the  fact  id' their 
doiiiM;  !iiuiia!j;e  to  the  Creidvs  in  open  eoiineil  :  and  In  adds  that  \\\\>  va--ala^e  was 
arrogantly  impovid  and  pas>iv  dy  suiimitteil  to.f 

It  is  also  certain  that  siunr  of  tlie  southern  trilie«.  and  especially  the 
Connarees.  Vamassco  and  Ksiws,  made  ineiirsions  into  the  Clieroker  country  lor 
ilie  mere  purpose  of  niakim;-  prixiners.  whom  they  siihsttiuently  sidd  as  slaves  i» 
Charleston.  South   Carolina:  nor  was  this  practice  aholished  until  the  year  Kilto.J 

It  is  (di\ious  fro'ii  the  precedim:  facts  that  the  arts  id'  peace  are  more 
couiieiiial  to  thr  Cherokees  ihaii  tlios,'  of  war.  Tiny  are  not  only  more  docile. 
Imt  far  more  inti  indent  and  capalile  (d  iiistnietion.  than  the  surrouiidiiiu;  trihes: 
mil  ill  (iroof  of  this  we  nerd  hut  instance  the  svllahic  Cherokee  alphabet,  wliich 


Ti:iv.  ill  t'lnrid  I.  .>;.■,,  p.    |s-,. 

li  Al.l.A  riN,  ill    .\ll'llMo|uu'.    Allirl-.    II.  p.   !l.'. 


■I..)-()  I'llllt. 


172 


(llAMA  AMKIUCANA. 


was  iiivintrd  by  a  imtivr  Indian  nl'  that  (ril)t.  niid  by  nicnii*  <il"  wliicli  any 
intliviiliial  of  the  natinn  tan  lir  t;iut;lil  tn  vvriti'  his  own  lanf;nai;r  in  Ihrtc  weeks. 

.Mr.  (iallatih  irconU  llic  Inlluwini;  iiilinstinj;  uliscivalinn.  "'I'lic  only  will 
aM'i  riaini'd  in>lanci'.  amnn;;  our  o>\n  liulians,  of  llicir  liavini;.  al  least  in  l)arf. 
bicorni' an  ai;ricnlluial  nation,  (ineanini:  (iirnby  tiial  stale  of  sneiety  in  wliieli  tin 
men  tiieinselve>  do  actually  pi  il'omi  .ejirieiiltnral  iaiior.)  is  that  of  liie  I'berokers. 
and  it  is  in  proof,  tlial.  in  tiiis  case  mKo.  cnltivalion  was  at  first  intr'iilncctl  tbron};li 
tlie  means  of  ^laver}.  In  their  predatory  incursion^  they  carried  away  slaves  fnini 
Carolina:  these  were  used  to  work,  and  contiinied  to  lie  Ihns  employed  by  their 
new  master*.  The  advantai;es  'i  rived  liy  the  owm  rs  were  immediately  perceived. 
Hither  in  war.  or  in  eommereial  iiiternmrse.  slaves  of  the  African  raei-  becann 
olijects  of  desire:  and  liradually.  assi>(((|  \i\  ijic  ell'orts  of  the  u;overnment  and  the 
lienelicia!  inllueiiee  of  tiir  missjiinarii  s.  simic  unions  those  Indians  wjid  could  not 
iditain  sl;iv(  s.  weri'  induced  to  wdrk  lor  themselves.  Accculp's  vary  as  to  the 
extent  of  that  true  ci\  ilis;itioii.  Iiut  it  is  III  iieved  liiiit  it  embraces  nearly  luii  third 
of  the  male  pop\ilatii>n."* 

The  siiuie  hallied  autlmi'  oIixims  lli:it  ihe  late  1)|'.  Harton  IhoUilht  the 
Cherokee  laui^iiaLie  belon:;e(l  to  the  Iriiipiois  family,  "and  on  this  point,"  he  adds. 
"I  am  indinid  to  the  same  opinion.  The  alliuities  ;ue  few  and  remote:  hut  there 
is  a  sjiuilaril_\  in  tin'  ueneral  li  rmination  of  the  syjiahlrs.  in  the  pronunciation  and 
accent,  which  has  s|iuek  muih   of  the  native  Chi  roki cs/'t 

PLATi:    \XV. 

(  iii;u(»Ki;i;. 


I        .-,>■ 


The  iiead  III  a   Cherokee  warrior  who  was  known  in  the  armv  by  tlic  name 


Aiciia'ciliiL'.  .\iiirr.  II,  p.  I  ' 


t  Ilihl.  p.  111. 


'I'm:  rciiKKs. 


173 


1)1'  .IdIiii  Wariiii!.  I  hiivr  soii^lil  in  v;iiii  lor  any  |):ll'li('nlilI'^  nl'  Ms  liistnry.  nor 
iiidi'cd  is  lliii'i'  iiny  lliiii'j;  I'l'marixiilili'  in  tiu'  ciinl'iiihinlion  nf  llif  s|oi||.  It  only 
ninains,  llni'i 'fon'.  to  add  llir 


Ml'.  \s|  lir.MIATS. 


Tion'^itudinal  diannlir. 
I'ariclal  dianicli  r.     . 
Frontal  dianicli  t. 
Vrilical  (liaMlcti  !■.     . 
Inlrr-nias|iii(|  arcli.   . 
iMtri'-niasliiid  liiii'.    . 
()('('i|)ilo-rriihlal  aicli. 
Ilori/.iintal  |Mii|diriy. 
hiliiiial  cajiacily, 
C'a|ia('ity  III'  llii'  antrijiii'  cliainln  r. 
C'a|iiU'ity  of  llic  |iii>li  i'i(i|-  ciKiiiilM  r. 
('a|i:ii'ity  oj'  till'  ciirnnal  iruinn.  , 
Kaciai  an.;l(  .    ... 


T.>  inches. 

.O.  t  inchis. 

I..1  inclirs. 

■'>.l  inclics. 

II. I  int'lii's. 

I."i  inclics. 

I  1.7  inclics. 

I!i.l  incliis. 

SJ.  ciiliic  inches. 

3').  ciiliic  inches. 

17.  ciiliic  inches. 

I  1. .' ")  ciiliic  inches. 

77  (leLlTees. 


'I'lie  prccrdiiit;  sloill  lMiiini;s  In  lln  IMiriii'ijn^ic.il  Sdciilv  of  this  cily,  and  | 
h,i\e  lie(  11  alhiwril  til.  um'  nf  il  (in  ihi-  nccasinii  liy  my  I'liciid  Dr.  .Iniin  Hell.  I 
lia\c  ill  my  ciilleclinii  t'uiir  t'liernkt  e  111  ails  I'nr  which  I  am  inihhted  In  the  /.eal 
.111(1  kiiidm-s  111'  Dr.  .1.  Alaiiin.  nl  tin  I'liitnl  Stalin  Ariii}.  On  ciiiii|iaiiiii:  thtsi 
\\itll  the  one  hrlnnuin:;-  In  the  I'liniliilnuical  Siiciel\.  I  lillil  lliein  all  small  the 
lari;es|  mil  ei|iialliiiL;  the  a\eranr  nl'  llniiiiieaii  skn||s.  and  the  mean  nl'  the  series 
t;ivinii  hiil  st\enty-iiine  ciiliie  inches  ni'  inleinal  capacity,  wiiiie  the  mean  nl'  the 
facial  ailiilc  is  srvent\'-si\  ile:irees. 


'nii;    rciiKHs, 

The    rdiei  s.   tiuni^li   nn\\     iiiciirpiiratid    in    llic    Creek    cniifederacy,   wore 
jii'iiiiiti\ely  a  distiiicl  natinn.  ami  spuke  a  diU'ereiil  laiii;iiiti;e.      They  were  originally 
established  east  of  the  I'linsji  river.  and  they  consider  themselves  the  most  ancieiii 
11 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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I.I 


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► 

v: 


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C^'.  ''^- 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


4^ 


f/i 


Hi 


CHANIA  AMERICANA. 


iiili;iliit;iiits  (iT  tile  cniiiilry.  Mr.  (iMllatin*  tliinks  the  rrluc^  iimy  liiivc  Ik  in  llic 
.ipaldc/iis  (if  !)(■  Siito:  no  tribe  in  l^'lniiilu  ^j^iwr  iliat  nii'-crciuit  more  liduhlc:  tlicy 
ili^piitrd  rviTv  incli  ill  gnuMul,  ami  kept  up  an  uiitirinLi;  NsarlMn'  aij;;iiii'-t  the 
S|)aiiii\r(is.  iiiilil  tlir  iattci'  iiaii  Ifl'l  tlicir  tcnitdiT.  'I'lic  valni'  ol'  Ihc  Spaniards, 
^ays  (iai'ciiasii  tic  la  \'i'!;'a.  only  rudnnhliil  the  (MunM'^c  i>i'  tlu'  Indi:uis.|- 

I'LATi:    XXVII. 

r(iii;i:. 

I  ncriNt'd  llii>  will-cliarai'trrist  il  Indian  In  ad  iVoni  my  iVit  nd  Dr.  Z.  I'iUdn  r. 
id"  Ilif  L'.  S.  .\rni\.  who  acconipanii'd  it  with  the  lollowinii  nu  imirandnm.  "'I'hi^ 
man  spoke  the  lMij;lish  lan^nanc  and  played  \v(  II  npon  the  lil'e.  from  \\hi(h 
eircnm^tanc.'  he  was  kiio\\n  a^  Jiill  llu  Fiftr.  lie  \\as  attached  to  the  I'.  S. 
Army  dnrini;-  the  Creek  war.  ,iiul  wa^  nuarded  as  a  danntle-s  warrior.  He  died 
at  Fort  (iihson.  Aikansa>.  in  I^i!." 


Mr..v>i  iir.Mi^si' 

Iviniritndinal  diannder,      .  .  .  . 

1','rietal  diiuni'ter.      .  .  .  .  , 

Froi',al  diannter.      .  .  .  .  . 

\  ertieal  dianieli  i'.     . 

Inter-ma-toid  areli.    .  .  .  .  . 

Inter-nue-toid  line,     .  .  .  .  . 

Oi'eipito-t'ronta!  arcli.  .  .  .  . 

Horizontal  pi  ri|)li.  r_\ .         .  .  .  . 

Intei'nal  eapacily.      .  .  .  .  . 

Facia!  aniile.    ...... 

On  mea^nrini:-  nine  lu  ;nK  o!'  Indians  of  tl 
lind  the  internal  capacity  imn^nally  lai'iie.  hi  ini; 
in  the  lariie^l.  and  s].:,  jn  th,.  vmallesl  >knll;  : 
iMihic  inche-.  which  i-  a  near  appi'nach  to  the  (' 
however,  is  hill   ^e\eMl\-li\e  deirrees. 


le    C 

no 
mil  tl 
anca'« 


(i.S  inche-. 

").  I  iiudie-^. 

l.;i  in(du-. 

a.;)  inclie^. 
lo.     inidu's. 

•I.  I  inchi  s, 
I  l.i  imdii's. 
20.1  imdii-. 
Si..")  culiic  imdiis. 

7")  deL;-re'  >. 

rek   and   Seminole  nalinn•^.  I 
IS-  than    I)  1.7  '<  culiic  imdie^ 

e   mean  of   the    series  is  s7.", 

an.     TIk'  mean  facial  aniih 


.\rcliii'oloi,'.  Ann  r.  II,  |i.  lij 


t  Coiiinii'ii'  lie  la  l'"lnn,la,  ;,  |.,  I,' 


m 


1-j 


T 1 1 1:    A  L  (i  ()  N  (i  r  I  \- 1. 1:  n  a  i'  i: . 

'I'll!'  Alt;(inkiM  ami  Lciinix'  iialidiis  arc  grouped  |)y  ])liil(i|(it;ists  uiiilcr  llic 
roUcclivf  iiainc  iil"  Ali^iiiuiuiii-Lciiapo :  yet  ^v^  (iI)^(itc  soiiir  plivsical  (lilKiciuns 
ill  piMijilc  III'  this  ui'cat  I'aiuily.  ami  llu y  wvvv  vlij)  miu'c  -.ijiaralcd  liy  tiiosc^ 
pcrprliial  liiislililics  wliich  every  wliere  eliaraeteri-e  llie  Aiiiericaii  trilie<. 

Wlieii  till'  Hiii'opeaiis  lii-it  lieranie  aeiiiiaiiilnl  with  the  AlLjiimiiiiii-Leiiape 
nations,  tiiey  piissessed  a  va-t  tract,  nl'  North  Anieriea.  extemlim;  rnmi  Laliraihir 
ami  iliuisnn's  IJay  on  the  iiortii.  to  tlie  {'oiintry  of  thi'  Florida  trilies  on  the  MUith. 
wiiile  tile  Mississippi  and  Atlantic  hounded  them  west  and  east.  It  is  well  known, 
however,  that  at  the  present  day  many  of  these  trilies  inhahit  we>-l  id'  the 
.MisNi>>ippi.  while  to  Ihi'  east  of  thai  river  they  are  in  a  Li'eat  measure  siiper-nled 
hy  the  while  population,  it  is  iiece-^sary  to  vemarl;.  imwever.  that  in  Ihe  mid-t 
of  the  Ali;-om|iiins.  and  surrounded  hy  them  on  every  -ide,  lived  the  iroipiois  or 
Five  nations. 

it  will  he  ohserved  ill  the  course  of  this  work,  tlill  I  possess  an  extensive 
series  id"  the  crania  of  this  widely  e\temied  nation,  and  it  may  tlierefore  he 
admissilde  to  Liive  a  hrii  f  enumcratiiui  id'  the  principal  cummunities  of  wlii(di  it  is 
composed.  arriiii;eil  in  a  i;eoLcrapliic:il  maimer:  and  I  take  this  occa>ion  to 
acdinowlcd^'e  that  these  facts  are  (diielly  derived  from  Ihe  piildi^hed  lahor^  id'  Mr. 
(iailatiii.* 

'The  yaii/icni  i^rdiij)  of  the  Ali;oiiquin-Tieiiaiie  emhraccN  the  Knislenaiix  or 
l'ree>.  tile  Chippew ay--,  the  Ottawa--,  the  Polawatomies.  'he  Mi^^asaii^as.  and  the 
Alii'oniiiiins  proper.  All  these  natioii--  -jieak  dialects  so  nearly  allied,  that  thi  y  m  i\ 
he  rather  considered  as  dialects  id'  the  same  than  as  distinct  lan^uan-es,  The 
Knisteiiaux  laii^iiai:!'  is  le-s  allied  to  the  ixeiieral  type  than  any  ol'  the  others,  hut 
even  here  the  alliiiity  is  Mry  (d)\ions.  'The  Sdvllimslt rn  icnnip  imdiided  tlie 
Micinak'-.  the  i'.lcliemiiis  and  the  .Vheiiakis.  whic'ii  trilies  iiihahited  the  seacoast, 
and  siiiiii'  extent  of  iiil:iiid  country,  from  Lahrador  to  the  present  stale  of  Maine. 
Anion:::  tlu'  soiit'iernm.Nl  of  these  comr.iunities-.  was  the  Peiioliscot-;.  of  whom  sonu 
deiiiadcd  remains  are  yel  existing;. 

Tin:  Kitsliri)  or  .llliulir  i;'/V(/y>.  emhraces  the  New  Fniiland  lndiaii'<.  or  in 
other  \vords  thosi>   hclween   the    Ahcnakis   and    Hudson    river;    the   Lmi;;    Islaiul 


Arrlia'olo','.  .\iiiur.  il.  |i. 


17(1 


CIIAMA    \:MEniCANA. 


tril)(s-  llic  Dclnwiiic  luiil  Alin-ii  of  I'cmi^vlviiiiin  and  New  Jirsc}  :  t!ic  Xanticokcs 
of  Manlaiul:  (lie  Stis{|uiliainiii('k'<;  tlic  I'dw  liaHaiis  of  \iriiiiiia.  and  llic  Paniliciics 
(if  Noilli  Carolina."  'I'lic  iiintlicin  trilics  nf  Hiis  ^nal  faniilv  arc  laniiliar  in  omi' 
coliinial  liistdry  ii\  lin'  names  ol'  MoiicLiaii^  it  I'tiimuK.  Narrai;an'<(  ts.  AVampanoaus 
and  I'.iwtnckciv  'I'lic  Delaware^,  less  iMlliiicniit  tiiaii  those  nations.  (ic(Mi|n-  a 
|ironiincnt  place  in  (lie  early  annals  of  I'ennsvlvania.  \vliile  tlip  I'owlialtaiis  liolil 
the  same  I'elalive  povilioii  lo  Vir<;iiiia. 

The  IVishni  i^nni/i  of  Lenaiie  inchides  the  Aleiiominees.  the  Miami^.  Ilie 
liUnoi-^.  tlie  OtliL^aniies  oi'  l-'oxc^.  tile  Saiiks.  Kicka|)oos  anil  Slia\\noes.  (dn-etlur 
wilh  Mime  -uhordiuate  li'ilns.  'i'hey  occnpicd  a  wide  trael  of  ciMinlry.  exlcndini;' 
from  Ihe  t'limlirrland  ri\er  on  the  -.1111111  to  the  (ireal  Lakes. 

Il  i^  only  neiT-^ai'y  to  add.  that  the-e  mnnei'ons  and  often  remote  nations 
-j)eak  dialect^  of  a  ^iiii^le  laiiuna^e.  and  that  philoloiiists  have  grouped  tiicm  on 
account  of  Ihi^  alliidly.  In  i)hyvical  cliai'aetii'  tlufe  i^  aUo  ,in  idivious  resenildancc. 
and  their -iiiMal    haliji^   are    much   alike:    lint  these  point- \\  ill  he  considered  mon 

ill  detail   here.iftrl-. 

We  may  lure  add  from  Mi',  (i  illatiii.  that  "it  i-  dillicnlt  to  ascertain  \vlietlier 
the  name  of  Ak'oiikiiis  or  Ahioiiinrkins.  did  heloim-  to  any  particular  ll'ihe.  or  was 
Used  as  a  u,vni  lie  ap|)(  llation."  'I'he  trihes  HviiiLi'  011  tiie  Ottawa  river  were  mop 
ispi'cialU  disliie^iiislird  li\   ihi    name  of  Al-nuiiuiu^. 


Til  1:     (11  I  1' I' i:\VA  VS. 

'i'liis  powerful  nation  i'o\es  in  jiands  oxer  an  1  xleiisive  tract  of  countrv. 
eiiihracini;-  the  whole  of  the  Lakes  Superior  and  Winnepeck.  and  the  I^ake  id'  tin 
Woods.  Tlieir  camps  ai'e  aNo  si'cn  on  Lake  I'cpin.  011  the  Spirit  Lake,  on  the 
Assinaiioin  and  Saskatchawan  rivers,  and  at  the  Sanll  Si,  Marie.  They  ,ire. 
howevi  r.  a  thinly  scattin-d  people,  whose  nnnihers  have  heeii  rapidly  diminished 
hy  \vai-  and  the  small  pox.  those  two  fatal  enemies  of  Indian  life. 

.Mr.    Keatin::-    iiives    tiie    followiu'j,-    physical    traits    of    this    nation.       "'I'lic 


'  liAia.Al  IN.   I.nci  1  Hal. 


Tin:  CIlliM'KWAVS. 


17: 


C'liippcwiiy-i  arc  nut  iialiirally  very  slrdiiii.  I)iit  liny  arc  active;  tlicy  will  walk, 
swim,  padillc.  i<,c..  lor  a  Icnj^lli  "I'  lime  williont  any  appannl  ralii;iic.  'I'licy  arc 
iiinrcd  In  exercise,  ami  lieedless  of  exposiiics  of  all  kiiiils:  tiny  make  ;;oo(l  Ininlcrs 
,iml  ^kill'iii  lisliers.  'I'licy  are  generally  (all  and  thin,  and  are  easily  di-tiniiuiNlnd 
Irnni  the  Missipiiri  Indians  hy  the  ahseiice  of  the  aiiuiline  nose.  whi(di  may  he 
(■(in-idcred  characteristic  of  the  latter.  Their  hndirs  and  ^hmilders  are  widl  -et 
and  well  propiirlioiied  :  their  lei;'s  are  not  very  n)nd.  i;-enrrally  deslitnte  el'  call', 
with  thick  knees  ;md  ankles:  their  I'eet  arc  lari^i' ;  their  aims  and  hands  small  and 
w(dl  shaped;  they  possi's>  i^reat  sli'eni;th  in  the  wri^l.  'I'lieir  voice  i-  strnnj;-  and 
harmonions.  and  many  of  them  sina.  and  their  car  ap|)ears  nood."*  'I'hey  seem 
to  he  auioiiii  the  nio--t  inlellii^ent  o|' the  northern  trihe-:  lirave  in  war,  and  faithfnl 
lo  the  ohliiiations  of  fi'ienil-hi|). 

IM.ATi:    XWlll. 

(IIICI'I'.W  A'l  , 


:/       ^ 


,^/ 


_J 


I  recdved  this  head  from  Henry  U.  Schoolcraft.  Em|..  the  di>tinnuislicd 
tra\(ller  ami  naturalist,  and  rniled  Slates  Indian  ai^ent  at  .Michillimackiiiiick.  Of 
Its  history  nothing  is  known,  exceplinir  the  fact  of  its  havin;;-  helon^ed  to  a  licnuine 
Chippeway  Imlian.  The  i^eneral  characters  arc  those  of  tlie  American  race;  hut 
the  frontal  region  pi'escnt^  ,111  \innsual  d<  selopment. 


Lomjiludinal   diameter. 
I'iirielal  diameter.     . 


■Mi-.Asi  nr.Mr.N-i 


/  .1  meiies. 
6.S  inches. 


1.5 


•  V.\y,:\.  II.  p.   11,(1. 


ITS 


lUAM.V  AMERICANA. 


I'fdiilal  (liiiiiu'tcr.     .  .  .  . 

XirliiMl  iliiiiiit'lrr.    .  .  .  . 

Iiitcr-in;i^|iiiil  arcli.  .  .  .  . 

liittr-iiiii>t(iiil  line.    .  .  .  , 
Occipitii-lVoliI;!!  lucll. 

IIiii'i/(inl,il  |>(i'i|)li(  TV. 
lnlfrii;il  (Mj>;i('itv.     .... 
C'apacilv  (if  du'  aiitrrinr  clianihtM'. 
C'a|);u'il^  nl'  llic  jiikIcimhi-  cliamlpcr.    . 
C'a|)aci(v  III'  till'  ciironal  rcninn. 
l'"acial  allele.   ..... 


I.S  iiiclii  N. 

.").')  ilicllis. 

I,').l  inches. 

I.(i  iiu'lu's. 

I  1.2  iiiclics. 

■JO.II  int'lnv 

f)  I.  culiic  iiiclu's. 

13.  iiiliii'  iiiclus. 

'>  I .  ciiliic  iiiflics. 

1  1.7')  ciiliic  iii.'lit  •<. 

Si  (Icirrci's. 


Til  i:    M  KNo.Aii  \  i;i;s. 

Till-  MciHimiiiirs  rnriiicrly  iiilialiili'd  the  riiiin(r\-  almiit  (Irccii  |j;i\,  in 
^^  iM'dUMn.  uIhm  llifv  were  rarlv  vi-itcd  liv  tlic  .IrMiil  lni^-i(||lal■i^s.  IVnm  ulnini 
tiny  ncrivi'il  till'  iiaiiif  nl  I'lil/i.s  .  Iniiiii  s;  IircaiiM'.  willi  lunri'  |)niilriicr  than  llii 
ailjarriit  tiilir-.  tliry  cillicl  in  Minninr  a  i|tiantity  nf  w  iM-iacr  tiiMf\r  tluui  I'm- 
^uli--i^t(  nee  in  \\  in'ur. 

t'harli  \ni\  iinil  (ithi  r-.  vi_\v  (Jinci-al  I'ikc.  havr  ^ijj  jmnir  trMininiiy  to  the 
lirantx  III'  tiiis  iiatinn.  ••  I'lmn  ni_\  nwn  hIim  rxatmn  1  Um\  MiHiciml  iv.imih  In 
ciiiirirm  tlnir  inl'ui'nialinn.  I'nr  tlir  turn  arc  all  Miai-lit  and  will  niadr.  aliiuil  the 
iniddlr  -i/r.  and  tlirn'  cnniplivinn  t'air  for  siva;;i-.  In  -liort.  iir  add-,  llirv  \\n\\U\ 
anywiniT  lie  ciin-idiivd  liand-iiinr.  and  tlir  wimirn  arc  ivcn  liand-iiniir."  Sncli  ix 
till'  ti-tini.iny  nl'  nearly  all  tra\rllir<.  Charlrvnix  call-  llimi  vny  linr  mm.  and 
Ihf  lirM  slia|iid  in  all  Canada.  Mr.  Kratiii-  nniark-  al-n  thai  llir  I'l  w  .Mrnmiii- 
liccs  lin  liiit  with.  \\,iv  nl'a  li^llt  cnlnr.  iiiiudi  IVsmililinu'  tin  whilr  niulattnr-^  of 
\\u-  I'nit  d  Stall-:  .and  lie  ailiN.  that  "tliry  arc  naturally  m.  nnicli  fairrr  than  llii' 
iiiiiililini-in-  trilii-.  tint  tiny  an-  Munrtinn-  rallid  tlir  wliilc  Indians"'  Altlmunh 
a  small   nalion   ••tiny  aiv   n-pcctrd   liy  all  their  niisilihors  for  llnir  liravirv   and 


l-\|"il    I"  tlir  Si,  I'rUi'-  Kiv.  r.  I,  11.  17  1, 


TiiH  Mt:N()MiM:i:s. 


179 


iii(l(|)iii(li'iit  spirit,  and  i>t(<'ni((l  liy  lln'  \vliii>'s  us  tlnir  friciuis  ;uiil  |)ri)(('cti)rs. 
Wlu'ii  ill  llii'  ciHiiitry  I  liinc  licanl  tluir  cliict' a>s('r(.  in  (•duiicil  \\ilii  llic  Si<iii.\  and 
t'lii|i|)('\vays.  tliat  altii(Hii;li  (licy  were  ndiu'cd  In  a  lew  in  nmiiitcr.  yet  Ihvy  could 
say — we  iii'Vi  r  \\i\f  slaves.'"* 

'I'liiir  liiavcry  is  sd  nuicli  rcsjiccicd  hy  the  ('lij|i|i('\\ay^.  Iliai  tlic  laltcr  ptiiiiil 
liir  Mciiiiniinrcs  ((I  limit  on  tlicir  i;iiMiiiils  (ui  tlir  Mississippi  mid  Lake  Siijk  ridi'.t 

"Tlu'ir  laiii;iianc.  tlioii;.;li  of  tlic  Al;;(Mikiii  stuck,  is  less  similar  to  that  ol'  tlif 
Cliippi'ways.  their  iniiiiediate  iieinhhors.  than  aliiiosi  miy  dinleci  of  the  same  slock. 
As  no  other  trihe  speaks  it.  and  lliey  iiiiieially  sjicak  t'liippeway.  it  is  almost 
imposiihle  to  tiiid  Lidod  iiiterpnti  is.  II  is  jirohahly  ouiiiii  to  that  circiiiiistaiu'e 
tiiat  tiny  were  lor  a  loiii;-  lime  siiiiposed  to  have  a  distinct  lani^naiie,  helonginij;  to 
another  stock  than  llie  AlL^onkin."!: 

i'L.vri:  xxix. 

MKNitMlNlli:. 


;,/ 


■^ 


•'  \ 


yl 


|}y  till'  kindness  of  Dr.  Salterlee.  of  tlie  I'liited  States  Army,  and  .1.  A. 
Laphum.  l-iS(|..  I  have  received  a  series  ol'  .Menominee  skulls,  mihraciiiii  eii;lil 
specimens.  'I'liey  are  sMinethinn'  lariicr  tliaii  the  average  of  liuli.in  crania:  and 
altlioiiLiii  for  tile  iiios(  part  they  present  a  rather  oval  sjiape.  they  are  all  marked 
li\'  a  :.:;ently  llattened  occiput. 

The  annexed  jilale  was  drawn  from  the  cranium  of  a  yomit;  Meiimninee 
woman,  |)rohahly  not  more  than  twenty  years  of  aL:;e.  'I'lie  symmetry  of  this 
skull,  and    its   eipial   jiroporlions.  are   more   reinarkahle   than   in  any  other  Indian 


'  \\  \i;pi:v.  1  iiil'   I  Siii'^.  III.  |i.  '  ln._ll]:i.iit  \Mi.  'I'lav.  II.  p.  1" 
(i  \i.i..\ri\.  Ai'  li;r(i!,i_'.  Aiii.r,  II,  p.  lio. 


ISO 


CWANIA   AAIHUICANA. 


luad  I  li.iM' cxaiiiiiicd.      I  nriiviil   it   limn    Dr.  Sall(  ilrc.  (n  wIkuh    |    ;im    niiii'li 
iiiilclitcd  lor  llii-  prac'liral  iiiUri.st  lie  lias  >liii\\ii  in  this  wcrk. 


M|•.A^I  lll'.Mr.M 


Lmi'iiliuliiial  ilianictcf.     . 
Parietal  (liaim'lcr.     . 
Fri)iilal  (liaiiK'ti  r. 
Vertical  iliaiueter'.     . 
Iiittr-mastnid  artdi.  . 
Iiitcr-iiiastiiid  line.     . 
()eei|>itn-tViinlal  areli. 
Ilnri/.nnlal  |i(i'i|iliel'V. 
Internal  eaiiaeilv. 
t'a|iaeily  nj'  tile  anterior  ciiainlier. 
Cajiaeitv  (if  tlie  |)iis|erior  eliainlier. 
('a|iaeilv  nf  the  eornnal  rei^inn. 
[■'acial  ani;le.    .... 


fi.S   inciles. 

"i.l)  ineh(s. 

1.  '  ineiies. 

■''.'>  inches. 

1  1.7  incdns. 

I.l   ineJK  s. 

1  1.1   in(die-i. 

I'l.'l  inches. 

S(i."»  I'nhic  inc 

hes 

Mi.")  cnliie  inc 

lies 

")i».     enhic  inc 

les. 

1  ')..")  cnhic  inc 

hes 

/'•  deurei's. 

'rilH     MIAMI.S. 

Tile  territory  (dainiiil  liy  the  ;\lianus  and  I'iankeshaws  (two  trihes  spc^il^nii:, 
one  lannna^e)  may  lie  U(  nerally  >lated  as  havinu'  hn  ii  hoiuKh'd  (,is|\\ardlv  hv  tlie 
Manniee  riv(  r  of'  l,ai<e  Krie.  and  to  ha\e  iiudnih  il  all  the  connlrv  driiined  h\  the 
\\ahas|i.  The  I'iankeshaws  (leciipied  (he  jiortinn  hordirin^-  (  ii  the  Ohio.  On 
ihe  east  tiny  horderiil  on  tin'  Illinois:  thr  hoinidary  line  heinv:,-  th"  (li\nliiin-  ridije 
which  s|.|i,, rates  the  waters  eniptyin--  into  the  Sahine  creek,  and  the  Kaskaskia 
river,  from  those  wjnidi  fall  into  the  Wahash.* 

In  i>hysical  (diai'acter  the  .Mianiis  do  not  dilH  r  from  the  other  we-tern  trihes 
ol  the  i^real  Aluon(|nin-L<'iia|ie  stock.  'I'lieii- line  athletic  fei'm-.  ai|niliiie  nosi^. 
and  s|nin-ly  marked   an^nlai'    laces,  are    noticed  h\   all   ti'av(  Hers.      In    init  llectual 


(i.M.i.A  I  IN.  Ae-I  ;, ,,',!_..  AiiHi-.  II. 


Tin:  Ml  AMIS. 


181 


cupiicily  I1h\  vii  III  to  im  liilii^  in  llic  \\("<t.  Liltlr  'rmlnisi'.  liif  liiilinii  iiliilnxi- 
lilicr  Mild  iViciul  nl'  \ Dliii'v,  \\!\s  ii  Mi.iiiii;  sk  mIso.  accordiiiii' Id  ('ii|>t;iiii  Ciirvcr. 
Wii^  tiic  cililiralrd  Poiiliiic.  mi  Imii;  liii'  iirll'iil  iiiul  iiii|ii;ii':ilil<'  iiitiiiy  of  tlii' 
Kiiiili^li  diiriiiii  till'  [iM-^l  (ciilury. 

hillli'  'rorlKi^c  iiiivc  \  (iliK  y  (lie  rulidwiiin'  ;i('(iiiiii(  III'  till'  lUMitc  iiiTt'iiiliiin> 
iif  lii-  tiilir.     ••  \Vi'  (Mil  ili^liiiiiMiNJi  iMiy  iiiiliiiii."'  -iii'l  lir.  "lit  first  sinlit :  llir  I'mcc. 

till'  colliplixiiiii.  tiif   ■.liiipr.  llir    kllcr^.  llli'  legs,  tllr  Inl.  MM'  to  lis  ciTtllill   lli;ilks  ill' 

disliiicliiiii.  My  tllr  |iriiil  of  tin'  I'niit  we  cmii  di>1iii::ui^li  not  luily  iiicii.  woiiiiii 
iiiiil  cliililrni.  Iiut  ,iNn   trilii's."* 

Willi  siiiiir  .■iilniiiiiidr  tiiiils  llic  Miaiiiis  luiiiLiic  ntln  rs  tii;it  inr  truly  dijilnr- 
;il)li'.  'I'liiy  ;nr  cxcrssivrly  sensual,  and  likr  tlic  adjacriit  trilir'-.  Iliiir  fiinilnis» 
for  s|)iritiions  liqimrs  lla^  rrdiicid  llii'iii  to  a  vrry  low  ^tatr  of  ili  iirailalion  :  tlie 
urapliic  pictiiir  which  N  oliicy  drew  of  their  social  condition  fifty  yiais  a^o.  is 
siillicjcnt  rviiliiicc  ol    this  fact.f 

Tlii'ir  ri\cni;c  was  rciuarkahlc  imh  anions  Indians:  and  to  such  cxccsn  was 
this  dciiioniac  passion  iiiilul'j:((l.  that  the  Aliainis  and  Ki(d\apoos  once  i  niliraccd  a 
society  of  iiirii  \\hosc  ollicc  it  \\a>  to  appease  the  spirit  of  revenue,  whether 
national  or  individual,  hy  deMuuini;  prisoners  taken  in  war.  It  is  furthei  -lated 
that  the  nieiiiheis  of  thi^  iiihuinan  fraternity  held  their  ollice  hy  hereditary 
privili;;e.  and  that  their  la>t  celehiatioii  took  place  so  recently  as  the  year  17S(l, 
since  wliiidi  lime  it  \\;\^  lieeii  di^eiuitiniied. 

Some  of  the  Miami  Irihes  have  ic-isted  e\ cry  attempt  at  civilisation  and 
conversion,  and  remain  niicompromisiiiL;  I'at^an^  to  this  day.+  l^ven  the  .Ie>uit>. 
dnrinii  the  French  ascendancy,  could  make  no  impression  on  them:  for  one  ot 
these  niisNionaries  declares  that  the  trilns  of  the  Illinois  can  only  he  converted  liy 
a  miracle  from  heaven./; 


\'\r\\    nflhr  Clim:!!!'  nl'lli:.    r.  S,  p.    II.'. 
Mciiim:.  Iiiiliaii  l!i'|ioil,  Ap.  y.  XU'.i. 


+  l,.no  cilat. 

■  I.  ttixs  ICdil'ianlc's,  M.  p.  3UI. 


46 


is: 


I'UAMA    AMKKK   \\A. 


IM.A'n:    XXX. 

Ml  \M1. 


"\ 


,-/"■ 


r    iv.viv.d   II, is    skull    IVnm    Dr.  .1.  \V.    1);,ms.  of  'riKniilMvii.   Iii.liann.   ^^hn 

polltciv     lM\nnd     liir     uill,     l|,r     Inljiiuin-     lilrllKirillul  lllll     i,\'     llic     llis|,,n     (if     lll( 

iii(livi(lii;il. 

•■'I'lic    !ii;iii  In  wimiii    this  craMiiiiii    h.lon-cd  \\;is;i  Miiimi   clii,!'  ,,r  (I,,.    |.;,.| 

nvcr  villii-/.     'I'liis  iVarii ;  (h,.  ,,11,,.  ^^;,.  rs|:,l,|is|i,  ,1  on  Au-ar  v\\,v.  a  Iriluilan 

»(  llir    Waliash.  nvImiv    Hhn    hcM    a    l„aiililnl   srHin,,   ,,r  cniiiln   lumuii   as    (lie 
•TiloniloUM    l.'rsrrvr.'       Thry   aHvlloU  lr,l-.',l    llir    alllhm  i|_v  nf    tu„    in,hM,|,|;,U  ;„ 

Ihrir  ciiirrs.  ,„„.  ,,f  vvjinin  had  ivcix.'.l  IVoiu  Hi,-  N\liil,s  tj,,  i^nir  nf  Ct/i/ain  Jii„. 
This  mail  ha.l  aniuind  a  -niil  asciulancy  <>mv  his  prupl,.  h_v  his  h.avcrv.  his 
siicctss  in  Ih,.  fliasc.  and  his  niiconipmniisino-  ii,,s|ilitv  |„  the  irhih  J],nx.  15v  liis 
f-iniiin-  and  .■l(Min.ncc  hr  srvnai  timrs  dclVaIrd  tiir  |„„j,  rt  .d'  his  ndha-M,'  and 
rival,  uh.i  was  as  anxious  to  srll  ihr  nsu-rurnm  a-  ihr  uhiirs  uriv  |o  pnrchas,.  it. 
In  th.._v(ar  i.sio  a  -cucral  council  uas  called  once  .uor,.  t..  (hlih(iat.'  on  ihc 
propi'icty  of  scllin-  Ihri,-  land.  'V\u Cui.lnin  a-ain  o|,|,os,,l  the  sale,  and  in  a 
Ion-  anil  loiriMc  s|,ee,di  depict,,!  the  h,  ant\  and  reilility  of  the  c.innin  llie\ 
'•"'"  li'ld.  and  the  lolly  .d'  pailinn  uiH,  it  lor  any  cousideiati.ni.  No  soiuier  had 
h"  ceased,  than  his  rival  denounced  him  as  the  enemy  id'  his  irihe.  and  \Ms|,in-  its 
(h'struction.     'V\\v  l',ii,l„;,i    then   spran-  upon   his   leel.  retorted    llc'   (diar-es.  and 

'•Mlle.l   his  collca-lle  r,  „.A/7r  /y,„„-.sw/o»-.  upon    \Nhi(h     the    latter    sci/,,!    ,,     |,„ite    i„ 

'■'■"■''  '''""'■  •""'  '■"^'"■'1   I'nrioiislv  up  ,n  his  ,,p| ent.  who.  uilh  a  siu-le  ueapon  (d' 

till'  -a;ne  Und.  willin-ly  joined  in  c  wnl,a(.  The  Ira-edy  was  sh,,rt  and  l.lo,„|y. 
Each  h,  lliu-ercnl  received  the  siah  ,,r  Ins  aihersu\.  and  h  ith  f,  II  (hail  on  the  sp,,t. 
They  wer,'  huried  side  hy  side,  with  a   pole   l)earin-  a   lla-  idacci!  hetween  them. 


'I'lIK  OTTKiAMIHS. 


ISJ 


'I'lii'  Ciipliii)!.  Ill  till'  linir  III'  hi>i  (lr:illi,  was  I'lirly-livi-  yciirs  of  iiu;f.  "I  :i  (•iimiiiiimliiiu; 
a|iiitiiiaiicr  ami  iiiifiimiiii  ralilc  spirit." 


MKAsllir.MI'.NIS, 


liiwi;;ilii(liiial  (liaimli  r. 
I*aiirlai  (liaimlcr.    . 
Fiiiiilal  liiaini'lrr.     . 
Vriiical  (liaiiirlt  r.    . 
Iiilii-iiiastiiid  arch.  . 
Illlrr-lliaslniil  liiii'.    . 
Oct'ipilii-lViiiilal  arcli. 
Iliiri/.niilal  prii|iliiTv. 
Inli'i'iial  rapacilv.     . 
Capacity  nl'  llir  aiiti  rinr  cliaiiiliri'. 
Capacilv  (il'llir  |iii>ti  rim'  cliamliir. 
Capacity  nf  thr  ciiroiial  rri;iiiii. 
Facial  aiiiilc 


7.'<  iiidus. 

.')..')  inclu's. 

I..'l  iiiclics. 

5.5  inches. 
I  l.ti  iiiclics. 
l.()  iiiclics, 
I  l.f)  inches. 
Jl.     inches. 
IM),     culiic  inches. 
M.:')  ciihie  inches. 
")C.5  ciihic  inciies. 
1,!.5  cnhiu  indies. 
7.)  (Iciirees. 


rilK     O'l'TKiAMl  HS. 

Tiie  Oltinaniie  nr  \\>\  tiilie.  and  the  Sanks.  cim^tiliiti  in  lan^naiic.  lealiire 
■  Uhl  UMZ'is.  a  •-iie.ih'  irilion.  and  tile  snejal  and  pnlilical  alliance  which  now  exi-t^ 
lietweeii  lliein  lias  enntinni  d  I'm-  ceiilnrie-.  When  tii^l  observed  liy  i^iropeaiis 
their  teiiitni\  \\a-  at  the  sonlhern  extn  inity  of  (ireen  Hay.  in  \Viscon-in.  lint 
the\  have  more  reeenll\  oceiipieil  laru'e  ti'acts  on  Imtli  sides  ol'  the  .Mississippi. 
The  Sanks  and  Foxes  ai-.'  a  I'lnely  I'oiineil  [leople.  and  are  said  to  conihine  in  their 
eharaeters  both  valor  and  ^i  iierusity.  I'erhap-  no  trihes  in  North  America  are 
more  warlike  than  thes<  .  and  lliey  pos-ess  an  nncomnioii  share  of  llie  pel•se^erancc 
and  cral'tiness  o|  tluir  race.  Chiirle\  oix.  w  ho  wrote  earl\  in  the  last  century, 
alter  spiakini;  in  praise  oj'  the  warlike  spirit  of  the  lro(|nois.  (who  were  ever  the 
hitter  eiu'inies  of   the  French.)   thus  idiaracterises   ijic   Oltiiiamies.      "It  was   not 


INI 


niAMA   AMKHK  ANA. 


lollj;."  SIV^  hv.  "iMlnlv  ur  lih  I   uiHi    ;,    n,  u    nU',U\.  i(|llilllv   l.lilVi'  :|H  111.'   IniiiMoi'.. 

lis,  iiolilic.  lull  iiiiicli  mine  Icioci.iii"..  .mil  wlmiu  it  um'*  iin|MisMli|r  |<i  cnniiiii'i'  m 
lo  Mii|triM'.  'nii\  iiii;ilil  I.I'  nmipMivd  I..  Hkis,.  iii>icts  s\lii,.|,  ;i|,|H.iir  |i.  Iiavc  ii. 
iiiaiiv  \\\r<  ;i>  liiiihs:  |,,r  llicv  \Mic  im  >ni.iiir  (lis|Misi(l  tliaii  lluv  na|i|Har.il.  atnj 
wUvu  n  ihici  (I  I..  :i  111,  IV  liaiidliii  uj'  liiii;,iiiiU.  lluv  u.  iv  slilj  In  |„.  .  nnMiiilin  .1 
ivin  wliiiv.  ;iiii|  lor  i\Miit\.|iM.  v,;ii>  i  iii ,  1 1 11  |ili  il  nmiiiicnr.  iiiiil  iiilVslid  ih, 
rimds.  nv(  r  a  liait  inni,    limn  fu,   Iniiiilivil  I.  ann,...  in  cin  iiinliiviicr.     'I'lu-r  w.  iv 

""■  ^'■'■'•"•^^"i'- < I' h  '■■'lli.l   rovis.''      A  i;i|,.   ii.i,,i|,,.  ivniarks  ||,;||  \\us,- 

\u«\i\v  still  ivlain  llirir  aiicii  nl  thanili  r.  hiin-  "  inn.t,ini|_v  ,iiil.iuiln|  in  nv,i,> 
anil  liisi.iilcs  \s\iU  till  Ir  in  iiililMiiv.  tin  itmiIIs  „{  u|,irii  s|in\v  ||,;,|  \\n  \  |,;,vr  nmn 
foiiragi'  in  liatlic  than  wisilom  in  iiniiiril."! 

I'LATi;  xxxi. 

II r I'm;  \mii:. 


x* 


^ 


';/ 


A  lai-r  ami  |M,nilrn.u.  .kiill  of  a  lull-M„„d  |",,n  |n,|i;„|.  f,,,-  wliidi.  ami 
various  similar  favors.  I  am  indiM.  d  to  tlir  kindn,  ss  of  I),-.  |{.  |j,  ]5,.,i\vn.  of  St. 
I.oiiis.  Missouri.  It  is  on,,  of  thr  lai-.st  ahoii-inal  skulls  i„  my  collictiim.  as 
will  li,'  sicii  \)\  till'  t'ollow  im; 


MI'.AM  IM.MKN n 


Lom;ituiliiial  diamrlt  r. 
Parirtal  dianulir. 
Fr,intal  iliamtl,  r. 
Vertical  diam,t,'i'.     . 


7.  iiiclits. 
.5.!)  incliis. 
1.7  inches. 
.')..')  inches. 


'  IliM.  C,  11.  ral.-  (Ir  l:i  Nnuv.  rniii.T,  I\',  p.  'i.|. 


t  S(  iKKii.cii.M'T.  'frav.  p.  :j.lf. 


'I'm:  po'niwA'i'oMii'.s, 


18'; 


lnl<  r-iii;i->ti>i(l  iii'cli.   .... 
lull  r-in;i>liiiil  linr.    .... 
0(Ti|>ilii-rniiil;il  aicli. 
||iiri/.iiiil;il  |iri'i|ilii  n. 
liitniiiil  ciiiiiiiitN,      .... 
C;i|iiu'ilv  "I  (III   mill  linr  clcmilii  i-, 
('ii|iiicilv  III'  till    |iiiNt(i'iii|-  rliiiriiiii  I'. 
(';i|>:icit_\  111'  the  ciinin;!!  ii^iimi.  • 
l\ii'i;il  iiiiiiii' 


I^.l      illclirM. 

J. 7     iiiclu-. 

I  l..>  ilM'llll. 
Jd.'l  illl'llrs. 
'M.'i      Cllliic   illi'llr>. 

Id.  niliic  iiM-lii  s, 
.')  I .  ■(  (Millie  iiirlii  ■<. 
I  i.l ')  culiic  iiiilii  N. 

S.I  (jc.'i'ccs. 


'I'll  K      I'O  row  ATOMIES. 

••Tlir  I'liliiwiitiiiiiit  >  iirr  I'm  tin  iim^l  |iMil  Will  |irii|Mirliimi'il.  iiliiuit  live  I'cct 
rinlil  iiii'lio  ill  luinlil.  |in^M's>r(l  nl'  iiiucli  iiiu^ciil.ii'  »ti'rn;:lli  ill  tlir  arm.  liiil  rather 
weak  ill  tlir  liaek.  with  a  •.Irmii;  mck.  anil  riiilnwrd  willi  enii^iilnalilr  anilitv. 
'riirir  Miier  i^  rnhh  anil  Inw.  Iiiit  iNciti  il.  M  i_\  .-hrill.  'riiiir  tiilli  are  mhmuI 
and  rhaii.  hnt  imt  n  niarkahle  Inr  n  ^iilarity.  'I'lnir  eiiiii|ili\iiiii  i-\rry  iiiueli 
ilarkriii  il  hy  e\|invnii'  tu  the  -nil  aiul  w  iiiil.  w  hih  tlinsc  |iait^  w  hieli  are  kept 
(•iivrnil  are  nh'^erved  In  retail!  theii'  iiili\i  hri'j.hliie^-'.  Till  ir  ^iiilit  i^  ijiiiek  and 
lieni  Iraliin:.  tmt  lililiilne»>  i>  ri'ei|Uenl  Irnlii  the  iiitrn^e  a|i|ilie;itiii||  III'  thee\i'  ill 
•-till  huntinii.  and  I'l'iini  e\|inviiiT  tu  the  aiti  mate,  ami  in  sninr  eaMs.  niiiteii  aetimi 
III'  the  >uii  and  >llii\V  :  ilnilhtle^^  il-o  nil  aeenillil  of  the  eiin^talit  Miinke  ill  their 
hnt-."'  The  •-anie  intelligent  ti-,i\illii  liU.  what  ha-  heeii  already  iih-ervid  nl 
the  Inilian-  in  Lieiieral.  th.il  althnii^h  Ihi  ir  i  ndiiraner  id'  (  n|d  and  hiiiiiier  are  \iry 
e\tr,inriliiiar_\.  they  are  ali>nlnte   '^Inllnns  whni  |'r(  (  | \     upplied  with  I'nnd.  and  will 


it  ten  and  t\\enl\   tiiiii>  in  ll 


The    I'ntnwalnlnie-.  tlinipjli    a    lira\  e  liatinii. 


are  inneli  iimre  Iraetahle  in  teniiii  r  than  -nine  nj'  the  iieiiilihniinL;  trihe-:  anil 
t'liarlfVnix.  alter  enln^i-inu:  their  line  rxterinr.  drcdares  that  he  received  llinre 
kindne-'S  I'rniii  tlieiii.  inlid;N  a>  the\   wnr.  than  I'rnni  tlh'  (.'hri-tian  !!nrniis.+ 


l\i:  \  ri\i;,  l-Aj"   1.  I.  ]<■  1  'i;. 
■I- 


t  \-,iV.  a  rAin.-r.  I.-'.  W  II. 


ISG 


CHANIA  AAIKIMCANA. 


PL  ATI:    \\XIV 


I'orowA  roMi 


_,-'-n 


^-~— /^v— 


\   .  • 

\  ;  : 
\     • 


A  skull  (i|  a  ^(  inline  I'lilowiiliunic.  «(  \\\\n<v  liist(ir\.  liowcvcr.  iiDlliiii"-  is 
known.  Ii  is  rtniai'kahlr  fur  iis  cMiiacity  i)chiiiil  tiic  cars,  and  I'm-  llic  m'cat  lciii;tli 
uul  llatnrssoj'  thr  coronal  rc-ion.  I  ivccivial  i.  from  my  fiicml  Dr.  Walker,  of 
tiic  United  States  Army,  who  obtained  it  while  stationed  in  .Michigan,  whidi  is 
the  native  seat  of  this  trihe. 


Ml.  \sruc.Mi-\ 


Loni^ituilinal  diameter. 
l'ari(  lal  diameter.      . 
Frontal  diamctei-. 
Vertical  diannter,     . 
Iiiter-mastoid  arch.   . 
Inter-mastoid  line.     . 
Occipito-frontal  arch. 
Ilori/onlal  pi  ripiierv. 
Internal  cajiacity. 
Capacity  of  the  anterior  cliainher. 
Capacity  ni'  the  posterior  cliambcr, 
Cajjacity  of  the  coronal  rci^ion, 
Facial  angle,    .... 


7.S  inches. 

.5.7  inches. 

I.  I  inches. 

■''■3  inidies. 
Hi.S  inches. 

•I.     iiudicK. 
I  .^.s  inches. 
J -'.I   inclies. 
'ts.    cnhic  inches. 
i  ).■»  cnhic  inches. 
HI.')  cuhic  inches. 
l!t.     cuhic  inches. 

SO  deiirccs. 


IS7 


'I'm:     NAUMKHACiS. 


'I'lif  Namiikfiia;^  (Min>titiit(il  one  ol'  llic  iiiaiiv  ^ulxudiiiiitc  liilics  of  tli« 
litna])!'  iKitioii  ill  Massacliiisctls.  'I'licy  were  ;iiiviiiu(l  liy  the  Sa^ammc  (if 
I'awtuckcl.  and  tlicir  villa^i'^  ncciiiii((l  llic  site  of  liic  prcMiil  town  (if  Salrni.  in 
Massacluisctl-i.  All  the  New  Enii,lanil  Irihcs  air  -aid  In  have  liccii  viiv  much 
alike.  "'I'luy  wire  tall,  straiiilil.  nf  a  red  c'iun|iir\i(in.  ^\ilh  black  eyes,  ami 
of  a  vacant  look  wlini  uniinj»a»ioiuil."  'IMic  -ainr  antiioi  add-,  what  i-  more 
apocryplial.  Ilial  tiuy  ••  pos-es-icd  a  natural  nnder-laiidiun.  sa^acity  ami  wit.  ecinal 
to  the  same  atliilMitev  in  utiier  men.'"  Had  tlii-  Ikcii  the  fact  (hey  wdiild  not 
hiivc  hceii  >o  ea-ily  du[)i(l,  noi'  >o  speedily  auuihilatcd.  hy  the  Europeans. 


IM.VI'K    XWIII. 


NAIMKKAC. 


1  received  (hi-  head  iVom  Dr.  A.  L.  I'earson.  of  Salem.  Mas-.,  near  whose 
residence  it  was  exhumed,  toiiether  with  thirty  other  sk\ills  and  the  eorrespoiidinn 
skeletons.  They  were  all  placed  in  the  sittimi  posture  a  short  distance  helow  the 
surface,  of  the  uround.  hnt  were,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  slate  (d'  decomposition. 


mi;  VSl  lil'.MI.NI'S 


liOiiiiitudinal  diaim  ter. 
I'arietal  diaim  ter,     . 


CO  inclies. 
5.     inches. 


*  DvvKuir.  Tnu-.  la  New  Kiil:I;uh1  anJ  New  York,  I,  ji.  113. 


18S 


C'l.'AMA  A.MEIULANA. 


l''riMital  (liMiiulcr.     .... 
\(rtii';il  iii:i:iut(i',    .  .  .  . 

liitt  r-iii;i>li)iil  iirt'li.  .... 
IiitiT-niastoiil  line.    .... 
Occipito-lrniitiil  arcli. 
Ildri/.iinlal  jk  ri])!!!  it. 
liitt  rnal  cajiacity.      .... 
Capacity  nl  i1r'  aiili  rioi-  cliainlicr. 
Capacity  itf  llic  i)o>t(  rinr  cliaiiiln  r.    . 
Facial  aiiLilc.  ..... 


\.l  inclit  s. 

').;!  inches. 
1  I.J  iiiclics. 

:t.!)  inches. 
1  1.1  inches. 
l!t.S  incliis. 
7 1.     ciil)ic  inches. 
Hi.     cnhic  indies. 
■If).     cnl)ic  inches. 

SI)  (h'urccs. 


'I'll  K     DKLAWAHES. 


Tlir   Lruiipc   nation^   ii:i\c   a    (•iiiiininn   traililinn  that  tiir_\   caiiir  IVdni  tlic  far 
\\r>t:   ;inii    niiuralin:;    tnwaiiU    iIk    (  a^l.  ai  ri\(il   at   tlir  .Mi-^i-^iiiiii  ii\i  p.  called  ])\ 

till  ni    .\iiili  xi-sijill.  Ill'  the    liiver  111'    I'i^h.        ilrlr  thry   riMllIll    lllr     ll'rilUiii^.  whn  had 

al-'i  iiii:;ralrii.  anil  wiit  riii'aiiipt  il  mi  tiir  !iauk~  nf  ihr  rivir.  'I'hr^r  ri-llc^s 
priijili'  I'liniiil  till-  (■iiiiiili'x  I  a^l  iif  |l;r  fi\rr  inliaiiitri!  Iiy  iiiiiiu  rmi^  wailike  t^ill(■^ 
callril  . ////i!( /c/.  ami  niiiii  ■■ti  i!  |ii  liiii^^ion  to  e^tahli^h  theiiischr^  in  tlirir  tcirilnrx . 

'I'ili--  was  iliiliril  thrill,  lillt  tliry  Wrrr  allnWill  tn  jKI^^  tlllolIL;].  lllr  e(iUIltr\. 
••'riliy   acciil'iliimiy   iM:;:illt'i  crn^s   lllr    NillU -•i--i|iU.   wluil   lllr   Alliu'rwi.  >i  rilli;'  that 

ihiii'  iiMiiiiirr-  wrrr  ~ii  Very  uiTat.  anil,  in  l.ul.  tli.it  liny  cuii-isli  il  nl'  iiiaii\ 
thiui^aiiiN.  made  a  I'liriiiii^  attack  nii  tlm-r  w  lin  liail  ciM^'^rd.  Ilin  ati  iiiiii;- iliriii  ail 
with  ill -trrctidii  it'  ihi  y  d.-ind  In  cnnir  ii\i  f  In  tluir  ^iilr  nl'  thi'  ri\rr.  I''iiril  at 
the  lirachi  ry  ul'  IIhm'  iirii|di'.  .iiid  the  ^n  at  ln^»  nf  nirii  tiny  had  ••iivlaim  d.  and 
hc>idi'»  not  liriii;;  |iir|)arrd  Inr  a  eniillicl.  the  l.cna])e  enii-nltrd  what  wa--  In  he 
dnin- :   \\  lirthi  r  In  ntrral  iiitlirhi^t  niaiiin  r  tlii  _\  eniild.  nr  In  li_\   tin  ir  .>.|nn;;lli.  " 

Tiir   latter    |d.lll   Wa^  ailnpli  d.  and    the     Irni|Unis    jninril    thrill   nil  cnndilinii   that    the 

cnllllllrlrd    cnniltl_\    >hnuld   lie  >llarrd    hilweell    the    tw llinns.       A   lit  TCe  eniillicl 

eii^iird:  III)  nil  rey  was  >hnwii  In  the  \ani|iiislied.  and  •■|lic  Alline\\i  at  last  liiidinu 
that  tin  ir  d'-tnietinii  wa-  inivitahlr  if  tiny  |iii'-i'«trd  in  tlnir  nhstinacy.  aliandi  mil 
the  cniiiitiy  In  the  cnniiinrnrs   and    111  d    (Inwii   the  .Mi>>i>sip|ii.  I'miu  whence  they 


Till!:  DELAWAIJES. 


189 


iii'vcr  rcluniril."*  'I'lir  cnuiilry  %Vii>*  divitlrd  iiccdi'iliiiij  to  tlic  ^ti|iiilatii)ii :  llic 
li'()i|U(ii>.  iiiiikiiii;  choice  of  tlic  UunU  iiciir  (lir  i;rc;il  li\k(  <  mid  lln  ir  (riljiitiirv 
stream^,  wliilr  llic  Lciiapc  (iccupicd  tlir  n';;ioM  to  tlic  south.  When  the  lOuropcan 
colonics  1'  iicil.  tlic  Dclawai'cs  were  llie  possessors  of  tiie  southern  portion  of  New 
■1'  .^e_v.  and  jiails  of  tlic  jireseiit  states  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delawai'c.  'I'licy 
received  the  siiMiincrs  with  conlidenco  and  kindnisN.  and  for  many  years  (his 
nmtual  uood  faith  remained  nnbrokcii.  Tlic  Delawares  were  less  warlik(  than 
the  lroi|nois.  to  whom  they  linally  hicanie  in  a  manner  snhservicnt.  "In  person 
they  were  nprii^ht.  and  strainht  in  their  limbs,  lieyond  the  usual  proportion  in 
most  nations:  tlnir  bodies  were  slfonM-.  hnt  of  a  streiiiith  I'alher  fitted  to  endure 
luirdship  than  to  sustain  much  bodily  labor:  their  features  were  rejrular :  their 
countenances  siMiietinu's  Cierce.  in  cominou  rather  risemhlinii  a  .lew  than  a 
Christian. "t 


PLA'Pi:   XXXIV. 


,i:nai'i;.  ou  hki.wvai 


1  '' 


l-^ 


.W 


The  fe\\  D.laware  skull-  in  ;ny  possession  are  more  elon^aldl  thiin  is  usual 
in  the  Vniirican  tribes;  they  are  also  narrower  in  proportion  in  the  pai'ietal 
diaiu"ter.  and  less  llatteii.  1  on  the  occiput.  The  annexed  drawing-  is  taken  from 
a  skull  presented  liy  l)i'.  Pitcher,  l'.  S.  A.,  who  acco.npauied  it  with  the  followin;; 
ineuioraiulum  :  "1  know  this  to  he  L:;enuine.  The  country  at  present  assi:;iied  to 
the  l)(  lauaris  lies  north  of  the  Kan/ is.  between  it  and  the  Missmiri  river.  'I'herc 
are  siuiie  uanderin:;"  bands  o|'  these  proud  foresters  in  the  C'licridvcc  country,  on 
the   Neosho  and   t'anadian    rivers,  in  Arkansas.     The   individual  whose  cranium  I 


'  lli:i  I,  i.sm:i  i  11:11.  Ill -I  'i.'':il  Ari'MilMl.  ..^r,.  p.  ,:i.  fS\Miii.  Ili-I    '>\    N'"'  .1'  :-  y.  |'    -  I-'. 

■IS 


190 


CRANIA  AMKIJICANA. 


send  you  wa-;  i»  I'cinalc.  who  died  at  llic  little  colony  on  the  \co>li(>  river,  lu-ar 
Fort  (iibsoii.  Tills  is  all  I  can  leani  of  her,  as  most  of  the  nations  of  tln^  s|,,ck 
called  Alu;oi„|Min  h\  the  philolojiists.  have  an  aversion  to  sjieak  (d"  their  deceased 
relatives,  and  shiulder  at  the  idea  of  callini;  them  hv  name." 


MI.Asi  i(i:me\ts. 


Lon!;ilndinal  diameter. 

Parietal  diameter.     .  .  .  . 

Frontal  tliameler.     .  .         .         . 

Vertical  diameter.     ■  .  .  . 

Jnter-n\asloi(l  arch.  .  .  .  . 

Inter-mastoiil  line.    .  .  .  . 

()eci[)ilo-fr(jnlal  arcii. 
Horizontal  |i(  ripherv. 

Internal  ca|Nieity.      •  .  .  . 

Ca|)acily  of  tiie  anterior  chamlier. 
Capacity  of  the  jiostcrior  chamlier.    . 
Ca|)acily  of  iju'  coronal  re^inn. 
Facial  anule.    . 


7.  inidies. 
.')..">  inches. 
I(i  inches. 

5.1  inciies. 
II.  I  inches. 

1.2  inches. 
1  1.)  inelies. 
.!<(.     inches. 
78.,')  cnhic  inches. 
;3.i.     ciK;:-    inches. 

■IJ.,')     {•nliic  inches. 
10'.  2,)  cidiic  incJKs. 
7()  dei;rees. 


TIIF     IROQUOIS.     OU     F I  Y  F     NATIONS. 

The  Irai/diii.s  ('(iii/'dhniii/  ci)n>\'^\vi\  oriiiinaily  of  live  nation^,  ijie  Mnjiawks. 
Oneida-.  Onondan'a-.  C'ayu!;as  and  Seneeas.  'i'lie  French  nave  them  the  name  of 
lro(|uois.  hilt  tluy  called  tlieinsilves  Mi)i;j:iri.  or  Mini^oe-..  These  nations 
ciinstitntril  Ijie  ea-tmi  di\isinn  ,t{'  tins  |)o\verfiil  family,  wiiiie  to  the  \v( -1  wen 
several  otiier  Iriiies  o|'  (he  s;ime  -tmd;.  as  the  lliiroiis.  i;ri;;a>.  Andaste-.  &.c..  hut 
the  latter  fornieil  no  part  of  the  conftddacy.  In  the  year  I  7  1  i.  the  '['uscaroras. 
(lyinn  from  their  own  hnnlinj;-  grounds  in  North  Candina,  took  n  In  tee  amoni;  the 
hM(|Uois.  and  were  admitted  as  a  sixth  nation.* 

*  ^'ol.lll;^,   lllsl.  lifllic   I'uc   .NiUIOllS.  1,1.1. 


lu-iir 
*t()ck 

.'ilSdl 


ic  liC 


Acn 


hut 


tiras. 


MMIK   IHOQrOIS.  OH  FIVE   NATIONS. 
History  fiirirds  ample  cvidtiicc  i,(  Die  intcllcc'tiial  ^ii|)iriority  of  llic  h 


191 


(Kinois 


over  tlic  siiiToiiiuliiiii  iialimi-;.  Tliiy  \v<'tr  iia^simiatcly  dcvdtcd  to  Wiw.  and  were 
every  where  luniiidahle  and  vielnrinii'^.  "  Tlie  Fi\c  Nations."  (dsei'ves  Mr. 
Gallatin,  "liad  already  ae(|nired  a  derided  sii|)iriority  over  the  oilier  Indians 
bclore  the  arrival  of  the  Knroiieans.  They  were  at  that  epoeh  at  war  witli  all 
the  snrroundinu;  trihes.  witli  perhaps  the  sini;le  <xe(  ption  of  the  Andastes  on  the 
west.  'I'hal  in  whieh  they  were  eMi;a;;(d  on  the  iiorlh.  with  the  llurnn^  and 
Aljionijuins.  was  still  attended  with  ailernate  suee(  -s  (in  eaeh  side.  IJnt  Minth- 
wardly  they  h;>d  alriady  carried  their  anus  as  far  as  (he  iiuinth  of  tiie  Susiiueiianna, 
and  the  \ieinity  of  New  Cattle  on  the  Dehiwarc"'  In  iaet  they  loved  war  for 
itself,  and  all  other  eniploynients  and  pastinus  wi  re  hrhl  to  he  eonteniplilde  in 
comparison  ;  and  they  jiloried  most  in  their  assumed  appellation  (d'  Oiiiiirr  llaiiiri. 
The  drailisl  of  Mm.  Tiieir  laimiiaiic  is  hnth  emruitic  ;,iid  melodious,  destitute 
of  lahials.  hut  havin;;  the  ijuttnral  aspii'ate.t 

They  possessed  ail  the  other  Indian  idiaracteristics  in  stnuii:  I'l  lief.  They 
foi'ced  their  wonu'n  to  work  in  the  fi'  Id  and  to  carry  liurthens;  liiey  |)aid  little 
respect  to  idd  an'e  :  tliey  wire  nut  much  all'ectid  iiy  IJU'  passinn  cd'  love,  and 
sinnularh'  regard le-s  of  eonnuhial  idili^alions  :  and  lhe\  indiesitatinirh   resorted  to 


suiciile  as  a  renie(l\ 


tv   for  d 


onii'stK'   am 


I  other  evils.     T 


ley  were  proud,  audaciou 


ami  vindictive,  iiiitirim;-  in  tlu'  pursuit  of  an  enemy,  ami  reimu'seless  in  the 
ijratilication  (d'  liieir  revemic  In  matters  (d'  r(  liiiioii  tin  ir  ideas  appear  to  have 
heen  I'Xtremidy  vat!;ne :  and  their  nation  il  (diservance  consisted  (diietly  in  the 
annual  sacrifice  of  a  dou'.  which  they  suiiseipieiitly  ate.  'I'lieir  cautiousness  and 
ouniiini;  weic  pro\erhial  vww  ammej:  the  Indian  nations:  thus  C'olden  ohserves 
that  if  they  he  sent  with  any  message,  llioui^h  it  demand  the  lireatest  dispatch 
ami  portend  imminent  danger,  the}  never  tell  it  at  once,  hut  sit  down  a  minute 
or  two  in  sih'uce.  lest  liny  should  helray  thenis(l\es  hy  a  hasty  eNpressinn.j: 
Hence  tliey  assumed  a  \acaiit  and  even  stupid  expression  of  countenance,  when 
they  were  most  awake  to  wiial  was  passing-  around  tliem.^'  Il  is  hut  juslice  to 
add  to  these  trails  of  llie  Iroquois,  (hat  in  their  hnvs.  intercourse  with  the  Mmilish 
colonies  hefore  tile  re\olution.  llie\-  Were  remarkaldc    for  their   re'j.ard   to  treaties. 


their  Liood  faith  on  all  oc<Msiiins  wi 


lereill  their  piediie  was  once  niv 


■II.     Marh 


in    the    American    Hcvolulion    they  altacdied    themselves  stronii'ly  to  the   Knudish 
interest,  and   conunitted   horrihie   ravaijes  in  their  iucnrsioiis  into  the   neiiihlioriuii 


•  ,\n'h:rolii'_'.  Aiiier.  II,  p.  T'l. 

I   lllsl,  el'lhr  Imvc   NaliellS,  I,  ]i.   -'0. 


tl)v 


Iriv,  1\  .  p. 


§  UuieiiT.  Trav.  IW  p.  JIO. 


19  > 


CHAM  V   AMF.inCANA. 


states.  Mca^urrs  wire  iiccunliiiuily  hiktii  lur  llicir  >iilij\iLiMliiiii.  wliicli  \\;is  c  H'cclcil 
ill  177)>.  ;iiul  tlir  lew  Milis((|iiiiit  vi'iir^.  'I'lic  iciiiiiiiis  of  tlii-  uncc  |iii\m  rl'iil  coii- 
iVili  iMcy  arc  vit  sctii  scatlircd  llinniiili  llu-  -"tatc  uf  New  Ymk.  suliducd  in  spirit, 
and  (!(  l)aM'd  hy  llicir  rinidiicss  lur  intoxicatim;  drinks.  Smnc  niniiants  of  tril)i's. 
however,  liavc  a•^Mlnlcd  a'^rifultwral  iialiits.  and  do  eoniparatixcly  well ;  lint  the 
Iroipiois  arc  raiiitily  diniinisliinn'  in  nnnihrr.  and  will  soon  be  known  only  in 
history. 

I'LATi;    X\XV. 

(•  AVIC.A, 


'Pile  skull  1)1'  a  Cayuiia  ehirf  whidi  1  rceei\eil  Iroin  Dr.  I'itehir.  l'.  S.  A.,  with 
the  t'ollowin-  note:  ■■'Phi-  man  was  one  o|'  the  original  eniii;rants.  with  his  trihe. 
from  the  slate  of  New  York  to  Ohio,  and  lastly  to  Arkansas,  where  lie  died  at  the 
aijc  of  nearly  one  hundred  years.  A.  1).  |s,]|.  Hjs  name  was  Wan-ynu-ta  :  and 
he  was  also  Ion:;-  known  to  the  iiovemnieut  of  New  York,  in  their  treaties  with 
the  Iroijunis.  hy  the  ninne  of  the  Tail  Chiif.  lie  was  a  'aoihI  spraker.  and  a  tirin. 
slir 'wd.  si-nsil)le  niau.  whose  nn  rit  alone  rais((l  him  from  a  |ilelieiaii  origin  to  he 
chief  ol'  his  trihe." 


mi;  A»i  iii'.Mi;\i  ■ 


Liiim'itudiiial  diameter. 
Parietal  diai  :.|(r. 
Frontal  diameter. 
^'e|■ti;■al  diameter. 
Inter-mastoid  areli. 
Inter-mastiijd  hm  . 


7.S  ilKdies. 

").l  inches. 
1.2  iiudies. 
").  I  iindics. 
1  i.i  inches, 
•l.'i  inehes. 


THE  ONEIDAS. 


19;J 


Oceipito-frontal  an-li, 

HorizDiital  periplury, 

Iiitcnial  capac'ily, 

Capacity  of  tliu  anterior  chamber. 

Capacity  of  tlu;  posterior  chamber, 

Capacity  of  the  coronal  region, 

Facial  anj;ie,    .... 


1.5.5  inches. 
520.8  inciics. 
93.5  cubic  inches. 
35.  cubic  inches. 
58.5  cubic  inches. 
1 1.5  cubic  inches. 
78  degrees. 


PLATi:  xxxvr. 


ONKIDA. 


V, 


/^ 


IIe:ul  of  a  riill-liliinil  Oneida  wanior.  aged  about  forty  years,  lie  was  killed 
ill  a  fray  at  tlir  Scnrea  Reserve,  in  Ohio,  in  1830.  He  ^\as  burieil  in  the  Indian 
eenietery  ou  Sandusky  river.  Ik  low  Tillin.  wlieuee  his  skull  was  removed  and 
presented  to  me  by  my  friend  Bt  iijamin  Tappan,  M.  D.,  of  Steubcnville,  Ohio. 


M1;ASI  lil'.MKNTS. 


Jjoni^itudinal  diameter. 
Parirdil  di.iinelei'.     . 
Frontal  dianuter. 
Vertical  diameter.     . 
Inter-masloid  arch.   . 
Inler-mastoid  line.    . 
Oceipito-frontal  arch. 
Horizontal  periphery. 
49 


7. )  imdies. 

5.()  iiieiies. 

■1.1  inches. 

5.S  inches. 
14.  t  inches. 

4.3  inches, 
1 1.9  inches. 
aO.S  inches. 


1!U 


CRANIA  A^IKRICANA. 


Internal  capacity,     . 
Capacity  ol"  tlic  antciinr  clianilur. 
Capacity  nf  tlic  p(i>l(  rior  dianilii  r. 
Capacity  iii'  the  coronal  region, . 
Facial  ani;lc,    .... 


91.5  cnliic  inches. 

;{(i.  ciil)ic  inches. 
5(1.5  enhic  inches. 
IS.  I  cnliic  inches. 
7  1  degrees. 


I'LATH    XXXVIl. 

iiriioN. 


^\ 


'// 


Vj 


r 


'I'lic  Iliiron>  call  tlicni^i  lv(  s  U'l/inulatx;  luui  altlioii^li  nj'  Hk  »anu'  >tnck  as 
llic  IriKinois.  tlic  two  iiatiiin>  were  iiii;au.(il  in  drailly  ami  mn-lant  \\.ii'  with  caeii 
ntlur.  tile  llnriin>-  c^pnusiiii;  tlic  I'iciieli.  the  lr(i(iuiii>  the  15iili>.li  intt  rest.  At 
length,  ahoiit  tiie  year  l(i')n.  the  llurnns  were  nearly  exlenninaletl.  and  Iroin  that 
time  to  the  j)i'esent  have  remained  a  feelile  hanil.  In  all  the  striking  traits  of 
Indian  character,  they  vvcre  in  no  respect  iiil'eiior  to  the  other  nations  of  thi« 
>toek.  The  annexed  drawing  was  made  from  a  skull  (ditained  near  Detroit  hy 
the  late  Dr.  Sturm,  the  (Jerman  traveller,  of  wlm-e  executor  1  purchased  it.  The 
only  further  informatinn  j  e;in  id)tain  re'-pecting  it.  is  the  statement  that  it  was 
ilie  head  of  a  chief,  who  wa-i  slain  in  a  broil  w  ith  his  son-in-law.  It  is  a  ponderous 
eraninin.  and  one  of  the  most  stronnlv  marked  in  mv  collection. 


MI'.ASIUI'.MKNT' 


Longitudinal  diameter, 
Parietal  diameter,     . 
Frontal  diameter. 


7.2  inches. 

5.3  inches. 
4.3  inches. 


TlIK  PAVVNKKS. 


196 


Vertical  diaimtcr,     . 
lull  r-iiia>t(iiil  arcli.  . 
InUr-mastdid  line,    . 
Ofcipito-fiontal  arch, 
llorizdiital  pi  ripht-ry, 
liitti'iial  i-apacil}-, 
Capacity  (if  the  aiitcrii)!'  cliaiiil)i'r. 
Capacity  of  tlic  postciJDr  cliainl)ii', 
Capacity  u(  the  cdninal  nu;i()ii, 
Facial  aiii!;k',    .... 


a. 5  indies. 
I  ).     iiiclies. 

4.4  inches. 
1  l.'J  inches. 
If). 8  inciies. 
7  1.    cnhic  inches. 
;12.,'»  cnhic  inclies. 
11.5  cnhic  inciies. 

9. .5  cnhic  inches. 

73  (ley;rees. 


On  comparing  live  Iroijuiiis  IuikU.  I  liiid  thai  tiiey  give  an  average  internal 
capacity  of  J<8  cnhic  inches,  wiiicli  is  Mitliin  two  inches  of  the  Caucasian  mean. 
The  largest  of  tiieiii  gives  no  Ics'.  than  !)H.j  eiihie  inches,  anil  the  smallest  (the 
Huron  ahove  descrihed)  seveiity-fonr.  Tiie  mean  of  thc^  anterior  cliamher  is  35.5 
cnhic  inelies.  wliile  that  of  the  posterior  chainher  is  5-2.5.  The  mean  of  the 
coronal  region  gives  15  cnhic  inches. 


Tin:     PAWNKKS. 

Tile  Pawnees  eoii>i>t  of  twd  nations,  the  I'awnees  jiroper.  and  the  Hiearas  or 
Aricaras.  wliieii  last  are  aNn  ciUled  Hlaek  Pawnees.  The  former  inliahit  the 
eonntry  on  the  river  Platte,  and  the  iJieaia  villages  are  lielow  the  Mandaiis.  on 
the  Missiiuri.  Tiii'sr  IiUks  speak  a  laimuage  dill'ereiit  from  any  other  on  this 
continent,  'i'hey  do  no!  diilir  niueli.  in  liuir  physical  character  and  lielligereiit 
lialiits.  from  tlie  surroiinding  nations,  jmt  tliey  have  until  lately  practised  tlu 
singular  custom  of  sacrilieiiiii  human  \i('tinis  to  \'enus.  "The  Great  Star."  'J'liis 
ceremony  was  performed  annually,  and  immciliately  preceded  their  harvest  lahors. 
the  success  of  which  it  was  desigmd  to  promote.  The  practice  is  said  to  he  an 
anomalv  among  the  North  Anurican  nations.* 


Ivv|iiil,  to  Itiirky  Mouiili'.iiis,  I,  p.  357. — (1  M.L.M'iv.  Arolia'nln;.'.  Ami  r.  II,  p.  K'S. 


196 


CHANIA  AMKHUANA. 


PLAT  I :    XXXVIII. 


rAW.NKK 


^ 


..^^"■^ 


\)\ 


Thi>i  llciul  :ili|ii  ai'-i  til  lliivr  III  III  lll.lt  n|'  n  riiiiiilc.  nild  \\;is  li|nin;li(,  friiIU  the 
I'lattc  riviT.  alunit  two  liiimlrnl  iiiilr-  I'niiii  il^  jiiiictinn  \\it|i  Ihr  Missouri.  Iiy  Hu- 
r\|ii(liti(iii  iiiiilt  r  M.ijiir  l.iuii;  In  i  \|iI(iit  llic  Hiicky  M(iiiiit;iiiis.  |  miii  iiidclitnl 
to  Mr.  T.  I!.  I'cnlr  for  iicriuissiou  to  iisr  ii  on  \\\\>  occasion,  wliiili  |  ilo  \vitli  ||ic 


ore  iutirrst  III  ciiusc  it  is  tin    ojih    I'iiwinr  sknjl  |  \]-\\ 


V  seen 


MI'.AsI  It 


Lon;;itiiilinal  diainrli  r. 
Parietal  iliaiiii  ti  r.     . 
Frontal  diaimli  r. 
\'ci'tical  diaiiictrr.    . 


Intci-niii-loid  arch. 


Inti  r-nias|oid  line. 
O;'ci|iito-I'rontal  arcli 
Horizontal  |uri|iliri- 


Inter 


lal  ('a)iacit_\ . 


Capacity  of  the  aiili  rior  (dianilicr. 
Ca|iacity  of  t!ir  jiostcrior  clianiliir. 
Capacity  of  the  coronal  rri;ion. 


acial  aniiir. 


mi;ms 


<).(i  inclics. 

.).  I  inciics. 

1. 1  inclii  s. 

1.1)  inciics. 
1  i.7  inches. 

1.  !  inches. 
li.     inches. 
IM.I  inches. 
7(1..)  ciihic  inches. 
,il.     cnhic  inches. 
.J!).'i  cnhic  inches. 
!().()  cnhic  inches. 


/J  (leirrecs. 


? 


m 


107 


'IMIK     I)  A  COT  AS. 

'I'liis  {•(illcclivc  iippclliilioii  ( luliiiu'cs  iiiiiriy  liilus  or  liillui'  iiatioiiN  of  riidiiiiix. 
nllicd  III  ciicli  (illicr  liy  ^illiiiily  nl'  l;inu;iia^'('.  mid  in  mhih'  iiunsurr  liy  nininiiiiiity 
of  (Mistiiiiis  and  feelings.  'Tlicy  arc  hImi  called  Simix  and  Naiidowtssics,  mid  (lie 
"Seven  Fires."  in  alin-iin  to  tlieir  ennlVderacy  (if  seven  lianiis  or  tiilies.  'I'liey 
are  estalilislied  (in  ImiIIi  sides  df  llie  Mixsis>i|)|ii.  mid  nn  tlie  western  side  nf  lliat 
ri>er  tlieir  liinilinn-  unninds  extend  fnini  llie  Arkmi^as  Id  llie  rennite  norliiern 
plains,  mid  are  nnly  iKUMidid  on  llie  we^t  \>\  tiie  Itueky   Mniiniains. 

In  llie  inniiili  ol'  Sejiteiiilier  |N!7.  I  s;i\v  Iweiity-^ix  eliiefs  mill  liraves  of  llie 
Siiinx  naliiin.  Ilieii  in  I'iiiladelpiiia.  nii  lln  ir  \\:\\  In  ||ie  >e:il  nf  L;'iiveninienl. 
I'iVery  Mian  nl  lluiu  liail  m  liniiid  faci',  lii!;li  eliei  li  lnuies.  the  larn'e  l{iinian  iinse 
expanded  at  llie  iin>lril>,  a  wide  liiil  low  forehead,  and  Hat  occipni.  'I'lieir  eoni- 
lilixiiin  was  ('iiiiianion  lirown:  several  <<(  llieiu  wci'i'  naked  lo  llie  wai>l.  so  thai  I 
was  not  deceived  h\  tiie  color  ol'  Ihi  ir  face>.  which  were  all  painted.  Their 
fiLiuro  were  rallier  tall.  Miy  hiii-cnlar.  and  \vell  jiropoilioned.  The  Simix  are 
jiroMrliial  I'or  Iheir  helli;;eri  nl  and  •>aii'j;niiiary  eliaraeter.  (Jeiieral  I'ike.  who  wa^ 
niiudi  .iinoiii;-  llieiii.  sayx  Ihal  from  hi--  know  led^c  he  dues  ••  not  lie-itale  to  pro- 
nonnce  llieiii  the  mo'-l  warlike  and  iiiiiepeiideiil  nalioii  of  Indians  within  the 
lionndaries  of  the  rnited  Stale>.  their  every  pa^^ion  heiiiii'  viiiiNer\ieiit  to  that  of 
war."  ■ 

The  Dacola  lannnane  i^  ^aiil  to  he  h  ns  >onoroiis  llian  the  Aliionipiiii.  which 
alionmU  in  lahiaU.  ■•  It  i<  certain."  xays  a  late  Iraveller.  "thai  their  niaiiiiers  and 
(•n^tonl- ditl'ir  esM'iiliaily  from  liiose  of  any  other  trihe  :  and  tlieir  phy^ioiiiioniy. 
as  Well  as  their  laiiiiuaLie  and  ojiinion^.  mark--  tlieiii  as  a  distinct  race  of  jieople. 
Their  >acrilices  and  their  supplications  lo  the  unknown  (iod — their  feasts  after 
any  siiinal  delivei'ance  from  danger — their  meat  and  their  linrnt  ollcrini^s — the 
pri'iiaratioii  of  incense,  and  cerlain  customs  ot'  their  females,  oiler  tdu  slrikini;  a 
coincidence  with  the  manners  of  the  Asiatic  trihcs  hcfore  the  coinnienceincnl  of 
the  t'hrixtiaii  era.  to  escape  ohscrvation."! 


Aliril.   AplirllillX.  [1.  li,'. 

50 


t  Si  iidui.c  11  Ml',  Narr.  .lnuriKil,  6^1. ,  p.  JIO. 


I  us 


tllAMA  AMKinc  AN  A. 


PLATE    XXXIX. 


i)A(  OIA. 


/^ 


}'■ 


-^ttn 


P^ 


^^-^X., 


I   nccivcil    lliis  skull   I'riiiii  llic  l;ili'  Dr.  I'dnlc,  nl'   this  city,  hut  cuuld  olit 


nil 


iii>  pai'ticuhir*.  i  xciptiui;  tin'  l':ict  nl'  il^  li:iviiiii  lii'luiiLCt'd  tii  ;i  Siouv  wiU'rior  uf  had 
cliiiractrr.  mid  uhn  was  killed  hy  ^lUiU'  act  nl'  viidcucc  mi  tlir  iiorllixvotfrri 
'riir    siii.ili    si|ii;iicd    Iliad.   Ihi'   iircal   ciMUiiarativr   hii'adtli    hilwtiii   tin 


li'iiiilii'i'. 


[laiiilal  hum-.,  and  nidiirirrut  iVmital  divclniimrut.  cnrnsiioiid  |iiri'i«iilv  w  itli  lli 


Iratiir 


IS  as  nli»i  ivrd   III 


di\idua!s  III'  the   Siiiiix  di  licilinii  ainadv  iiiiiilioiicd 


Ml.  \»l  linMI'-NT' 


L'liii^itudiiial   diaiiirlr 
I'ariil.il  diaiiiclrr.     . 
Fnuilal  diaiiiL'lt  r. 
\'irli(al  diamrlrr.     . 
lull  r-iiia>li)id  aicli.   . 


lilt 


iT-iiia' 


'told  li 


fcijiitii-lViiiital 


mi/oi 


ilal 


J)rn|)IU  TV 


lilt 


I  riial  i'a|)acit\. 


Capacity  ol'  llir  aiitniiir  cliaiiihi  r. 
Capacity  uf  the  posterior  cliaiiiher. 
Capacity  of  the  conuial  rcirioii. 


aci 


nl  aiigk 


ii.7  inches. 


.)./   iiiclies. 


I..'  iiiidies. 
j.  I  inciies. 


I  I. 


/  Indies. 


I.  I  iiKdn 


I  J. 


)  niches. 


II). S  incht" 


J(i. 
19. 


culiic  niclics. 


cuiiic  inches, 
ciihic  inches. 


](».()  ciihic  inches 
77  dciirccs. 


TIIK  ()SA(JKS. 


109 


I'LATi:    XLI. 

us  AUK. 


\^--.^-  -■■■ 


The  ()siu;('s  Miinliiiis.  .>[:iii(liiii>..  A>*><iiialtiiiiis.  miii  many  cku;!!:!!!'  IiIIh».  ari' 
iinur  111'  Irss  cotiiircti  il  willi  tlir  ljii  :il  Siiiiix  iialiiiii,  al'liini;;li  tiny  an-  iil'ttii 
iiiM'Irratr  fininiis  In  i  ;ic|i  ii||nr'.  'I'lif  ()^au;l■^  an  imw  cliirlly  I'iiuihI  in  tin;  \vt'>lcrn 
pari  III'  Arkansas  and  arc  yi  I  a  |)ii\\iiliil  Irihf.  •• 'I'luy  arc  mi  lall  anil  mlnist."  siy>* 
a  lair  Ir.ivillcr.  "as  Mlrmixl  In  wariMut  llir  applicalinn  nl'  liic  Icrin  u;inanli<':  lew 
111  tliiMi  a|i|icar  In  lie  iiiiilir  siv  I'cil.  and  many  arc  alpii\c  il."*  Aniunn  the  ()sai;cs 
\vlii>  visited  Hiistnii  sonic  years  ann.  Dr.  NN'arreii  reinarked  some  very  line  Inukini; 
men:  he  |iarticiilarises  iwu,  of  uimm  lie  says  that  tiieir  heads  cnujd  nut  he 
distin;i;iiishe(l  rrom  llnise  of  Europeans. I-  It  is  said  of  these  peii|de.  liiat  they  arc 
I'lind  III'  war  witlmnt  liiiiii;  remarkalde  I'oi'  liravcry.  'I'licy  cniisidcr  liorsc-slcaliiii;  a 
nicritoriniis  achievement,  and  at  niic  time  scarcely  left  a  horse  to  turn  a  mill  in 
the  town  of  St.  (ieiicvievc.  They  are  credited  with  one  virtue,  however,  which  is 
rare  aiiioim-  savages,  and  that  is  mercy:  lor  they  rarely  laki;  the  lives  of  those  who 
fall   into  their  hands. "t 

'["he  annexed  drawint;  is  derived   t'roiii  the  skull  of  a    voiinn  vvarrior  named 


■  till  Miiiruv.  'I'lav.  |i.   I.'.  t  ('ii|ii|iai.  \ ww  nl'  Ncivnus  Sysl.'ili.  &.r..  |i.  H.i. 

■  HiiKiKKMiiiMii:,  N'lL'Ws  di'  l,nlll^ialla,  I'.  Il7.--I)ii  iliis  suhji'ut  Mr.  (lallatiu  iiiaUcs  llio  fnllow- 
iiil:  iTinaiiis:  ••  WIhiIkt  nraiir  nr  .i-rn  iilliiral,  ilnri.'  is  a  iiiarki'd  ihHrri'iirc  brtwciiii  llii' lialiits  iiiiil 
.'haiariir  tilall  llii'  liiili  iiis  uli.i  ihvrli  aiimlsl  llir  iIimm'  llm  si  uiiu'li  cxlfluls  iVulii  iIm'  Allaiilic  to  llir 
Missi^..i|>[ii,  ami  llinsr  III'  ill''  inhaliilaiils  ,\\  llir  wrsiura  prauir.  'I'lusi'  I  isl  an.'  i'\rry  whiTO  Irss 
r.'i'ociniis  iliaii  ilic!--!' Ill  llir  r,,siiTU  sKJi' 111' ilw  Mississi|.|]i.  I.iko  all  savagi's  iln'y  pul  Id  dualli  ilu' 
|iiiMiiirrs  lakni  m  liaiilr;  Inn  ilir  Imrrid  prar'n'r  nl'  iiillii'iiiii;  oil  iliriu  llir  inos',  cxmicialliig  iDiitirc 
till'  tlays  l.i_'rllir|-,i|,ii's  iiiil  a|i|ifar  lo  liavc  prrvaili'il  aiiyulirrr  hryoinl  the  Mississiiijii." — ^Ircliirului;. 
,/i,.i  ■:  II,  p.  l."i. 


200 


CHANIA  AMERICANA. 


Ilic  /iiij/'dlo  Toil.  He  was  .irrcstcd  in  Arkaiisiis  on  a  cliariif  (if  niiirilcr.  and 
placed  under  miard  at  Fori  Gibson,  lie  soon  dctcrniincd  to  destroy  liiniself.  and 
suci'ecded  l)y  an  excess  of  gluttony.  Dr.  Pitcher,  to  whom  1  am  indebted  for  this 
relic,  adds,  that  "as  the  ()sat;es.  Oniahas,  Kansas.  Missouris  and  Quajiaws  all  s])eak 
a  lani;uaue  so  nearly  allied  that  they  can  severally  converse  with  each  otiier 
without  an  inh  rpreter.  y(ui  will  fuid  tiiis  specimen  a  fit  representation  of  these 
■several  tribes." 


Mr,A»i  iir.Mr.NTs. 


Loniiitudinal  diauieler. 
Parietal  diameter. 
Frnnlal  di.imetrr. 
Vertical  diameler. 
Intei-maslnid  arch. 
Inier-masliiiil  line. 
Occipito-froiilal  arch. 
[|(U'i/ontal  periiilury. 
Internal  capacity. 
Capacity  ol'  tlie  anlciinr  eliamber. 
Capacity  of  tiie  po>ti'iiiir  eliaiuii(  r. 
Capacity  nf  the  coronal  region.     . 
Facial  auiile.    .... 


fi.")  inches. 
9  inches. 

I.()  iuciie>., 

;■).;!  inches. 
la.l   inclie>i. 

•1.1   inches. 
13.1  inches 
1!).")  iuclH"^. 
S.l.     cubic  incbe>i. 
37. .5  cubic  inclies. 
•l;"i.j  cubic  inches. 
II. 1  cubic  iuclu's. 

77  decrees. 


"The  Missouri  Indians  of  tln^  male  sex."  says  Mr.  (iallatin.  "exceed  mi 
heiiiht  the  ordinary  averauc  of  the  Fhiropenns  :  but  tlu'  women  are  in  propurlinii 
shorter  and  thicker.  The  average  facial  auiiie  is  78  deiirees;  the  transverse  lim 
of  tile  ilii'iction  of  the  eyes  is  rectilinear:  tin  nose  aijuiliue:  the  lips  thicker  than 
tiiose  of  Kuropraus;  tile  cheek  houes  prominent  liMt  iiot  ani!,u!::f  The  women 
many  very  yniini:-.  Iiear  ehiblreii  from  the  aire  of  thirteen  lo  forty,  and  have 
ijenerally  from  four  to  six."'  My  measurements  of  eleven  skulls  of  .Missouri 
tribes  i;ives  77  dei;rees  IIS  a  nu  an  of  tlie  facial  annle.  which  is  coulhiuatory  id'  that 
stated  by  Mr.  (iallatin.  The  mean  internal  capacity  of  the  skull  is  ei^hly  cubic 
inches,  and  but  one  iicad  comes  up  to  the  European  average. 

•  .VrcliiL'olog.  .'\iinr.  II,  p.  l.fo. 


I 


i 


201 


COTONAY'      BLACKFEET. 

The  Bliu-kfont  niition  is  (inu  til"  the  most  iiuwcrful  in  llic  northwoskrii  ivirioii 
„r  tliis  (•(Mitincnt:  for.  uotwiUistaiuling  their  long  and  tlusiHTatc  conllicts  with  all 
Ih..  .nrronn.lin-  tribes,  they  yet  nnnil.er  thirty  thousand  sovils.  They  are  oon.i)..sed 
„r  three  prineipal  divisions,  of  whieh  tiie  Colonau  is  the  most  celebrated  and  best 
known.  Tliey  are  proverbial  for  their  nncomiironiisinu;  hostility  to  the  trappers, 
wlioni  liiey  attack  and  d(>stroy  whenever  opportunity  (.ilers.  They  never  ask  for 
nwrey  and  rarely  award  it  to  their  captives.  Fierce,  crafty  and  conraireous,  they 
li„l,|  little  conunnniealion  witii  other  tribes.  ;ind  revenge  theniselv-<  on  all 
strangers  who  intrude,  wlietiur  for  good  or  evil,  williin  tiie  limits  of  their  nunting 
t^rounds. 

jM.vn:  XL. 

lil,\CKI''()()'l'. 


Ml 


The  only  two  heads  I  hav  ever  seen  .d"  this  isolated  nation,  were  brouglit  to 
Ibis  city  l.y  .Mr.  (leorge  Catliu.  and  by  liim  presented  to  George  Combe,  Esip 
Tlu'  lattri- .^rntleman  has  politely  placed  tlieni  at  my  disposal,  and  I  have  had  the 
largest  of  tinin  figured  on  tiie  annexed  plate.  It  is  tlie  skull  of  a  man  who 
appears  to  have  received  a  mortal  blow  (U.  tiie  top  .d'  the  iiead,  near  the  junction 
of  the  parietal  bones,  which  has  penetrated  into  the  cavity  of  the  cranium.  This 
51 


20-2 


CHAM  A  A3IEiUCANA. 


skull  lias  liroal   brcailtli  lictwctii  the  [jarictal  Ikuu's.  ami  (lie  plirt'iuildgiral  (iriiaii 
ol  ririiuicss  is  strikiiiiilv  pniiuiiii'iit. 


Ml.ASI  HKMKNTX. 


Loiiirifudinal  diainttcr.     . 
Parietal  dianutcr.    . 
Frontal  diameter. 
Vertical  diameter,    . 
Inter-mastoid  areli.  . 
Inter-mastdid  line.    . 
Oc'cipitii-t'rontal  ardi. 
Horizontal  iieripliery. 
Internal  cajtaeity. 
C'apaeity  of  tlie  anterior  eliamlier. 
C'ajiaeity  of  tlie  jxisterior  eliamlier. 
Capaeity  ol'  tile  eoroiial  region. 
Facial  aniile.   .... 


7.1  inrhes. 

5.1  inelies. 

4.;J  inches. 

.^.l  inches, 
l.t.)^  inches. 

■1,;1  inches. 

II.  iiieliis. 

1!».9  ilicilev. 

77.  cuiiic  inches. 

;i3.:'  culiic  inches. 

■II.'  cuhic  inches. 

IS. '2  eiihic  inches. 

78  decrees. 


Tin:   flat-iii;ai)  twibes  of  coei.mima  iuver. 

The  lluliall•^  of  tile  Cohimliia  river  wen  little  loiown  until  tiie  remarkalilc 
expedition  of  EewiN  and  t'lark.  since  uliieli  period  tliey  lune  lieeii  visited  ami 
described  hy  -everal  iiit(  iliiient  travellers.  Tliese  ti'ilies  are  estalilished  on  liotli 
sides  ol"  the  river,  and  to  a  distance  of  many  miles  from  its  mouth.  "'I'hey  ai'i 
coniinonly  of  diminutive  stature,  hadly  sliaped.  and  their  apiiearance  liy  no  means 
prepossessing.  'J'iu  y  have  broad,  thick.  Hat  feet,  tliick  ankles,  and  crooked  leiis  : 
the  la^t  of  whicii  di  lijrniitie'<  is  to  be  ascribed,  in  part,  to  llie  (iniversal  practice  o| 
^(juattim:'  or  sitliiiic  on  the  calves  of  their  lei;s  mid  lieeN.  and  aNo  to  the  litilil 
handai;:es  of  hi  ad»  and  vtiiniiN.  woin  round  the  anklev  by  the  women,  wliieli 
prevent  the  circiiialion  of  tiie  lilodd.aiid  render  the  letis  of  the  females  particularly 
ill  "iiapeil  and  swollen,      'rile  eompbxion  is  the  usual  copjier  colored  brown  of  tin 


nn;iiii 


Tin:  FLAT-HKAD  TIJIHHS  OF  COLUMBIA  RIVF-U.  203 

Norlli  American  tribes,  thouifli  rather  lii!;liter  than  the  Indians  of  the  Missouri  and 
the  lidiitier  of  tlie  United  Slates:  tiie  month  is  \vi(h'  and  tile  lips  liiici<  :  tile  nose 
of  a  moderate  size,  llesiiy,  wide;  at  tlie  extremities,  witii  large  nostrils,  and  <;enerally 
low  between  the  eyes,  thouiih  there  are  rare  instanees  of  liiuli  aiiniliiie  noses:  the 
eyes  arc  <;enerally  biaek,  thoiigh  oeeasionally  we  see  tliem  of  a  dark  yellowish 
brown,  with  a  black  pupil."* 

Hilt  (lie  most  remarkable  iVatiire  amonir  them  is  llie  aliimst  universal  llatteii- 
iiiiidf  the  head  by  meehaiiical  eoiiti'ivaiiee«^ :  various  means  ari'  resorted  to  to  ell'eet 
this  end:  but  tlie  iiiodel  n(  dcfoniiily  is  liie  s;uiie  throunliout.  eonsistin^  in  a 
dejiression  of  tile  forehead  and  eoiisr(|ueiit  eloiiiiatioii  of  the  whole  head,  until  the 
lop  of  tile  eiaiiium  bec(unes.  in  extreme  cases,  a  nearly  linii/.(uital  plane.  'Phis 
eusloui  obtains  amonu;  many  tribes,  ainoiii;  which  are  liie  Klickatats.  Kalapooyahs 
and  .Multiiomahs  (d'  the  Wallamut  river,  and  its  vicinity  ;  and  the  Chinonks, 
Clats;ips.  Klalstonis.  Cowalitsks,  Kalhlamcts,  Killemooks  and  Chelakis  of  the 
lower  Columbia  :ind  its  vicinity. t  It  is  also  stated  that  seviral  tribes  of  \\\f  cunst. 
both  iioitii  and  south  of  the  rivci'.  an  in  the  sauie  piactiee.  but  they  are  all  said 
to  speak  dialects  of  tlw  Cbeiuuik  laii:;uai:c.]: 

••'Pile  mode  by  which  the  llattenin^'  is  ell'ected."  say-  Mr,  'Powiisend.  ■•yaiie- 
considerably  with  the  dillrreiit  tribes.  'Phe  \Vallauiet  imliaiis  jihice  tiie  infant, 
soon  after  birth,  upon  a  board,  to  tlu  vdzvs  of  which  air  attached  little  loops  of 
hempen  coi'd  or  leallu  r.  and  otlu  r  sjuiilar  c(U'ds  are  pas^^ll  across  and  back,  in  a 
/.ii;/.aii  manner.  thidUiili  tiiese  In  ips.  euciiisinii  the  ciiild  ami  bludinn  it  lirnily 
down.  To  the  upper  edn'c  of  this  board,  in  which  is  a  dei)ression  to  receive  the 
hack  part  of  (lie  head,  another  smaller  one  is  attached  by  hiiiu'es  id"  leather,  and 
made  to  lie  obliiiuely  up(ui  the  forehead:  tiie  force  of  the  pressure  beiiiL;'  rii;iilated 
by  several  stiiui^s  attached  to  its  ediie.  which  are  passed  tbidut;h  holes  in  the 
board  upon  \vliicii  the  infant  is  lyini;-.  ami  secured  tliere."^ 

••'Pile  mode  of  tlie  CliiiKHiks.  and  otlurs  near  the  sea,  dillers  widily  iViuu  that 
(d'  the  iippir  Indians,  and  appears  simiewiiat  less  barbarous  and  criu  1.  A  sort  of 
cradle  is  formed  by  excavatimi  a  pine  Iol;  In  the  depth  of  eiiiiit  dv  leu  iiielies. 
'Phe  child  is  placed  in  it  on  a  bed  cd'  litfle  i^rass  mats,  and  bound  down  in  the 
manner  above  described.  A  little  buss  ol  tiiihtly  plaited  and  wiNeii  i;iass  is  tlien 
applii  (1    to    till'   forehead,  and  secured    by  a  cord   to  the   loops  at    the  side.     The 


■  l,i:\\  I-  :iihl  Ci,  \ui..  l-'-\|iril,  II,  y.  1  id. 

'  '!'. u\  N  .|.\ii,  .1.1111.  Ill  llir  (■.i|iiiii!i|;i  liivrr,  ]i.  1  ■; 

^  I'l  su|i|ii.  I'.  IT'i. 


lll\  INC,  Amoiiii,  1 1,  p.  -S. 


->0i 


CHAN  I A  AMEIUCANA. 


inlnnt  i^  thus  sullliv.l  t,.  ,r,„;,i„  iV,,,,.  four  l„  vu^Ui  n.-mtlis.  .„•  nntil  Hi,,  sutnns  ..r 
tlu'  skull  have  in  M.nic  moasuir  nnit.d.  a.i.l  II.,.  lMm,>  l,..coin,'  s„li,l  ami  (inn.  It 
is  s,.l.l„m  or  ,R.v,.r  tak,...  Inm.  Il„.  n-aiil...  .-.xcvpt  in  case  ,.r  svynv  illn,.ss.  nn(il  the 
llMK.nin,!;  pr,KTss  i>  con,,,!,-!,.,!.-*  yu  f,i,.„,l  Mr.  T,.wns,.M,l  uas  s,.  kind  as  1,. 
I.rinji-  ni,.  ,)n,.  ,.f  ihcs..  crailUs,  „f  >Ni,i,.l,  t!.,.  >uhj„in,.,|  ,l,■a^vini^•  inrnislus  an 
acc\irat,.  i,l,.a. 


'^'^•'S't'iUiiiillmitmUm^^amidmm^ 


,^,.la*tti^— *-"'*^ 


'I'his  craill,.  is  rnrnicl  l,y  ,.x,.avalin-  a  sinol,,  ,,i,,,,,  „,•  „,„„|  ,,,„„„  „,,,^,,,  ,.,^., 
Ion-.  Mi,Uvay  hrtvN.rn  tii,.  tu,,  ami  ImiII,,,,!.  insi,|,.,  m-v  lilll,.  sl;,ts  „r  11.1,1  ,v,i,kI. 
A.  A.  A.  ill  a  traiisv,.i.M.  ,lir,.,.ti,ni.  n,,  uhj,.!,  .„■,■  ,,|:„.,.,|  ,,  ..,.,,,,  ,„.,,  ,„.  |„.,|_  -|.||^, 
•"■■"I  "I'  til"  cradl,-.  15.  is  ;„,  ..v,..n ;,,,.,!  cIkmhIi,  r.  Im,iiii(|,.,1  |,nvar,|s  tli,.  |n„1  In  an 
inriiiird  plan,..  I).  Ih,.  miimi,,!  ,„,,|.-i„  „r  wlii,.|i  si.ppnrls  ii„.  ,.|,il,rs  |,,-rk.  \vl,i|,. 
Ill''  Ih:h1  its.ir  is  nciv,.,!  inio  tiir  ,.,m,.a\ily  at  15.  Attarlu,!  to  tli,.  sj.l,.  „(  ij,,. 
'•i.ull,.  is  th,.  pad.  C.  nia,l,.  nf  o.,.;,...  ,,i,|,  ;,  I,,,,,,  .,,  ,|„,  ,,,„|.  ,,,j^  j^  ,,j,.^^^.^^  ^,^^^^^_ 
over  th,.  ,.ln;M\  f.in.JHail.  k,rps  K  i„  pk,,.,..  and  <.aiis,.s  th,.  Ilaliuss  ,,r  Hkh  p;i,.|  s„ 
uinv.rsal  in  this,.  p,„pl,..  '{'I,,,  lat.ral  in„ps.  I).  |).  I).  ;„■..  I„r  III,,  piirp,,.,.  „f 
att.i,.iiiii-  ntjur  ,.onls  I'm,,  tj,,.  purpos,.  „r  k,.,.pin-  th,.  chihrs  h.uly  in  a  lix.d 
jin.itinn.  'I"h,.  pn.Jirliii-  ,11,1.  ]■].  i>  rnii,i,!,d.  and  answ,  rs  r,,|-  ruckiii-  th,.  cra.ll,.. 
ulirn  pnis,.,l  on  it.  in  a  rotary  niMlion  appli,.,l  at  tii,.  opposjt,.  ,.,„!.  Th,.  inad 
iiid  II, .{'k  r,.s|  on  a  lirass  u\d\  iw  pillow. 

Kitiur,)!'  til,.  pr,.,.,.din-  p|.o<.,..v,.s  „iiist  h,.  v.ry  painful,  oft,  n  -ivin- rjs,.  („ 
uhvrati,.!!  olth,.  s,.ajp.  ,.„i,l  p,.riia|.s  not  iinlivipMnlly  |o  d,alli  itsdf:  y,.t  s,,  hjuhly 
Is  this  ihlonuiiy  VMln,.,l  anmno-  ,1,,.  C.dninhia  riv.r  trih-s,  that  tli.ir  slav,.s  (ul,„ 
■iiv  lor  til..  in„.|  part  ,l,.riv,..l  from  th,.  a,li;„.,.nl  triln.s)  ar..  n,il  all,nv,.,l  to  practis,. 
"■     '•''"■  ^ilijii'aran,.,.  of  tli,.  infant  ilnriii-  thr  pro,v>s.  is  ,l..sn.ilK.d  as  h.dli  ludirn.ns 


•   -rnvSN. 


i:mi.  .i.Minicy.  f......  |i.  17,;. 


niC   FLA'IMIKADS. 


205 


and  IVii^liU'ul.  "and  it>  little  MacU  eye-,  rmccd  mit  by  tlic  tiiililiicss  of  tlic  l)i.:.(laj;cs. 
ri'sciiililc  tliosr  of  a  inoiisc  clinked  in  a  (i'a|)."*  Hosidcs  tlie  depres^^idii  of  (he 
head,  the  I'ace  is  widened  and  j)r(ij(('ted  I'orwarils  hy  tlie  process,  so  as  materially 
t(i  diniini>li  the  facial  auiile  :  the  Incadtii  between  tlie  parietal  bones  is  ijreMtly 
ani^inented.  and  a  strikinji  ii're;;nlarity  id'  the  two  sides  <  t'  the  craninni  aininst 
invariably  follows;  yet  the  absolute  internal  capacity  of  the  skull  is  not  diminished, 
and,  strange  as  it  may  seiMU,  the  intellectual  faculties  suH'er  notliing.  The  latter 
fact  is  proved  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  all  travellers  who  have  written  on 
the  subject. 

"We  had  them,"  say  Lewis  and  (JIark,  "in((uisitive  and  loi[\iacious.  \vitii 
understandings  by  no  means  delicieut  in  acnteuess.  and  with  very  letiiitive 
jueuKJries  :  and  though  fond  of  feasts  and  n'ciurally  cheerful,  they  are  never  gay. 
Kvery  thing  (iiey  see  excites  their  attention  and  inijuiries,  but  having  been 
accustomed  to  sec  the  whiles,  nothing  apjiearcd  to  give  them  more  astonishment 
than  the  air-iiun.  'I'o  all  our  ini|uiries  they  answered  witli  great  intelligence,  and 
tile  conversati(Ui  raridy  slackens. — Tlie  disposition^  of  t!u"-e  people  si,  ni  mild  and 
inoH'cnsive.  and  they  have  iiniforiuly  behaved  to  us  with  great  friemUhip.  They 
ar<'  addietetl  to  begging  and  pilfering  >mall  arti(des.  %\iieu  it  can  be  done  without 
danger  of  detectiiui.  but  do  not  rob  wantonly  nor  to  any  iar'^c  amount. — In  tratlic 
they  are  keen,  acute  and  intt  lligeiil,  and  tiiey  enndoy  in  all  their  bargains  a 
dexterity  and  finesse  whicli.  if  it  be  not  learnt  from  tin  ir  foreign  visite-rs.  may- 
show  how  nearly  (he  cunning  of  savages  is  allied  to  the  little  arts  of  miu'e  civilised 
trade.  They  begin  by  asking  ucaily  double  or  treble  the  value  of  their  meielian- 
dise.  and  lower  the  demand  in  proportion  to  the  ardiu'  or  experience  in  trade  of 
the  puichaser:  and  if  he  expresses  any  anxiety,  tlie  smallest  article,  jjerluips  a 
handful  of  lools.  will  furnish  a  wlnde  UKuaiing's  negotiation.  Heing  natiii'aily 
■•uspicious.  (hey  of  course  conceive  that  you  are  pursuing  the  same  system.  They, 
therefore,  invariably  refuse  the  th'>t  oiler,  however  high,  fearful  tbey  or  we  liave 
mistaken  the  value  of  the  merchandise,  and  therefore  cautiously  wait  to  di'aw  ns 
on  (o  larger  oilers.  In  this  way.  after  rejecting  the  most  extravagant  prices, 
wliicii  we  have  oll'ered  for  mere  experiment,  they  have  afterwarils  importuned  us 
for  a  tenth  |)art  cd'  wliat  they  had  before  refused.  In  this  respect  they  dithr  I'rcun 
almo>.t  all  Indians,  who  will  generally  exchange  in  a  thoughtless  moment  the  most 
valuabb'  article  they  possess  for  any  bauble  which  h.ijjpens  to  please  their  fancy. "t 


■  Hii'--^  Cos,  C.i|iiiiilii:i  l{i\.  T.  v*v'  ..  |i.  1  ill. 

t  l,i;uH  ami  Ci.Aiii.,  K.\[iijcl.  \c,,  II,  p.  l.iii,  I,;,-,  in. 

52 


200  C'HANIA  AMKIMCANA. 

••'I'lic  iippiaraiu'c  proihiccil  hy  this  iiiiiiatunil  oiii'i;\ti(m,"  siys  Mr. 'I'owiiscikI. 
"is  ;ilnuist  liiilcniis.  ami  one  wmild  MippiisL'  tliat  tlic  intellect  would  be;  materially 
all'tcted  by  it.  This,  iiowever.  does  not  appear  to  he  the  ease,  as  I  have  never 
seen  (with  a  single  exception,  the  Kayonse)  a  race  of  peojile  who  appeared  more 
sjirewd  and  intelligent."* 

In  the  mouth  of  .lauuary  of  the  present  year.  (lS;i!).)  I  was  gratified  with  a 
personal  interview  w  ith  a  I'ull-hlood  C'heuouk.  then  on  a  visit  to  this  cilv  in  the 
hospitaide  care  of  my  friend  Dr.  William  niaiulinu;.  This  Indian  was  a  youm;- 
man  twenty  yiars  of  a;;e.  lie  had  lueu  three  years  in  charnc  of  sonu'  Christian 
uiissiouaries.  anil  in  tliat  period  iiad  aciiuiicd  ureal  prolieieney  in  the  Euiilisji 
lauiiuai^e.  understandint;'  it  when  spuken  to.  and  replyinu;  with  a  i;dod  accent  and 
ueueial  iiianimalical  accuracy.  lie  appearetl  to  nu'  to  possess  more  mental 
acuteness  than  any  Indian  I  had  sicu.  Avas  comnnmicative.  cheerful  and  W(  11- 
mannered.  Mr.  Townseud  knew  this  youuij  man  (who  is  now  called  William 
Urooks)  in  his  dwn  country,  and  they  rcco,!;niscd  each  other  when  they  met  in 
Philadelpliia.  Hi  possessed  marked  Indian  features,  a  hroad  face,  hinli  cheek 
hones.  Iaru;e  mouth.  t\imid  lips,  a  l;ii'i;-e  nose,  depressed  at  the  nostrils,  coiisiderahie 
width  iietwei  II  the  eyes,  which,  however,  were  not  oi)lii|uely  placed,  a  short 
stature,  and  iidiust  |)ei-s(ui.  His  complexion  Avas  neither  copper  coloreil  iioi- 
hrowu.  hut  reasonaidy  fair,  such  as  are  seen  in  white  men  who  havt'  heeii  exposcil 
in  the  harvest  Held.  What  most  delighted  me  in  this  ytuini;  man,  was  the  fact 
that  his  head  was  as  much  distorted  hy  mechanical  compression  as  any  skull  of 
his  (riiie  in  my  possfssinn.  ami  presented  the  very  counterjiart  to  the  Kalajiooyah 
fuiured  on  the  annexed  plate.t  Ih^  cheerfully  consented  to  such  nu'asuremcnts 
of  ids  head  as  I  desired  to  take,  and  of  which  the  follinvinj;  are  the  results: 

Loiiiiitudinal  diameter  7.")  inches. 

Fari(  tal  diameter  (i.'t  iiulies. 

Frontal  diameter  (1.1  incln  s. 

Ureailth  hetween  the  ch'tk  Ikuus  (i.l  inches. 

Facial  anitU;  ahoiit  73  deiirees. 

At  till  lime  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition,  the  Sokiilks.  ,it  the  wesldn 
iia.se  of  the  l{ocky  Mountains,  also  llaltened  the  heads  of  their  children.  "Their 
stature  is  low.  their  face  luoad.  and   their  heads  llaltened   in  such  a  niannei'  that 


"  .liiUiiii'V  to  ill''  ('.ijiiiihia  l.'ivi  r.  iv''..  ]>.  \'i 


t  Sci-  I'lalf   17. 


m 


THE  CIIINOUKS. 


207 


the  i'lHvliL'iul  is  a  strain;li(.  line  t'ruiii  (lie  nose  lo  (|k;  tTowii  ipI'  tin,'  Iioad."*  Tlicy 
arc  ri'prcsciili'd  as  a  mild  and  peacialilo  people,  wlio  iivc;  in  comparative  iiaj)pines.s. 
There  is  also  near  the  sources  of  the  Columbia  river  a  tribe  still  called  by  the 
name  ul'  Klatheads.  who  have  lon^  since  abandoned  the  custom  from  which  they 
lierived  their  present  desii;natioii.  'I'heir  true  name  is  Sdlis/i,  and  they  are  in  no 
way  connected  with  the  Columbia  river  tribes.t 

PLATi:    XLH. 

niiNorK. 


Tills  plate  represents  a  Chinouk  ^kull  of  tlie  natuial  form  :  it  was  that  of  a 
^lave.  and  was  obtained  by  Mr.  J.  K.  Townsi  lul  (lui'inji  bis  late  sojourn  on  the 
('olinnl)ia  river.  ••  1  have  occasionally  seen  both  Chinouks  and  Chickitats."  says 
Mr.  Townsend.  -with  round  or  ordinary  shaped  heads,  sickness  having  prevented 
tile  usual  distortion  while  youui;- ;  but  such  individuals  can  never  attain  to  any 
lullueiice.  or  rise  to  any  dinnity  in  their  triiie.  and  are  not  iinfreiiuently  sold  as 
slaves. "J 

It  has  been  thought  by  ^ome  philosophers,  that  were  the  arliticial  modificatiiui 
of  the  cranium  jiersisted  in  for  several  successive  i;enerations.  it  would  at  leniith 
beciuiie  couiieiiital  and  perpetual.  This  hypothesis  is  proved  to  be  wholly 
LCratuitoiis  by  the  evidence  derived  from  the  American  nations,  amoni^  whom  the 
characteristi<'  lonii  of  the  skull  is  always  preserved,  unless  art  has  directly 
interfered  to  distort  it. 


1,K  vis;uul  ('lark,  ExpeJ.  II.  p.  IJ. — Wai.knakit,  C.isuiiiLr.  |i.  .is;];  cpiiitcd  iii  IluiubuMrs  \'vr> 
Narr.  \  I,  p.  :iJ. 

t  'rowN-iENii,  .Iinirnry  tii  the  Coluinbin  Rivi-r.  p.  17j. — Ross  Cox,  'I'r.n'.  &('..  p   l.'ii 
;  Hxtia;:!  ul'  I.cti'jr  aililri'ssod  to  iin'  I'rom  t'ovt  N'aiiconvcr.  Sept.  Ji«,  lS,)'i. 


208 


CHANIA  AMKHICANA. 


'I'liis  licad  ililHi's  ill  lutlliinu;  tidin  lliat  nl'  tlic  liiiliaiis  in  i^cik  ral.  Iniiii  oiu 
nid  of  tlic  coiitiiifiit  1(1  tlic  dtliir  :  liiil  it  is  u;r;itirviiiu;  (o  be  alilc  to  prcsciil  a 
piTleclly  natural  skull  df  a  people  ainoni;  whom  ii  nuind.  or  naturally  Ibrnu'il  tieail. 
is  ronsidered  a  degradation. 


Loni^itudinal  diauieter. 
I'arietal  diameter,     . 
Frontal  diaincter.     . 
Vertical  diameter.    . 
Inter-mastoid  areli.  . 
Inter-mastoid  line.    . 
Oeeipito-lVoiital  arcli, 
lloriziuiiai  [)( riplury. 
Internal  rapacity. 
Capacity  ol'  tlie  anterior  cliamlier. 
Capacity  of  the  posterior  cliamher. 
Capacity  of  the  coronal  icn'iiui. 
Facia)   n  de.   .... 


Ill  NT: 


fi.7  inches. 

.").  I  inches. 

■1.1  inches. 

5.;}  inches. 
II.     inches. 

•1.2  inches. 
II.     inches. 
!!).!  inches. 
7  I.    culiic  inclies. 
3J.    cnhic  inches. 
II.    cuhic  inches. 
14.    cnhic  inches. 

7C  dcurces. 


I'LATK    XLIII. 


(  IIINdlK. 


y'^:\-^ 


Mr.  Townseiid.  throuijli  whose  kindness  I  received  tiiis  sknll.  accompanied  it 
with  the  rollo\\iM:,^  memorandnni :  "The  >kull  of  the  Chinouk  is  that  of  a  hiiili 
clnel.  as  was  manifest  i.'i  the  superior  style  in  which  his  canoe  was  decked  out. 
the  unusual  fineness  of  the  wrappings  wilii  wliich  the  body  was  covered,  and  the 


■fiJ' 


Tin:  cniNouKS. 


2(i'j 


cvidi  lit  ciiic  ;iiul  iiKciitinn  wliii'li  liiul  licrn  hcstdwcd  (in  llic  uliolc  urnniicintiit.  ' 
This  licad  is  small  but  compact,  and  lias  had  its  lull  shan-  of  Mrtil'icial  roiiiiirission. 
Tiic  Chinouks  inhahil  tiic  nortiiirn  siioic  ol'  llic  Col\im!)ia  river,  mar  its  hmmiIIi. 
Ill  common  willi  the  adjacent  coL^nate  trihes,  tliej-  ajjpear  to  possess  less  cmiraiie 
llian  the  Indians  (if  otlier  nations.  ."Mr.  Hoss  Cox  itives  a  sorrowful  account  ol 
Ihem.  "The  tjood  (|iia!ities  of  tliese  Indians."  says  he,  "are  few.  tlieir  vices  maii\. 
Industry,  patience,  sojjriety  and  inucnuity.  nearly  romprise  llie  former:  while  in 
the  latter  may  lie  ( ias-id  liiievin;;.  lyiiiii'.  incontinence.  i;amhlini;-  and  eruilly.  "* 
Lewis  and  Clark,  at  an  earlier  period,  made  inucii  the  same  oliservations.  "They 
seem  to  lie  iiif(  rior  to  their  neifjhhors  in  spirit.  No  ill  treatment  or  indignity  on 
our  part  seems  to  excite  any  feeliiii;  except  fear:  nor.  althouu;h  belter  provided 
tiian  their  neit:;lib(irs  with  arms,  have  they  enterprise  enonnh  to  nse  them  advaii- 
1a-e(nisly  anainst  the  animals  of  the  forest,  nor  olVensivi  ly  ai;ainst  their  neighliors. 
who  owe  (heir  safety  more  to  the  timidity  than  the  forhearance  of  the  Chinonks.'"t 
They  fa-hinn  their  eaiines  and  doinrvlie  implemeiils  with  eoiisideralile  inneiiuity. 
hut  have  MO  Inndness  f(ir  liie  sea  lieyoud  the  mere  ae(piiMtion  of  food  for  their 
familie-. 


MCAsI  UI'.Mr.NTS 


Longitudinal  dianu  ler. 

Parietal  diamet(  r. 

Frontal  diameter, 

Vertical  (iiamet(  r. 

liiler-mastoid  arch.     . 

Iiiler-mastoid  line. 

Occipito-frontal  arch. 

Horizontal  periphery. 

lAlreme  leiiiith  of  head  and  face. 

Internal  capacity. 

Capacity  of  the  anterior  chamlier. 

Capacity  of  the  posterior  cliamher. 

Cai)acity  of  the  coronal  region,     . 

Facial  angle,       .... 


(1.7  iuciit's. 

J. 'J  inches. 

1.7  inches. 

I.fi  inches. 
11. 2  inidies. 

1.  inches. 
12.!)  inches. 
■20.     inches. 

S.3  inches. 
GO.     cubic  inches. 
32.5  cubic  inches. 
OG..)  cnliic  inches. 

9.9  cubic  inches. 

7-2  degrees. 


'  Culumhia  (iivrr,  ^f.,  p.  117. 

53 


tExpcil.  11.  !>  Ill 


210 


(  1?AMA  A.'MKHK  ANA. 


I'I.A'I"K    M.IV. 

Kl,\  ISIOM. 

Aiinllii  r  (iiic  (if  till  Irili^sol'  till-  Oirnon.  n ciivcil  aNo  I'linn  inv  Iriiiitl  .Mr. 
.1.  K.  'I'h AiiMiul.  Il  will  he  iili>crv((l  tli;il  the  lnii:;ituiliii;il  ami  pMriit;!!  liiaiuctcr* 
;irc  iicaih   tlir  -iiiiir.  ami  tlii'  I'mrliciiil  miv  mucii  (itiivi -Mil. 


Mr.A-i  i{r.Mi;N  I' 


liiMi:.'itmlim)l  diann  Irr. 
I'iirn  tal  (liaimtii-.  . 
Frniital  (liaiiu  III'. 
Vcitical  (liaiinti f.  . 
lull i-iiia->tiiiil  arcli.  . 
lull  I  -iiia>tiiiil  line.  . 
()('ci|ii|ii-lrMiital  ai'cli. 
Hiin/iiiiliil  |H  ii|ilirfv. 

l-Al|vii|r   liii^tll  III'  hrail  ami    lacr. 

lull  I  iimI  (M|i,icil  V, 
Capacity  nl'  tlir  aiiti  rinr  rliaiiilii  i\ 
('aji.ii'ily  111'  the  |iii«t(  rinr  fliaiiiiici'. 
Faci.il  aiiLilc.    .... 


(>..'  iiicin^. 
().  iiiclif-i. 
!.(>  iiu'liis. 
'>.;J  iiii'hfs. 

II.  I  inclio. 
1.2  iiu'lits. 

IJ.I  iiiclic".. 

III.  iiirl,    I. 
.'^..i  inciic. 

"(1.     ciiliic  iiiciu--. 
in.     ciiliic  iiiclii  ^. 
10.     ciiljic  iiic'iifs. 
70  dt'iii'L'LS. 


PLATi;    \L\ 

KlI.I.I'.MoiiK. 


''^. 


I  I 


/ 


,4^'^ 


Tho  head  (if  a  cliici.  of  very  lai\a'  (linniiMnii^  and  pdiuliToiis  stnictiiic.  the 


THK  CLA'l'SAl'S. 


n\ 


iiiu^  mill  Icctli   liiiiin  111'  ciKiriuoiis  size  tnid  tlic  I'lici    |i<    tniiliiit;-,     'I        iutiTiiiil 


ijiHcilv 


'iTiilir  lliiiii  Hull  111'  iiiiv  oilier  iii(li\i(lii;il  nl  this    i  lies  in  m_\  ^  ksm.*»uiii 


I  .1111  iiiilclilcd  lor  lliis  skull  :iNii  In  Mr.  .1.  K.  'I'dwii-i  nd. 


il  .Mr. 

IU'll'I> 


Ml,  v-^nir.Mr.N'i's. 


liiiii^iliKliniil  (liiiiiii'li  r. 

I'iiiii'liil  (liiiiiii'lir. 

I'roiital  iliaiiictcr, 

\'(  rtical  (liiiiiiclcr,    . 

Iiil(  r-niiist(ii(l  iircli.  . 

iiitci'-iiia-liml  liiic.    . 

Occipitd-froiital  aicli. 

ll(iri/.iiiital  pcriplurv. 

liXticini'  IciiLilii  nl'  litad  and  i'at'c. 

Iiitiiiial  capacilv. 

Capacily  nl'  liic  aiiUnior  (•liaiiilnr. 

C:ipaeily  nl'  lln'  posterior  cliaiulK  i 


Ca 


parity 


t! 


ic  coronal  reiTion 


Faeial  aiiiile 


(i.ll  inelies. 


(). )  inches. 
I.!»  indies. 
I.S  indies. 
1).7  indies. 
•I.     iiidies. 


I  I. 
11. 


incurs, 
iiidies. 


)S..')  iudu 


ciiluc 


indu 


J  [.     culiic  iiidics. 


:mi1 


;)M.     onhic  inciit 
1!).:J  culiic  iiiclu 
7.)  d 


evrree> 


i'LATi;    XLVI. 


CLAI'SAl'. 


,^' 


:<*-^ 


■.  til 


Tile  Clalsaps  resi(ic  on  the  southern  -iiore  ol'  the  hay  at  tlie  mouth  nl'  tlie 
Cnlunihia  riv(  r.  and  alniii;-  the  sea  cnast  nn  hntli  sides  nl'  I'ninl  Adani-.  Owiiij;  tn 
the  destrnyiuu;  ell'ccts  ol'  uialiLiiianl    diseases,  especially  tlie  small  pox.  this  trihe  is 


212 


CHAMA  AMIIIIK  ANA. 


niliiml  III  ;i  iinii'  liiiiidrnl  of  [..niilc.     'I'Im'  aiiii.Ncd  pLilc   i^  ,||;i\Vh  lioni  m  skull 

liroiijjiit   iiic  hy  Mr. 'rowiiMiiil:    I   hiivf   had  a   Inml  vii  w  tak.  ii  i.l    it  iiinrdirln 

sliinv  at  itiic  viiw  tiif  mval  widlli   and    im  ijiiidilv  <>l  tlir   «.kiill.  and   llir  r.Miriii. 
d(|iri'»iiMi  III'  iIk  rnniinl  Ikhk  . 


MIV-I  III 
ijii||>;'illldillal    diaiiirlrr. 

I'arii'lal  diaiiirit  r.     . 

i''riiiilal  diaiiii'lrr. 

Ncrtical  diaiiictir.     . 

Iiilrr-niaslnid  aicli.  . 

lull  I'-iiiasliiid  liiK'.    . 

()ofi|iilii-IViiril;il  iircli. 

Hoii/diitiil  |i(  ii|di(ry. 

Hxtl'ciiic  Iciiiilli  1(1'  licad  and  lace . 

Inlirnal  caiiacily. 

Cajiacily  of  the  .iiili  linr  cliaiiiliir. 

(  a|iacity  nl'  the  puslcridi'  clianilirr. 

C';i|iacil_v  nl'  tin   cdrdiial  ii  liiciii. 

Facial  aiiulf.   .... 


mi:n  I > 


l>.7  iiiflic*. 
<i.  inclicv. 
.0.  int'lio. 
A..'}  iiiflic*. 
I  l.'l  inclics. 
l.i  iiiclu  •^. 

I.i.  illCllCN. 

1!»,S  inclKs. 

S.  t  iiicJHs. 
7S.     culiii'  iiu'lic*. 
Hi.     niliic  iiiclus. 
'}i.     ciiliic  inclic. 
s.'.')  cnliic  iiicli(«. 

70  dc;;r(c.s. 


PLATi:   XLMI. 

KAI.AI'OOVAII 


fN- 


A 


TIIK  KALAI'OOYAHS. 


313 


Tlif  KiiliipooyaliH  reside  on  the  shoirs  of  llu'  Onuoii. 
'«oiii('  (lUtaiicT  nliovi-  ih  nioutii,  liut  they  iiru  now  n  ihvindlcd 
;in«l  tli'^fmrnli'  trihc.  Tliis  fint'  luiul  is  ainmiK  tlir  iiianv 
vaiiialiic  mntiiliiitions  trnili  nd  to  this  work  hy  my  IViiiid 
Mr,  'rowiisrnd.  It  slronniy  n'stnii)lfs,  in  all  iN  (Iclaih. 
Ill'  Killtninok  liind  already  liiriirt'd.  'riu-  cnorniuiis  nrliits, 
'<  ill  (III  massive  and  |irotruded  lace,  are  anion^  its  most 
>irikini;  idiaracters. 


MI'.ASI  ur.MENTS. 


liiint;itiidinid  diamiler.     . 

I'arii'lal  diannli  r.    . 

I''riintal  diameti  r.     . 

Vertical  diauK'ler,    . 

Inter-mastoid  arch.  . 

hill  r-mastoid  line.    . 

Oeeipilo-li'ontnl  arch. 

Iliirizontal  periphery. 

I"'\lniiie  lehiilh  nf  head  and  lace. 

Inleriial  ea|)aci(y.     . 

Capacity  of  the  anieiior  chamliei-. 

Capacity  of  the  pnsti  rior  ehanilier. 

Capacity  of  the  coriMial  region. 

Facial  anijle.  .... 


C.8  inches. 

0.3  inches. 

5.2  inches. 

1.!)  inches. 
I  •!.'■"  inelics. 

4. J  inches. 
13.  inches. 
'20.. I  inches. 

S.fi  inclie>*. 
S7.    ciihic  inches. 
J;)..)  ciiliic  inches. 
)l.;)  cubic  inches. 
1  \.l  cuhic  inciie*. 

(i.si  degrees. 


54 


214 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


PLATE   XLVIIl. 


cMCKrr.vr. 


Clii'kiUit  skull.  IViim  tlic  ("olumbia  river,  sent  luc  liy  Mr.  Towiisciul.  It  i^ 
^rnitlv  ll:itk'iic(!  dii  tlic  iVoiital  rr;;iiiii.  ami  irrcnular  in  its  j)n)i)ortii)iis.  It  is  nhd 
niuarkalilc  for  llic  niiiains  (if  an  ('.\l('n>-ivi'  fracturr.  rduuncncin;;-  almvc  flic  niiddlt 
<>\  tile  li  l'(  |iari(ta!  Imnc  and  ixliiidinii  downwariN  lo  the  base  dl'  llir  skull,  'i'lii^ 
Iracturc  lias  been  fnilnwiil  by  rvidi  nt  (IcprcsNinn  nf  llic  bout',  and  yd  the  cicalri- 
/alioii  ba^  been  f(uuid('lf. 


Mr..v-i  lii'.MUNis. 


Li)U;;itudinal   diauutcr. 

Parirfal  dianicti'r.     . 

FiMiulal  dianicli  r. 

\  rrtical  dianiclcr.     . 

lut(i-nia-loi(l  arcli.    . 

Inlcr-uiastoid  iiiic     . 

Oc'ci|iilo-lroHtal  aicli. 

Horizontal  jxripiiny. 

K\trrnii'  Icniilli  ol'  bead  and  faic. 

liUiiiial  caiKicily, 

Capacity  i>f  tlic  anterior  cli''.inbci-. 

Cajiacity  of  llic  povlcrior  cliauibcr. 

Facial  auiilc.    .... 


(i.t)  inches. 

kS  inches. 

I.S  inches. 

").  inches. 
II. 2  inches. 

■1.2  inches. 
1;3.  inche>. 
ll)..'!  inches. 

7.')  inches. 
7!).     cubic  iuche« 
it).')  cnbi<'  inche> 
■1-2.')  cubic  incho 

70  dei;rees. 


THE  COWALITSKS. 


215 


I'LATES   XL IX    AND    L. 

COWAl.ri'SK. 


Tlii-i  cxlriiiirdiiiiiiT  relit-  wm-  mIso  hrmii^lit  I'nim  tlic  Ci)liiinl)ia  river  liy  inv 
Irieiiil  .Mr.  '^(l\\ll^elul.  nelormed  :!■<  Ilie  (illier  skiilN  nf  this  series  are.  tiii>  (iiie 
Mir|):i<^e>  lliem  all  ill  il'iisc  l;K'ti(iiHi-<  pr(i|ii)rti(iiis  uliieli  lesiilt  i'roiu  lueeliaiiieal 
pre-Mire  Id  liic  I'lireluad.  'i'iiu-i  llie  vertical  liiainett  i-  is  reduced  lo  little  inure 
lliaii  I'liiir  iiiclies — the  tiij)  (if  llie  cranium  presents  a  llattened  arch  imt  lai 
removed  rnim  a  inii-i/.iintal  plane,  and  tln'  lace  is  prutruded  until  the  facial  aii^ile 
i^  I'edlleed  to  ^i\lv->i\  dei^rcr-;.  tile  lowest  i;iade  which  I  have  idjserved  ill  aiiv 
liiimau  >knll.  1  have  represented  hnth  pralile  aiul  vertical  view-*  ul'  this  head  : 
iuit  the  latter  repre>-ents  it  as  piissessed  nf  1(1(1  iiiiich  rcijiilarit y,  especially  ahuiit 
the  /yndiiia-.  'rile  first  (ir  prolile  drawing;;  is  perfectly  accurate  in  all  its  prdjior- 
tidiis.  hut  the  artist  has  inadvertently  drawn  it  one  sixth  of  an  inch  tud  small  in 
•■acll  df  its  diaillelel's. 


■Ml'.ASI  liP.MF.NrS. 


Longitudinal  diameter. 
Parietal  diameter. 
Frontal  diaim  ler. 
\'ertical  (liainelir.     . 
Inter-niastdid  a!(di.   . 
Inter-niasldid  line.     , 
Occipitd-frdiital  arch. 
Hdri/.iuital  p(  riphery. 
Extreme  h'liulh  df  head  and  fac 


7.     mclios. 

fi.l  inches. 

1.!)  iiudies. 

'1.1  inches. 
1,1.9  inches. 

'1.  inches. 
I  2.7  inches. 
'20. i  inches. 

S.C  inches. 


'2  It) 


CHAM  A  AMERICANA. 


75.  fuliii'  inches. 
■28.  c'lihic  inclit's. 
■17.  cubic  inches. 
f).'2.')  ciihic  inciics. 
(iG  ih'niTcs. 


Internal  capacity.     ...... 

Capacity  nf  the  anterior  dianiher. 

Capacit}'  of  the  posterior  chamber,     . 

Capacity  ol'  tlie  ct>ronal  region, 

Facial  angle.    ....... 

Eight  llatlened  skulls  of  the  Columbia  river  tribes  in  my  possession  (seven 
of  which  are  figured  in  the  preceding  plates)  give  the  foll(iv\ing  results  of  measure- 
ment. 

.AFi^an  of  liie  internal  ca|)aeity.  SO  cubic  inches. 
Mian  cajiacity  of  the  anterior  eliamhir.  31.8  cubic  inches. 
Mean  ca])aeity  of  the  posterior  eliamber.   Ki.S  cubic  inche-;. 
.Mean  caj)acity  of  the  coronal  region.  ll.S  cubic  inches. 
Mean  facial  an^ie.  70  degrees. 

It  therefore  appears  that  the  operation  of  llaltening  and  otherwise  distorting 
the  head  in  infancy  liy  artihcial  contrivances,  does  not  diminish  the  capacitv  of 
the  cranium.  lU-  tiie  whole  volume  of  brain:  neither  does  it  nuiterially  alUct  the 
relative  ])i(iportioiis  ol'  brain  in  the  two  chambers  of  tlie  cranium,  inasmuch  a-  tin- 
lateral  e\|ian>ion  of  the  frontal  I'eginii  compensates  for  the  loss  of  vertical  diametei-. 
The  coronal  region,  howevir.  i>  very  much  reduced  hy  the  process,  and  Ilit  facial 
anule  i-  din\ini-iied  at  hiM  live  degi'ees. 

The   external   anatomical    nu  asurenients  are   extremely  distorted,  esjieciallv 
the  several  dianu  lers.  and  the  length  of  the  head  and  face  conjoined  :   lor  example, 
the  eight  crania  give  the  fojiiiwinu'  results: 
Mean  louiiitudinal  diametei'.  (j.7  inches. 
]\Iean  [larii  tal  diameter,  d.     inches. 
^leaii  frontal  diameter,  l.fj  inelies. 
Mean  vi  iiieid  diameter,   l.s  incjies. 
Mean  of  inler-ina>toid  arch.  I  l.i)  inches. 
.Mean  of  iuter-niastoid  line.   1.1  inches. 
Mean  of  occipito-frmital  arch,  li.l  inches. 
.Mean  of  horizontal  periphery.  JO.  ineiies. 
Mean  of  extreme  huiitii  of  head  and  face.  8. J  inches. 


217 


SKULLS    Fno.M    THE    TUMULI     OR    MOUNDS. 

It  is  (lesiiiiicd  (ni  tliis  occasion  liricllv  (o  iiiiiuirc  into  the  ^coiirajiliical  ilistri- 
bntion  of  tlic  nionnds.  tlicir  uses,  and  the  race  of  jicoplc  by  whom  thoy  were 
conslructed. 

In  North  America  (lieie  are  very  few  niomuls  east  of  the  Aliegliany 
mountains,  'riiey  are  e.xiremely  >infre(iiient.  if  not  wiioliy  dehcienl.  tin'outihout 
tile  New  Enjiland  states,  New  Yoik.  Pennsylvania,  and  other  states  as  far  as  South 
Carolina,  where  they  are  common  in  the  interior:  the  latter  remark  is  also  appli- 
cable to  (ieoriiia  and  Florida,  and  all  the  country  which  skirts  the  (U\\i'  of  Mexico. 
Throuiihout  the  valley  of  the  I\Iississi|)pi  tlicy  are  very  numerous.  Dr.  James 
took  nieaMirements  of  no  le>s  than  twenty-seven  iinmedintely  north  of  the  town  of 
St.  Louis:  Mr.  Say  counted  uj)wards  of  thirty  on  the  Ki>h\vaka  river,  in  the  north 
of  Illinois;  anil  the  hlull's  which  border  the  AViscou>-iu.  about  lo\n'  miles  above  its 
mouth,  are  covered  with  them.*  They  :d)ounil  much  laitlur  north,  and  are  ^eeii 
as  far  a>i  the  vicinity  of  liakr  Traver^.  in  lat.  1(1  .  which  i-  pr(diably  the  northern 
limit  of  these  n mains.  They  are  obMived  u|)  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  to  the 
base  of  the  Alb  ;ihanies.  diminish  in  trequeney  westward  of  the  Mi>i>i^>ippi.  and 
arc  not  seen  beyond  the  Hocky  Mouutaiu'^.  To  the  s(uith.  they  are  conmuui  in 
Arkansas,  and  in  Mexico  ai-e  vastly  nuuirro\i'.;.  In  I'eiu  and  il>  ancient  dipend- 
encies  they  are  also  seen  in  ijreat  number,  and  even  as  far  south  as  the  country  of 
the  Araucos.  in  Chili.  Last  <d'  the  .Andes  they  are  raiely  sicn  :  ;uul  Iluuiboldt  is 
of  the  opinicui    iiat  there  is  not  a  tunuilu^  in  all  fJuiana. 

Most  of  these  slr\R'tures  are  nure  ciicular  mouiuls  of  earth,  from  twi  Ive  to 
twenty  or  thirty  feet  in  dianu'ter.  and  six  or  eisiht  feet  hiiih.  Others  are  of  lari;r 
dimensions  and  imposing;  appearance:  such  is  Mount  .bdiet.  in  \Vi>consiii.  \vhicb 
is  described  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft  as  of  an  elliptical  form.  f(un'  hundred  and  lifty 
yards  m  length,  seventy-live  iji  breadth,  and  sixty  feet  in  height. t  Mr.  Erecken- 
ridge  mentions  another  neai-  the  Mississijjpi  and  Caludvie  rivers.  ( ight  lumdrcd 
yards  in  eircumfercnee  at  base,  and  ninety  feet  ( levatimi:  and  from  tlu'  top  of  tnis 
mound  no  les'^  than  lorty-live  others  ;)re  within  range  of  sight. +  'I'lie  I'-towec 
mound,  in  the  Cherokee  country,  is   >(ill   larger.^   and  that  on  (irave  creek,  in 


■  l\KArjMi,  l'.\i)i\l.  I,  |i.  ;;.i'l. 
1  V'liu-s  dl'  I>uiiim:u];i,  p.  187. 
55 


t'l'iiiv.  Ill  ihi-  \';illry  111  irii'  MlsM-.^ippl.  [<.  AM. 
§.\iiir|-.  Jour.  Ill'  S^'k'iici'  anil  All.  I,  \>.  .i.'-l. 


218 


CHAM  A  AMERICANA. 


\'iininiii.  (wiiicli  will  lie  imrlii'iilaily  iinticcd  luniiftcr.)  is  ;i1mi  o(  giitaiilir  size. 
But  (lie  tiidst  (■\iii(iiis  iiKiuiuls  are  IIuim'  constniclcd  into  riiilc  nsnulilaiiccs  (if 
til    and    aiiimaN.  wliicii    aixniiid    in    Wi>c-iiiisiu  ttrrilory :    and    tlitsc  al 


ni 


SI)  arc 


proved  to  lie  se|iuleliral  nidnnnients  iiv  tiie  (|nan)i(\-  ol"  luinian  remains  eniliraced 
in  thcin.* 

Tile  inound.s  are  varioiisiy  shaped,  cireiilar.  elliptieal.  and  |tvraiiiidal.  wiiile 
some  (if  tliem  are  i'ornied  in  parapels,  liix<'  tlie  pyramid  ol'  INIeddun.  in  Kuvpl. 

'I'lie  Uses  of  (licse  -tnielures  were  various,  as  will  apjiear  from  the  position 
they  occuin-,  and  the  arti('  's  contained  in  them;  nor  can  there  he  a  (|Ues|ioii  that 
they  were  mainly  detuned  for  receptacles  for  the  dead.  In  almost  all  instances 
in    which    tiiey  have   heen   canfullv  examined,  human   bones  have  heeii  found   in 


them,  and   sometii 


nes    many   skeletons   together. 


and    re!:;ularly   disposed. 


The 


remarkahle  liroup  of  pyramid>  at  'I'eotilmacan.  north  of  the  city  of  .Mexico,  is 
situated  on  a  plain  that  hear-  tiir  name  of  Micoatl.  or  7'//r  jial/i  of  llic  dciitl. 
ohviou-ly  indicatini;-  at  lea-t  one  of  tlie  u-es  of  tho-e  structures,  which,  in  that 
locality  alone,  are  -e\crid  hundred  in  numher.l-  in  Peru  the  mounds  are  called 
//iKicdft.  which,  in  the  Quichua  lan-ua-c,  sini;nilie-  l<i  triip.  a  desii;iiati(Ui  not  less 
:  \prev-i\e  than  that  cd'  the  Mexican-. t 


]?esidis  human   remain-,  the  mound- 


eiuilain   the   bom-  of   the  bear. 


otter,  heaver  and    other  animal-.';  toii-ether  with  stone  liatchets  ai 


111  arrow 


heads 


ve-sels  of  various  kind-,  frannienl-  of  ob-idiaii  and  mica.  and.  more  rarely,  imjjle- 
nnnt-  of  copprr.  and  oruaineot-  of  ivory.  It  i-  al-o  not  nnu-ual  to  find  ashes, 
cinders  and   burnt  bone-.  I'e-liui;  on  a  platform  of  -tones,  showing-  that   the   body 


had    been    (irst    consunn  d   bv 


There   can    be   no  doubt,   however,  that  tlit 


mounds  were  also  devoted  to  other  purpo-es;  l-t.a-  cdiservatories  and  I'ortilicatioiis 
in  time  of  war.  Thu-  we  are  told  that  when  the  last  remains  (d'  the  Natclie/. 
uere  pur-iied  by  the  I'n  uidi.  (A.  1).  17iS.)  they  threw  up  a  jiiound  on  lied  river, 
in  Loui-iaiia,  occupied  it  a-  a  fortitication.  and  defended  it  \\ith  the  utiuo-1  lira\erv 
until  overc(une  by  tlic  superior  tactics  id'  tht  ir  eiiemits.'i  In  like  manner  the 
Cherokee-,  in  tlnir  latr  war  with  the  Creik-.  -urronnded  the  -umniit  of  the 
EtoWee    mound  with    picket-.,  placed    tiuir   laiuilie-    in   the    enclosure,  and   tl 


ins 


defended    ihemstlves    from   the 


as-aul 


their   enemies.^:       Jd,   As  places  of 


Wl.ilH.ill  .Vlilrr.  .Iiilir.  lit'  Sriclirc,  \  \  \  I  V 


Willi  (liaL'raiiis 


t  He.Miioi.DT,  -Mumiiiiiiiis,  1,  ii.  m. 
§  Archa'oloLT.  Aiii.r.  1,  p.  If.-. 


Ivi^nnsiaiiicKii,  'I'iiii.''  ^'lars  in  ih.j  I'acifir.  p,  -liiO. 
Siin.Kv.  m  I!i|iMrl,  i.(;.,  iMJd,  p.  .SO. 


(\iuM;i.n>,  ill  .\ini  r,  .lour.  I'l'  Sclciui'  .unl  .\rl.  I.  p.  .ijl. 


SKULLS  FROM  THE  MOUNDS. 


219 


worsliip  or  of  saiTificc.  'I'lic  pynuiiitlal  slructiins  of  Mexico  arc  called  Ti-.oc.vi.- 
i.is.  or  houses  ol'  the  goils,  indicative  of  at  least  oik;  of  (tie  ptirposes  to  wliieli  they 
were  devoted.  3d.  As  the  roiiiulalioiis  of  dwellings.  This  fact  has  heen  (d)served 
in  the  low  groniuls  of  Louisiana,  when,  the  villages  were  liable  to  ininidation  ;* 
and  Lewis  and  Clark  appear  t(j  refer  to  a  similar  use  of  mounds  among  the  Ottoos 
of  Missouri.! 

Of  what  race  were  the  people  who  conslnicted  tliese  tumuli  ?  It  appears  to 
me  that  if  we  examine  tliis  (juestion  in  reference  to  the  cranial  remains  and  other 
relies  found  in  the  mounds,  liure  can  be  no  dillleuity  in  tracing  their  origin. 
The  first  step  in  the  incjuiry.  however,  will  consi>t  in  an  examination  of  the 
following  series  of  skulls  from  localities  remote  from  each  other:  nurely  premising, 
that  I  have  not  in  tliis  instance  admit(e<l  any  specimens  which  are  not  perl'ectly 
authenticated  l)y  tlie  places  and  circnm^lances  in  which  they  \vere  olitained. 


PLA'l'i:    LI. 


sKii.i,  Fi;i)\i  A  M(irNi)  \iv\it  ciiiCLiiv  ii.m:,  OHIO 


V, 


o 


This  relic  was  presented  to  me  by  my  friend  Dr.  S.  P.  Ilildreth.  of  Marietta. 
Ohio,  who  has  furnished  nu'  with  the  fidlowiug  note.  "Cranium  of  an  ali(uiginal 
iubabitant  of  the  Seiota  valley,  taken  fmm  au  ancient  mound  constructed  on  a 
NUiall  natural  elev.itiou  iu  the  present  town  of  Circleville.  Several  other  skeletons 
were  fiiund.  but  none  of  them  in  a  hettei'  state  of  preservatiiui.  The  os  friuitis  is 
cut  through  or  beatiMi  in.  probably  by  a  blow  from  a  battli'  axe;  and  no  less  than 
five  arrow-heads  were  f  .uml  sticking  in  and  about  the  skeletmi.  The  tumulus  is 
constructed    of   loam   and    coarse    limestone    uravil.    which    doubtless  assisted   in 


'  liiiiMiiKii.  AiiiiT.  .Iiiiir.  ofSi'ii'iici'  iui'l  Art.  HI.  p.  :!". 


t  ExpcJ.  I,  p.  35. 


'220 


CHANiA  a:sieiiicana. 


presorvinc;  tlu'  bones  Iroin  dtcay.— Tlio  ancient  works  at  Circlevillc  arc  exlciisive. 
anil  whin  first  iliscovcnil  were  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation.  Trees,  the  uirowtli 
of  many  centuriis,  covered  the  .urounil.  hearing  eviihiiee  of  tlie  an(i(|iiity  of  these 
remains  of  a  former  race.  Lari^o  qiiaiilities  of  iiuman  iiones.  in  diHerent  slai^es  of 
decomposition,  are  found  in  tiie  jiraveliy  plain  ahont  lialf  a  niiU'  nortli  of  C'ireieviiie. 
showing  that  lliis  liad  ioni;  heen  tiie  iiuriai  place  of  a  luinieroiis  people."* 


MI'.ASI  nr.MENT' 


lion^itnilinal  dianutii'. 
I'nriilal  diiinutir.     . 
Fnnital  ilianirtcr. 
\  ertieal  dianuli  r.    . 
Iiitrr-nia^toid  areli.   . 
Iiilir-inastiiid  line.    . 
()ei'i|>ito-froiital  areli. 
Horizontal  iitriplurv. 
IntiMial  ea|)a('ity. 
Facial  anuie.    . 


7.  i  iiielus. 

5.S  inches. 

1.1  inches. 

.'>.  I  inches. 
I  l.()  inches. 

I..!  inches. 
1  1. 1  inches, 
-'().:)  inclics. 
S(i.,j  eiiliie  iiiehc: 

7t)  decrees. 


I'LATi;    LII. 


>Ki  1,1.  riiiiM  A  MiiiM)  KN  ■rin;  rrniu  Mississnn 


i    am   also   iiidililid   to   Dr.  llildrelh   for   this   speeiincn.  lo:;-clher    with    Itu 
lollouiMg   mniiiinindum.     "Skull  taken   from  a   mound  seated  mi  the  hiuh   Idnll 


'  Thr  iMlriiiral.l.'  pivservalKiii  n|'  ihis  skull,  is  nwuv.'  lo  lis  liaviii-  ln'iMi  \v:i-li.il  willi  s|,iiU-\  arni-li 
'iNUic.lial.'ly   all.r   rxliiuiialin,,,  a   j.io.vss   \,y   whirh   llirso   rrlii's  may   I'l'   rradiiv   :iml    prrniaiM  ni.v 

I  IvsiTltil, 


SKULLS  I'llO.M  'niK  IMOUNDS. 


in 


wliicli  overlooks  Iht-  ^lississippi  river,  one  liuiulred  aiul  fil'ty  miles  ;ibove  the 
iiioiilli  ol'  llie  Missouri.  Tliere  were  six  inmiiuls  placed  near  each  other  in  a 
rinlit  line,  comniencinnwitli  a  small  one  only  a  few  lee  I  in  heii;ht,  anil  terminatinii 
in  another  of  eii!;ht  or  ten  feel  elevation,  anil  twenty  feel  iliameter.  This  skull 
was  ohtaineil  from  the  (ifth  monnil  in  liie  series."  It  is  a  lari,^e  craninm.  very  fnll 
in  Its  vertical  ilianu'ter.  anil  hroml  hetween  the  parietal  iiones. 

Mi'.A'i  iir.Mi'.Nrs. 


Loniiiliiilinal  iliameter. 
I'arietal  iliametei'. 
Frontal  iliameter. 
Vertical  iliami  ter. 
Inter-mastoiil  arch. 
Inler-masloii!  lim . 
Oecipifo-IVontal  arch. 
Horizontal  i)eri|)hery. 
Internal  capacity. 
Facial  anirle. 


7.1  incliis. 

5.3  inches. 
I.S  inches. 

5.5  inches. 
1  l.(!  inches. 

A.l  inches. 
I  !.()  inches. 
H).     inches. 
sr).5  ciihic  inche> 
"0  decrees. 


I'LAl'E    Llll. 


Ihi' 
iliill 


sKi:i,i.  riioM   nil-:  (;i!a\i-;  citi'.i'.K  moi'M).  in  \  iuc.ima. 

The  -:reat  mound  on  (iravc  creek.  Viriiinia.  i-  ahout  twelve  miles  from 
Wheelintr.  and  not  far  from  the  Oliio  rivi  r.  As  it  is  one  of  the  laru;est  and  mo>t 
perfect  works  of  the  kind  in  North  America,  and  a>  it  ha-  l)eea  ■  xcavated  with 
liieat  care  and  micccss.  I  have  endeavored  to  (ditain  whatever  y  ..enlars  have  any 
connection  with  the  pre-ent  imiuicy.  For  tlie>e  I  am  indel)ted  to  James  W. 
Clemens.  M.  I).,  of  Wiieelint;.  Viriiinia.  from  wliose  memoir,  drawn  np  at  my 
rei|nest.  1  extract  the  foUowiii!;  facts. 

"The  (iiiAM'.  C'lir.r.k  Moim>  is  eiu;ht  hundred  and  thirty-seven  feel  in  cir- 
cumference at  its  JMse.  and  seventy  feet  in  liei-lit.  and  i-  situated  on  a  natural 
elevation  id'  eiiihty  or  one  imudred  feet  alio\e  tiie  lowwater  mark  id"  liie  Ohm 
river.  Tiie  mound  has  heen  for  moie  than  half  a  century  in  possessiou  of  the 
family  of  Mr.  Tomlinson.  whose  son  accon\plished  a  complt  te  examination  ol  it 
5G 


221 


CHAMA  AMEHICANA. 


(Iiiriiiu;  (lie  .suunntr  of  18:)S.  lie  citiniiu'iircd  di.ijuiim  on  tli.'  north  side  of  the 
mound,  imd  alioiil  four  feet  above  llie  Iniicli  tliat  sun'ounds  it.  from  wiiieli  point 
a  hori/onlal  shaft  was  exeavated  lo  tlie  eeiitie.  At  a  dislanee  of  twelve  or  (ifteen 
fert  from  tlie  Mii'faee  were  found  numerous  masses  eomj)o>cd  of  eiiareoal  and 
hunil  hone.  15efore  reaeiiinii;  the  eeiilre  a  pa^^nuiewav  was  djseovered  to  a  vault 
at  tlie  lia-e  :  this  |)assai;e  had  an  inelinalinu  of  ten  or  lifteiii  decrees,  and  had  lieen 
eovend  with  limlier.  of  whieli  tlir  iniproMon  on  the  earth  alone  remains  ;  and 
the  vault  i(-elf  was  partially  lilled  up  li\  lluv  timiiers  nivini;  wav.  and  adniitlini; 
llie  soil  from  ahove.  and  many  loose  stones  which  appear  to  have  formed  part  of 
the  envirim;-  of  this  ehamlier.  Aftrr  removinu'  all  thi^  ruhl)ish  from  the  vault, 
two  -kchtons  Were  found  eovei-ed  with  -and.  one  on  the  ea-t.  the  otiur  on  the 
\\e>t  -idr.  The  former  was  the  Mualler  and  mo-t  p(  li'eet  of  the  two.  and  its 
eranium  is  liu;ured  on  the  annexed  plate.*  In  this  m  pulehral  ehamher.  and 
ehictly  in  eouneetion  uiih  the  lar-i  r  -keleton.  was  Ininid  a  i;reat  number  of 
trinket-  of  variou-  kind-.  i)ut  principally  -ix  liuiuin  il  and  lil'ty  irori/f  heads,  per- 
forated iu  the  eenlri'. 

■•1)11  eairyiiii;-  a  -haft  iijiwaid-  from  tlii-  vault,  another  was  discovered  ahove 
it.  ami  1  xleiidiii-  ,  inhteeii  f ( ( t  in  leimth  and  ei-lit  in  width.  In  it  was  found  a 
-olitary  -kehtou  ill  a  stale  of  extreme  decay,  and  which  appeared,  like  those  in 
the  v.iiill  lieuealh.  to  have  been  placed  in  a  -t  indiii--  po-ition.  AVith  the  bone- 
wii-e  al-o  obtained  no  less  ilum  seventeen  hundnd  ivory  bead-,  like  tlio-e  already 
mentioned,  live  hundred  marine  -hell-  of  the  ■j.viius  Oliva:,  and  ab(uit  one  hundred 
and  tifty  -mall  plates  of  mica:  the  latter  beim;  perforated  at  their  -ides  and 
emiier-.  Five  copper  bauds  or  bracelet-  were  found  on  (he  bone-  of  \hr  arms, 
together  with  various  articles  of  niinor  iulen-t. 

".Mr.  Tomliu-on  next  du-  a  -haft  from  the  toj,  of  the  mound  (which  is  con- 
cave, a-  if  -uuk  in)  down  to  the  |owe-l  vault  :  but  he  had  lii-l  to  remove  an  oak 
tre(    twd  feit  and  a  half  iu  ilianieler.  and  nuiubeiinn'  three  huiidred  tirowths  from 

centre  lo  circumference.       Within    three    leet   of    the    -lirfice  Wa-   found  a  skeletou 

in  cuuplete  decompo-ition.  On  reachiici  the  lowt -t  vault  il  wa-  (b  tcriuined  to 
enlarue  it  lor  the  more  easy  acce-  of  \i-iter-.  and  it  wa-  aeeordinnly  extended  to 
a  diameter  of  Iwi  nty-eight  feet.      Durin-  (hi-  operation  ten  more  skeletons  were 

•  Sre  I'lile  '-,3. 

t  Dr.  Clrm.iis  assures  me  tlmt  ihr^.  Lends  niv  L-emiiii.'  iron/,  ami  not  h.iiir;  ami  aiKIs,  lli.ii  as  lie 
ha.l  liiiu-rHu-rniiL-lit  nuK-h  in  ivm-y.  lie  eoiil.l  noi  !..■  aii-lakeii  m  lli"  iiialerial. 


^ 


SKULLS  FROM  THE  MOUNDS. 


223 


(liNCi)V(i(il.  III!  ill  till'  siltiiii^  poNtiirc.  hut  in  so  fragile  a  state  as  to  di  I'y  all  attempts 
at  presci'vati'iii."* 

'file  aiiti(|iiity  "I  the  skull  t'nmi  the  lower  vault  is  siillieieiilly  estahljsheil  i)y 
the  preeeiliiii;  eirciiinslaiires:  anil  1  add  it  to  these  illustrations  with  the  i^reater 
•^atislaction  on  aeeoiint  of  the  authentic  character  of  all  the  facts  mentioned  i»y 
Dr.  Clemens.  The  occmreiiee  of  /ro/v/f  heads  is  a  matter  of  mneli  interest :  for 
it  will  he  atDiice  iiii(uireil.  where  did  the  ancient  Americans  procure  (his  material.' 
A  ulaiice  at  the  diawiiij!;  reveals  the  charactiristic  traits  of  the  American  skull,  as 
^een  in  the  full  superciliary  rid^e,  the  salient  nose,  the  rounded  head,  the  llatlened 
Mceipul.  and  the  hroad  and  ponderous  lower  jaw.  Every  tooth  in  this  head  is 
perfect  :  hut  a  part  of  the  occipital  lioiie  is  deficient,  and  the  dotted  line  is  jirohaiily 
an  approximation  to  tlii'  (U'iijiiial  outline,  'i'iie  follow iiiii;  are,  the  only  measure- 
ments [  have  heeli  aide  to  iii)taill. 

Longitudinal  diameter, O.G?  inches. 

Horizontal  diameter.  (fi(Uii  Miperciliary  ridije  to  occiput.)     (i.o  inches. 

I'aritlal  diam.ter C.     inches. 

Vertical  diameter, .'>.     inches. 

Facial  aiit;le.  ahoiit 7>S  dei;;rccs. 


PLATE    LIV. 

SlvIl.L    FllOM   A    .MOLM)   ON   TlIK   AI.VliA.MA    KlVl^K. 

Thi-  very  interotiiii;-  cranium  has  luin  ,'di-eady  mentioned  in  tiiis  work. 
(pa:;(  Kii.)  where  three  views  are  i;i\en  in  wood  outlines.  It  is  there  mentioned 
,is  the  property  of  Dr.  O.  H.  l-'owier.  who.  havinii-  piditely  allowed  nie  the  use  of 
It.  I  have  uladly  made  room  for  it  in  liii^  place.  It  is  supposed  to  he  a  Natchez 
head,  wiiich  is  aiton-etlur  proi)ahle  :  hut  I  insert  it  here  as  a  lienuiue  mound  skull. 
It  is  llatteued  on  the  occiput  and  os  froiitis  in  such  manner  as  to  ijive  the  whole 
head  a  sUi;ar-loaf  or  conical   form,  whence  also  its  L^reat  lateral  diameter,  and  its 


*  Mr.  'I'liiiiUiisoii,  the  in'iipiiulnr.  luis  liecii  al  L'r(  ,il  pains  anil  e.xiHMiso  to  Hi  ii\<  tli''  lower  vaull  el 
iliis  iiioiiml.  Ill  wliieh  ilii'  articles  Ibiliiil  in  it  are  preserveil  lor  llie  Lrralitiealloii  of  strangers. 

*"  I  am  alsi)  iiiloriiiuJ  by  Dr.  t'leiiieiis,  (hat  he  has  I'uuiul  /lorcc/din  heads  ill  ii  small  moiiiiil  a  imie 
aiul  a  hair  Irem  the  L'lrater  iiiie. — l'"or  an  early  ami  iuterestiUL;  account  of  this  iiioiiml,  sn:  Dr.  .1. 
Moriiin's  nieiiiiiir  in  th''  .Viiier.  .loiir.  of  Science  anil  .Vrt,  \'l,  |i.  liiii. 


221 


llfAM A   A.MIMUCANA. 


iiam.\vii.»  Infill  luck  li.  front.      I  >liiill   incniy  iriuiil  tlial  it  was  cxhiiiMil   li 


inn 


mill  high  ii|i  till'  Alahunia  rivir. 


>II.\M  ULMKNTS. 


Liini;'itu(liiia! 


I'arii'tai  (lianicltr. 
Fmiital  iliaiiictc  T. 


(Iiaiiii  ti  r. 


ir. 


ViTlical  (liaiiii'l 
Int(  r-inaM(iiii  aich.  . 
Iiitii-iiia>tiii(i  line.  . 
U('i'i|iitii-lniiilal  aicli. 
Ilnri/.iiiltai  |)rli|i|iir\. 


Iiitmiai 


caiiai'itv. 


Fai'ial  aii:j:l( 


'i.fl  micIk-. 

(i.G  iiiclics. 

I- 1  iiichi >. 

■').l  iiiclics. 
l-^.(>  iiiclii  s. 

I.  I  incii(>i. 
I  .'.I  indite. 
I  !>.(>  iiiciii  N, 
Ml.     ciiliic  iiicli 


/  J  ilciiTci' 


i'LA'li;    L\ 


-Ml. I,    lUiiM    A    \|(i|M)    IN 


■|i:nm>^i;i' 


K 


~\ 


^J 


'V\ 


illllr«.»ic 


iiMii  a  111 


li-ciMiiiiiiii  was  rxiiMii,,,!  Iiv  nn  iVi.iid  Dr.  Tionst.  „r  Nasjivijl,. '| 
""■"'  i"  "'•'<  -l.itc.  at  the  JiiMclioiinr  l"nnch-I5n,a,l  ami    llni.lon  lix.iv 


Dr.  'I'l'ddsi    iiiiidl 


y   Innvanldl    it    to    INiil.idi  ipliia    I 


III'    in\    use 


III'    Mi'tiiiii    111 


ninrs.,.,.  ;,|,.,v,.  „„  utinnnl.  ami  i.pi  ,.i,,liy  thr   lioistnn  rivir.  alimimi.  in  m„nniis 


iiir  iif  wliii-ji  cnv,  r>  an  ac'iT  nf   'j^vmm\   ami 


i-i   lliirtv   till    liiN-h.     Six  otii 


'M'l'ii   on   that    rivir 


linil    ili-tanci'   ahiivi'   its   month,  wliirli.  on   I 


iiilaimd  iKilJiin'i  Init  aslirs  and  clian'oal.*      'i 


ii'inu'  o|ii'm  d- 
111'  iiri'Miit  skull   is  fcniark.'ilili'  for 


S|!llill.lM\   Alll'T.   ,ll 


111-.   .il'Srirllcr  mihI   All,  I,  1..    I 


I'.    \VJ. 


SKULLS  FROM  TIIK  MOUNDS. 


225 


lis  vci'liciil  iiiiil  |i;ii'i('liil  (liiiinctcr,  aiul  llatiicss  and  clcvatiini  nf  thv  (iccipiil.     'I'lu 
I'licial  aiiiilc  is  also  iiniisiially  great. 


MI'.ASI  lir.Mr.N  IS, 


L()ni;itu(liiial  diaiiicli  r. 
Parietal  diameter,    . 
Frontal  diameter. 
Vertical  diameter.     . 
Iiiter-iiias|i)id  arcii.   . 
Inler-mastiiid  line,    . 
Oceiliiln-rniiitai  areli. 
Iloiizoiital  peii|ilu'ry. 
Iiili-nial  eapaeily, 
Facial  auijle,    . 


(i.fi  inches. 

».(>  inches. 

1.1  inches. 

!)M  inches, 
13,i  inches, 

■l.l  inches, 
1  I.  i'neiies. 
19.,'>  inches. 
87.  >  cuhic  inches. 

80  degrees. 


I'LATK    LVI. 

sKll.l.    I'Ko.M    A    ITMri.r^   AT   •^WTA,   1\    I'KIM'. 


'\ 


\     J 


i.. 

Ml 


■  re, 

nl 
l(i«. 

;in 

1,1. 


Tiiis  craniuiii  was  (il)taiiied  I'nini  a  mound  ivar  tlie  town  of  Santa,  in  I'ern. 
Iiv  Waters  Smitii.  M.  I).,  of  the  U.S.  Navy,  who  kindly  added  it  to  my  eollection. 
'I'he  ixiiiy  was  t'oiiiid  in  a  Hexed  or  sittini;  posture,  accompanied  by  a  miinlnr  ni 
vessels  of  |);ike(!  clay,  of  fine  \v(U'kmanship  and  iii2;cnion:j  construction.  Due  of 
Ihc  111.  which  is  in  my  possession,  is  a  (iiiadruple  vase  willi  a  single  tuluilar  mouth. 
57 


lor 


sai) 


CHANIA  AMKIMCANA. 


Tl 


\i<  i^  a  >niall.  lliiii  skull,  cuviivd,  whiii  1  itci  i\i  il  il.  willi  vi  ly  |,lll^^  hluck  I 


till  I. 


wllicll  \\;i>.  Iiliiii\(  il  Id  iiiiikc  (lie  (ll'iiwin 


>ir..\M  HI 


lii>iii;iiii(liiial  (liaiiii  III'. 

I'iiiittai  liiaiui'li  r.     . 

Fmiital  {liiunel(  r.     . 

\ti'1inil  liiainili  r.    . 

Iiitii-iiiasli)i(l  arrli.  . 

lull  i'-iiiastiti(l  liiii'.    . 

Occipitd-rnnit.il  arcii. 

il'iriziiiital  pniplicrv. 

Iiitti'iial  capncity. 

(.'a|mcily  ol'  tlic  aiitciiur  chanilirr. 

('ii|ia(il_\  of  llii    |i(i>|(  ri(ir  cJiainlM  r. 


( 


ili,icit\-  (if  ll 


n'liii.il 


rrLihill. 


I'iK'ial  aiii^h 


Mr,M>. 


<) 


iiu'lu" 


.3. 1  iiiclii's. 

1. )  iiiclics. 

■I.!(  iiiclnM. 
I  J.fi  iiiclics. 

3.N  iiiclics. 
IJ.3  inches. 
KS.5  inches. 


71. 

:lo. 
I  I. 
1  I. 


»  cilhic  inclics. 


CllllIC 


inchi 


>  CllllIC   IIIClll  «. 


)  CllllIC  inches. 


I  i!c-r 


I'Lvn:  L\ii. 


^i-.i  1-1.  ri;"M  A  Tl  Ml  I.I  s  IN  I'm;  \ai,i.i;n   nc  iii\i\(,  ix  i'i:iir 


r 


'I'lic  liiiuuhis   I'riini  whicii  this   icjic   was  dlitaincd  is  alinnt 


a  iiiilr  a 


nd 


a  hall 


III  tlic  oiiiilli  dl'  Lima.      II  is  nearly  twn  linmh'ed  I'ect  in  lieii;hl.  and  was  upened 


lew    vear- 


^ince 


hy   llie    I'reiicli    consul,  in  search  oC  anliqiiilit 


iiii;re>s  (j|'  e.xcavaliou  several  skulls  were  thr 


own  mil.  Idur  ol  \v 


hid 


Diirinii  lh( 
1  were  ohiained 


SKUIiLS  FIIOM  TIIK  MOrNDS. 


HI 


l»\  \u\  I'liiiiil  Dr.  Iliiiry  S.  ttcniiDltU.  "I'  the  T.  S.  Navv.  wli"  jiolilcly  Iriui^riiTtd 
tli<  III  In  nil .  'I'lir  cijiiiiuiii  imw  llfjiirtd  linn  In  lu  miicli  niinprosid  \\  nn,  nit 
lliiil  llic  litn  Inail,  rroni  llic  >up('i'('iliary  i'i(lt;i'  In  llic  rnivMi  nl'  llir  In  ad.  in'i^iiiN  a 
Miy  iiicliiii'il  plane.     'I'lir  Imni'S  an:  lurgi;  ami  iinndi  nms  tlii'<iii<j;|ioiil. 


MKAHnir.MRMX. 


liiintfitndinal  iiiannltr. 
i'.irirlal  diaiiK  dr.     . 
I'lmital  diaimlcr. 
\i  rlical  diaiiiitri'.     . 
hilrr-iiia^loid  arcli.  . 
hit 'r-ma^tiiid  linr.    . 
Occipitii-rnintal  arch, 
iliiri/.iiiital  piriplitry. 
Iiilt'irial  (Mpacily. 
Capacily  nf  ||ii'  aiilniiir  ciiamhi  r. 
♦Japacily  nf  (in'  |"i^|iiiiir  cliaml)!!-. 
Capacily  »{'  llic  cdioiial  rci^idii, 
l''acial  aii'^lr,    .... 


ti.!)  inches. 

r>.(i  Indies. 

4. 1  inches. 

.1.1  inches. 
l.>.;)  inches. 

'I.,'J  inclies. 
11.     inches. 
li».7  inches. 
79,    ciiliic  inches. 
Vi.rt  eiiliic  indies. 
■I!)..'j  ciiliic  iiidiis. 
II. I  ciihic  inches. 
T  i  deirrees. 


PLATE    I.VIII. 

siiii.i.  ritoM  A  Tr\ii'i,i-s  i\  Tin;  vallkv  uk  kim\(  .  i,\  vvjiw 


/-" 


1:  ) 


v-^____..^v:^ 


A  cranium  I'muul  witii   tlic  prccedinii.  also  presented  to  me  by  Dr.  II.  S 


228 


CRANIA  a:\h:i{ic'ana. 


IJi'iiiiohl-^.      It  is  ;i  Miiall  hoail.  with  a  \n\  ritnalini;-  I'dnlicad,  Iml   liltic  il' at  all 
altcrcil  liv  art. 


Mr.Asi  iir.Mr.sri 


Ldii^'iliuliiial  (liaiiii'lcr. 
Parietal  (liamclrr.     . 
Friiiital  (liaiiitt(  r. 
\rrtiral  (Jianictcr.    . 
Iiitcr-iiia^liiid  arch.  . 
liil(  r-iiia^l(ii(l  line.    . 


Occipil 


()..")  iiu'lu- 
ii.G  iiu'h('> 
1.")     iiu'lu"- 


.).  IllCllt- 


ii-iriiiilal  arcli. 


II(iri/.i>iital 


lirn|i|i(ry. 


Iiitcnial  cajjacitv. 
t'a|)acit\-  111'  llir  aiilcridi'  el 


lainhir. 


1  1.7  iiiclics. 

l.S  iiu'lus. 

li.J  iiu'ius. 

I'l.J  iiifhcs. 

Tli.")  ciiliic  iiichi" 

!  I.  cubic  incho 

I  .'.  ■)  ciihic  iiiclics 

I  i.7  "i  Cllllic  ilicil(> 


Cajiacilv  111' the  |)(i>ti'rinr  chanilii  r.     . 

Ciipacilv  III'  the  ciirdiial  rriiimi.  .  .  .  ■ 

Facial  aii^h'.    ....... 

The  jiiTcidiiin-  iiiii-lr,ili(iM-i  cnihracc  cii;hl  acHiiiiic  nioimd  -kulis.  and 


•I  dcurci 


III)  mil 


I  think,  can  cxaniinr  tiuiii  wilimnt  hiint;  Mruck  with  tin  ir  hm  inidancr  In  tin 
iitlur  crania  li-nrrd  in  thiNWnrk.  'i'iicv  have  the  jnw  fun  head,  hiuii  eiieek  linne-. 
Mnall  racial  aimie.  ma-ive  hiwer   jaw.  pmuiineiit  vertex.  Hal  iicci|int.  and   mnndi  d 


(1  III'  llie  American 


race  :   and  wlun  we  recur  In  Ihi 


iiiirajiliical   ili 


•  trihuti 


III'  the  ninuniK  a-  alreadv  miticed.  tlicv  will  he  I'nunil  -cattered  nver  llin>e  part^  el' 
h.itii  Aniericav  wjiicii  wciv  inlialdled  hv  the  denii-ci\  ilival  nalinn-  enihraced  in 
the    'I'lillecan    t'aniily.       AVhere\er    these    luniuli    are    1'muih!.   wlietlnr    in     I'l  ru. 

y  III' tile   Mi-.-i-.-i|i|c.  iIk  y  are  iiliverved   III  lie  siniiJai'K 


-Mexicii.  Kliirida.  nr  the  \'ai|i 


cnnstrncted.  and    to   cnntain   aiialiiLrims   reniaiuN.      Ski'lelmi-   in  11 
■ire  every  wiuie  cliaracterist ic  iil'  Ihein:    the  allies  and    hurnl    I 


le    ^lltinu'    |)ii>tlll'e 


limes  indicate    tin 


[iractice  111'  cnnsuniiii--  the  hndy  with  lire,  wliicli  wa^  still  |iraclisrd  al  the  invasinn 
of  Mexicii  hy  ilii-  S|ianiards:  and  wlieii  I'lhia  visiti'd  j'l  i  n  sn  rirently  a<  tin 
middle  III'  the  past  century,  hi-  saw  and  descrij,, d  the  manner  in  which  nuiniids 
were  cnnslrncteil  as  s,  pulehral  ninnunienls.  ••  The  Indians."  sa_\  s  he.  ••  haviiii; 
laid  the  Imdy.  w  ithniil  hurial.  mi  the  uinuiid.  euvirmied  il  with  a  rude  aridi  ol 
stones  (ir  hricks.  and  earth  was  Ihrown  npmi  it  as  a  tnninlus.  which  tin  v  call 
unnini.  In  general  lliey  are  eia.ht  iir  tin  Iniscs  hiiili.  and  ahmit  twenty  Imiii-.  and 
tin     hreadlh    rather   less;    hut    sonie    are    larger.      The    plains    near    I'yamhc    arc 


I 
"i 


SKULLS  FROM  'I'lli:  MOUNDS. 


229 


covered  with  them."*  It  will  be  observed  Iroiii  the  preeeding;  plates,  that  the 
people  who  interred  their  dead  in  tiie  mounds  were  in  the  practice  of  distorting 
the  skull  by  art.  both  in  the  iiori/.ontal  and  vertical  methods :  and  if  I  may  judge 
from  the  nine  adult  mound  skulls  now  in  my  possession,  and  sullieieutly  perfect 
for  measurement,  the  peojjle  whom  they  represent  were  one  and  tlie  same  with 
the  American  race,  and  i)robably  of  the  'rolteean  branch.  Thus,  the?  nwan 
internal  capacity  of  these  heads  is  but  eighly-one  cubic  inches,  or  a  little  more 
than  the  mean  of  the  American  race,  while  the  facial  angle  does  not  e.xceed  the 
average  of  that  people,  or  seventy-five  degrees.  These  fads,  together  with  an 
inspection  of  many  of  the  long  1)()nes  found  in  Die  momuls,  satisfy  me  that  the 
constructors  were  neither  a  gigantic  race  as  asserted  by  some  writers,  nor  a 
diminutive  people  as  averred  by  otlier-<:t  but  of  the  ordinary  slature  of  the 
Anurican  Indians.  Tiie  |)reee(liiig  data  are  to  me  aNo  c(niclusive  evidence  that 
the  occupants  of  the  mounds  were  imt  Mongols,  nor  Iliudoos.  nor  Jews:  yel  there 
are  two  article"^  found  in  tluM'  se|)iilehres  which  are  not  readily  accounted  for. 
One  of  these  is  the  iron/  livaik  described  by  Dr.  Clemens :  that  gentb'nian  declares 
tiiat  he  is  not  mistiken  in  the  material,  and  from  his  account  the  ornamental  usi' 
of  it  niii-l  have  been  by  \w  means  inconsiderable.  Tbe  other  objc  ets  to  which  i 
allude  are  stones  of  a  di-coidal  form,  with  or  wilhoiil  a  central  iede.  between 
which  and  tlie  iuari;iu  i-'  a  circular  groove:  the  piripliery  being  mostly  convex. 
Now  it  is  remarkable  tliat  tlie^e  <iuoil-like  clones  (which  moreover  closely  resemble 
tlie  (■(ilriili  of  tbe  Womaus)  are  not  unlVetiuently  found  among  tlie  antiquities  of 
Scaiuliuavia.l  Those  found  in  l'.uid|ie  and  America  did'er  in  nothing  from  each 
other,  but  the  uses  to  which  tin  y  were  put  are  unknown.  The  discovery  and 
partial  oeeupancy  of  this  country  by  tlu'  Scandinavians,  long  before  the  time  ol 
Uoluinbus.  is  now  well  eslalilislied  :  and  this  fact  may  possiMy  account  for  the 
occurrence,  in  the  mouiuN.  of  the  apparently  exotic  articles  of  which  we  haw  ju^t 
spoken. 

That  the  fortilicatious  and  other  ancient  structures  of  our  western  country, 
belong  to  the  same  era  and  people  with  the  mounds,  seems  jirobable  from  the 
cire\inistance  of  their  almost  constantly  occurring  together:  nor  is  there  any  thing 


•  Viiv.  I.  I'.  3(1(1.— For  rocciil  iii.niiiils  in  I'luriila,  sci;  I! aktham, 'I'rav.  in  FUin(la,|i,  "ilT. — lUissr, 
'I'ruv.  |i.  '-'IIS. 

t  .Xtuatkii.  Sillliiian's  AirnT.  .lour,  el' Siiriice  ami  An,  II.  ]>■  -'-1. 

iSiM'  .luiinial  111'  the   .\iiliinian.ui  S... any  ul'  IXaiiuaiK.  inililislu'd  in  CopiMihaL't'ii  in  tlie  Danish 
language,  \'ol.  I,  'I'iili.  11,  Vvj:.  52,  .kI. 
58 


230 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


in  11r'  mode  ol'  llieir  cunstnii'tion  that  [xiints  (o  :i  liii^licr  civilisiitiim.  In  fact,  a 
cairful  iTvitw  of  all  the  rircnnistanccs  uill  lead  almost  unavoidably  to  the 
conclusion,  that  the  aneinit  mounds  of  Anuricii  n\ve  their  origin  to  the  various 
branches  ol'  the  lireat  'roltecan  I'ainily,  which  was  spread,  as  \ve  Jiave  seen.  Ironi 
the  conl'mes  of  Chili  to  the  shoro  of  Lake  Superior.  Wherever  that  people  juade 
their  sojourn  we  liiul  their  momimintal  traces,  presintini;.  it  is  true,  dill'erent 
de!i;rees  of  contrivance  and  in,!;enuity,  hut  lor  the  most  part  tar  exceedinji;  those 
faculties  as  possessed  by  the  barbarous  tribes.  Some  of  the  latter,  it  is  true,  have 
occasionally  formed  sepulchral  mounds,  but  the  instances  are  rare;  and  it  will 
prohalily  be  hereafter  established  liial  all  the  tribes  which  erected  moinuls  as  a 
nalional  usiLte.  bclonn-ed  to  tiie  'l'(dtrcan  stock.*  That  tliey  once  occupied  Florida 
and  tile  valley  of  the  Mi>Mssippi.  there  can  be  no  doulit.  but  wiielhei'  it  was  before 
or  after  their  disper>ion  from  Mexieo  is  not  yet  ascertained.  It  seems  more  than 
probable,  however,  that  the  .lUiatiri  who.  accordiuii  to  Indian  tradition,  were 
driven  soutiiwan!  Iry  tlie  lro(|Uiii>  and  Lanapc.  were  Tojtecan  communities — the 
pedple  wild  eonstrueted  tlie  mouniN  for  their  sepulchre'^,  and  ereet( d  the  fortilied 
towns  to  defend  tiieniselves  iKiui  the  l)arliarons  tiijjes  hy  whom  tiny  were 
^lU'riMinded. 


SKULLS     ri.'OM    ANCIENT    TOMIJS    IN    .MEXICO. 

Throuiih  the  kindu(  -  ,if  Air.  Joseph  Smith,  late  of  this  eil_\.  and  now  resident 
11!  Mexico.  I  liive  received  a  s.iies  of  .Mexican  skulls,  anuui-'  wliieii  are  sjx  from 
tlii  ancient  lf)mbs  of  Tacuiia  and  Otumba.  One  of  these  has  been  already 
represented  in  outline.l  and  Hire.'  ..thers  an-  lithographed  on  the  annexed  plates. 
Tiiey  c.ime  too  late  for  insertion  in  their  proper  place  in  the  series,  hut  possess  too 
much  intei-i'st  to  lie  omitted. 


•  Ii  1^  iini  ui„M,,,l  r„r  tl„.  H„„|.  n,  l,„l,,,i,s  I,,  bury  ih.ir  .Ir;,,!  in  ihr  aiicm  i,ioiii„ls,  wlnrh  tlu^- 
^.■■-MMi.ii>li  by  ^lll..|.l  .xcavauui,  of  |||,;  smla.-e.  They  very  lan.ly  e.aislnirl  ineuiids  ,,1  il„.|r  euai; 
lliey  inei'ply  recogiiiso  tlic  old  oai:s  us  .sc|iiilclinjs. 


1" 


SKULLS  FROM  OTUMBA. 


PLATE   LIX. 


231 


SKIM,   K1{()M   AN    ANCIKNT  TOMH   AT   OI'UMliA,   IN    MEXICO. 


'I'lic  present  illiistnitioii  is  derived  t'rdiu  a  small,  iduiuled  cnuiiuni.  with  llie 
prDJeetiiin-  I'iici'  and  e(inse(iiient  l(i\v  I'aeial  ani^le  eliaraeteristie  of  ilie  Toltcean 
nations.  In  I'aet.  its  strikini;  resenildanei'  (o  tlie  Peinvian  >kulls  already  (i^iiucd. 
will  ocenr  to  everv  one. 


Mr,Aseiir.>ir.NT: 


Lonu;ilndinal  diameter. 
I'arietal  diameter. 
Frontal  diameter. 
Vei'tieal  diameter. 
Inter-mastoid  areli. 
Inter-masniiil  line. 
Oecipito-IVontal  areli. 
Horizontal  j)eriphery. 
lnt(M'nal  capacity. 
Facial  aic'le. 


(1.3  inches. 
5.;i  inches. 

1. 1  inches. 
5. 1  inches. 

1  l.;J  inches. 

1.2  inches. 
1;5.3  inches. 
19. J  inches. 

7  1.    cnhie  inclu- 
7(i  deirrees. 


fi 


'23  2 


CHAM  A  AMERICANA. 


PLATE   LX. 


SKULL   FROM    AN   ANCIENT  TOVH   AT  OTIMISA.   IN    MEXICO. 


vK 


.^i 


'\ 


/ 


This  hciii  \\;ix  nbtaiiicd  \\illi  tlic  prcci'diiij";.  is  o  little  liUiicr  mikI  iml  mi 
^|)lll'I■i(';ll :  tin-  IVdiitnl  rcuioii  is  iiNn  hctttr  dcvcldpid.  vet  tlic  projictiiii:  I'ncc  uivi> 
,1  h>\\  I'aciiil  aiiiilt'. 


MP,  \'<rHEMKNT! 


Liiiiijitiiiliiml  (li;iiiut(T 
Parietal  diaiiieter. 
Fiiiiital  dianu'ter. 
N'ertipal  dianietei'. 
Iiiter-iiiastiiid  arch. 
liit(  r-iiiastiiid  line. 
Occ'ipito-tVoiital  aicli. 
Horizontal  jieriplierv. 
Internal  capaeity. 
Facial  aniilc. 


().()  iiiciies. 

.").,)  inches. 

•1. 1  inches. 

).  1  inelu  s. 

11.  inches. 

I.  inches. 

II.  inchc*. 

I  9.3  inches. 

7(i.  ciihic  inchev. 
77  desircev. 


SKULLS  FIJO.M  OTU.MBA. 


i233 


PLATK    LXI. 

SlCri.l-    FIIO.M    AN    ANCIKNI'    I'OMI!   AT   oTIMliA,    IN    .Mi;\H(t. 


Fmiiid  \\hi\  the  Iwo  i)r(('t'iliiit;  licad-^.  l>at  l;ii'i;i'i'.  ami  iiijproacliiiii;  iicariT  to 
tlie  CaiicasiMii  model.  Iiolli  in  its  pidporlioiis  and  lat'lal  allele. 


Ml;VM  lir.MKNTS. 


Loiiiilitudimil   diamili  r. 

Parietal  (liainelcr.     . 

Frontal  dianieler. 

Vertical  diainitcr.     . 

Inler-niastoid  arch.   . 

Intei'-iuastoid  line.    . 

Occi|)ilo-fron(al  areli, 

Horizontal  perijjlierj. 

Inttrnal  ('a|iaeily, 

Facial  ani;le.    . 

'I'lie  Miiijoiiied  \voi),|-cu(s 
Mexican  skulU.  reinarlvahle  for 
of  tlie  whole  [josterior  rei^ion  o 


will  Serve  to  convey 
a  low.  narrow  forelu 
the  cranium. 


7.1  inches. 

B.a  inches. 

•l.fi  inches. 

5.5  inches. 
1  5.5  inches. 

'1.1  indies. 
15.  inches. 
20.2  inches. 
>S7.     ciihic  inches. 

SO  dci^rees. 

:m  idea  of  another  of  these 

id.  and  unusual  dev(  lopineiil 


59 


13  i 


SKULLS    FROM    CAVKS    IN    TIIi:    VALLEY    OF    THE    OHIO. 

It  was  a  ciistoni  of  inaiiy  Anicrican  iialiims  lo  dcposilc  tlicir  dead  in  caves, 
Tlic  Itodv  \va^  -iiiiutiiiics  placed  entire  in  tlie^e  receptacles;  l)nt  in  dltiei'  instance'^ 
tile  bdiics  weic  exiiiinied  alter  tlie  decdnipo-itidn  nf  the  liiiily.  and  then  removed 
to  a  cave  as  a  tlnal  rotin'^-  place.  'I'lie  two  skulN  finured  on  the  annexed  plates 
have  so  much  interest  iluit  1  have  tiioni;lit  liest  to  insert  tiiem.  althoni;h  tlie 
circnin>tances  in  whieli  tlie\  were  found  ail'ord  ns  no  chie  to  tliiir  national 
afliliation. 


I' LATE    LXIL 

SKI  I.I,   IKOM    A    (A\  i;   .VT   CI  )I.(()M)  A,   IN    ILLINOIS. 


i 


•    ,,.  ,■ J 

Some  few  years  airo  a  cave  coiitainin:;  many  human  skeletons,  w.as  discovered 
near  the  town  of  (iolennda.  on  the  Ohio  liver.  .\  c(uisidernl)|e  niimher  wa'^  trans- 
mittul  to  this  city:  of  tiiesc  nur  i^  preserved  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 
and  the  other-  in  tln'  rni\ersity  of  l'emhyl\auia.  The  fornu'r  is  llnured  on  Die 
tccomj)an_\  iuLi'  plate.  In  iivm  ral  coidi'.:nration.  i  speeinlly  in  the  frontal  I'euion.  it 
approximates  to  the  Caucasian  f.irm.  hut  with  a  small  facial  'iiile  ami  full 
parietal  diameter.  The  other  In  ads  from  this  locality  an-  sijlj  mcue  like  the 
Toltecan  model,  and  leave  lillle  douhl  of  thi  ir  origin  and  their  anlii|uitv. 


Ml.  AS|  nr.MI'.NI' 


Loiii;'itudiiial  iliaimler. 
Parietal  di;;nu'ter.     , 


<>.7     iiiclics, 
a. I     inches. 


SKULLS  I'KO.M  CAVES  IN  OHIO. 


Q35 


Frmital  diamutcr. 
V(jrtical  iliaiiiclcr.    . 
Iiitci'-mastiiid  arcli.  . 
Iiitcr-iiiastdid  liiu-.    . 
()('(i|)it()-ri'()iital  arcli, 
Horizontal  jx  riplicry. 
Inlt'i'nal  cajjacity. 
Capacity  of  tlic  anterior  cliamlii  r. 
Capacity  of  the  po-^tcrior  cliainlxr. 
Capacity  of  tin;  coronal  ni;iiin. 
Facial  angle.    .... 


4.3    inches. 

5.5    inches. 
1  1.5    inches. 

•I.I     inciies. 
II.       inches. 
1  f).;i     inches. 
Ml.      ciiiiic  inches. 
35.25  cnhic  inclics. 
•15.75  cubic  inches. 
IS.       ciiliic  indies. 
7G  lieiirecs. 


PLA'li:    LXIU. 

sKii.i,   FKDM    \  c.wi-;  nivm;  s'ri.;rHi';.\\ii,i,K,  oiiio. 


In  the  niontii  of  May  lS:t5.  a  cavern  cemetery  was  discovered  on  tlie  hank 
of  tile  Oliio  river,  opposite  to  Sleiihenville.  The  cenieterv  i--  a  lissnre  formed  hv 
a  huge  mass  nf  ruck  wiiieli  lias  fallen  iVom  tlie  side  of  a  hill,  and  lodn-ed  upon 
other  rocks  -,)  us  in  leave  an  intervening  space,  of  wliieli  tlie  eireiimferenee  is 
thirty  or  forty  feet,  and  tiie  entrance  Iwo  feel  and  a  lialf  in  diameter.  Judge 
'I'appan.  of  SteulMuvilie.  informs  me  in  a  nute.  tlial  ■•thehone'^  appear  to  have 
heen  deposited  at  diil'erent  periods  iif  lime.  IIkkc  on  lop  heing  aloiK-  in  good 
preservali(ui.  They  were  of  all  ages,  and  thrown  in  indiscriminatt  ly  after  the 
removal  of  the  desh :  f(U- it  is  well  known  that  sunie  trihis  wt-re  accustomed  to 
gather,  at  times,  all  the  hones  nf  their  deceased  ndativis.  and  place  them  in  a 
ciunmon  reee|)tacle."  'J'luse  heads  are  thoidughly  characteristic  of  the  race  to 
which  they  pertain.     They  hear  no  evidences  of  great  age.  and  no  donht  he  longed 


23C 


CRANIA  AMKIUCANA. 


to  individiiiils  iil'  tlic  Imrliiinius  (rihc^.  Sonic  li:i\c  lliou^lil  tlirm  Miiiiiot.s.  who 
wiTc  MlViliali'il  to  tlic  lrii(|iiois :  Inil  tlic  roriii  of  (lie  li(;nl  (|(Ms  not  support  tliis 
siirmisf.  01'  tlu'  unnt  iiiimlur  of  >kiills  foiiiul  in  tliis  pliicc  Iml  few  wire  lurfcct. 
of  wliirli  last  1  Iwnc  nccivcil  ciu'lit.  For  tlirx  1  am  iiidi  litcil  to  Dr.  Ilildrctli  of 
Marietta,  Oliio:  Dr.  Aiulnws  and  .Indue  'rajjiiaii  of  Steulieiiville,  in  tliat  state; 
and  to  Dr.  .'NI'Diiwrll  nf  I'iltN|iii|.r.  'I'lie  annexed  drawini;-  is  taken  from  a 
remarkaMy  line  head  of  this  series  m  iit  me  h_v  Dr.  An(h'e\\s.  All  these  sknlls. 
however,  are  surprisingly  alike — tin  \ertt  \  i  h  vated.  the  oeeipnt  Hat.  the  parietal 
diameter  very  ijreat.  and  the  lower  jaw  ma^>ive.  They  ai'e  also  of  siuiiularly 
larue  caiiaeily.  and  in  tlli^  re>peet  a|iproaeh  m  an  r  to  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  and  the 
iVIuskoijees.  than  to  any  other  trilu^  tlial  have  ece.ne  niuler  my  notiee.  For 
example,  tlie  mean  internal  eapaeily  uives  upwanU  of  ( i:;hty-live  enhie  inehes. 
and  the  facial  aiiLile  ri'<eN  ^event_\ -ri-lil  de'.:re(  >.  The  ant(  rinr  ehamher  iiives  :]S.3 
cnhic  inehis.  tile  po-tii-iiu-  l)t.2:  hiil  nntw  iiji^tandiii-  the  proportion  (}f  the  former. 
there  can  he  litlh'  dniihi  tiial  thcM'  -l^nlU  hdoni:  to  the  savaiie  Irihes.  and  not  to 
the  Tolteean  ^toek. 


tin:    ciiaimhs, 


That  part  of  tlie  American  race  calhil  ('/uirl/is.  \\:\-  at  one  period  a  numerous 
and  widely  di>trihut((l  pioph.  Their  nati\e  Mat-  w.vi-  the  nortiiern  i-cijions  of 
South  America,  almost  from  the  riv(  r  of  Aini/.on-  northward  to  the  sea.  including 
the  ureat  \aliey  of  tin  (h'inncn.  and  much  of  tlie  ]M(sin1  provinces  of  (Ju\ana  and 
Vem/nela.  Fioni  tiience  tiny  e\ti  ndi  il  tin  ir  mii;ration>.  to  all  tiie  Antilles,  from 
Trinidad  to  Santa  ('lai/.-*  Tliey  njaiji  a  \a|(iiiius  o|ipo-ition  to  the  i;in'o|)eans 
who  lir-t  attempted  In  eoi(Uii-e  their  country:  and  I'eter  Martyr,  the  companion 
of  C'olnmiius.  declan  •-.  that  -o  ll(  rce  anil  menacinti  \sa-  the  appearance  of  the 
(Jhariiis  wlimn  tliey  took  in  their  -kirnii-iie-.  thai  no  one  cnuld  look  on  ihein 
without  a  sensation  of  horror.  In  the  year  \')~s.  the  (Jharihs  of  the  Orinoco 
made  a  desperate  and   succissful   mcur-inn  into  tiie  Spanish   jirovince  of  \'alentia. 


'  'I'lii:  Charih   Islaiiils  were  'I'iin;il;iil,  (li.  ii  hI.i,  Si.  \iiiiiiiI.  Dun, unci,  (;u;Hliileii|ic,  .M;irliniiiiii', 
Santa  ('niz.  St.  'I'liuiiias,  .N(„vi>,  MuhIm  i];it.  AnliLMi^i.  M.  Kills  :iiid  llic  \'iri.'iii  Isles. 


» 


TMK  CHAUIBS. 


237 


but  they  were  soon  iifti-r  sulxlucd,  and  liiivc  since  btcn  kept  in  cluck  without 
umdi  ilitliculty.  Tiny  arc  still,  however,  a  numerous  people,  for  Ilumixildt  states 
that  tiiose  of  llie  pure  race  who  yet  inhabit  the  hanks  of  the  Coronc  and  Cayuni, 
and  the  mountains  west  of  C'l'ycnnc  and  Pacaraynio,  aic  not  less  than  forty  thousand 
in  number.*  The  same  traveller  observe^  that  the  (Jharibs  of  Chari,  in  Venezuela, 
and  those  of  the  lower  Orinoco,  dilTer  fnun  the  other  Indians  by  bein^  taller,  and 
having  mort'  rei;ular  features.  "Their  nose  is  not  so  Inrnc  aiul  less  ilattened  :  the 
cheek-bones  are  not  so  hii^h.  and  tlieir  physiosinoniy  has  less  of  the  .Monj;ol  cast." 
Their  heads  are  naturally  rounded,  as  in  the  other  tribes;  but  many  of  the  Charib 
natiiMis  lonn  practised  the  llatlciiiii;;  process,  in  such  manner  as  (o  depress  (lie  os 
I'routis.  and  thus  elongate  the  head  fnun  front  to  back.  Let  us  now  glance 
<eparat(  ly  at  the  Continental  and  the  ln>\ilar  Charibs, 

I'LATi:    LXIV. 

CIIAKIH   OF    \  H.MO/.l-'KLA. 

When  Humboldt  visited  the  continental  Charibs,  towards  the  close  of  the 
last  century,  Ik;  saw  no  remains  of  the  custom  of  distorting  the  head,  which  was 
once  so  comnuui  among  them,  anil  cmti  ixisted  in  recent  times.f  Speaking  of 
the  Indians  of  Cumana.  (Jomara  says.  -They  compress  the  heads  of  their  children 
gradually,  and  for  a  buig  time,  betwern  two  little  cushions  made  of  cotton,  in 
order  to  reiuler  the  face  broad,  which  they  esteem  a  beauty. "J  A  stronger 
evidence  i)\\  this  subject,  however,  is  derived  from  the  annexed  drawing,  which 
was  taken  from  a  ^kull  sent  me  by  that  distinguished  gentleman  and  scholar.  Don 
Joseph  Maria  Vargas,  of  Caraecas.  It  was  found  in  a  terra  cotta  vessel,  wherein 
it  had  probably  been  preserved  for  centuries.  It  is  much  dilapidated,  and  admits 
of  but  a  part  of  the  usual 

Mi'.Asi  iir.Mi;\rs. 


Longitudinal  dianuter. 
Parietal  iliameler. 
Frontal  dianutir. 


7.  inches. 
5.3  inches. 
t.H  inches. 


•  I'crsoii.  Narr.  \"I,  |i.  11.  — 1\',  \k  UiU. 
i  lli.st.  ili3  las  Iiidias,  call.  I-^MX- 


t  liMUiKBK,  p.  i  i!l 


23i> 


CWAMA  AMEHICANA. 


Wrtical  dinmctcr. 
liiter-iiiiistoiil  arcli.     . 
Iiiter-inasttiid  line. 
Ofcipilo-t'iimtal  airli. 
Iliiri/.outal  ijciiplurv. 
Facial  aiiglr, 


5.1  iiiclii's. 
Ii.()  ini-lics. 

I.  iiu'lit's. 
II.  iiu'lics. 
H\.l  iiiclics. 

71)  (It'urtcs. 


I'j.A'i'i:  L\\. 


•  11. Mil II  III'  ST.  \  i.\(  i:ni-. 


Tliat  till'  C'li.iiili*  111'  llic  AntilliN  wi  iv  ih  iIm  il  ii.ini  |||,.  miuIIhiii  I'diilimiil. 
anil  iiul  rniin  I'lniiila.  is  pinvid  li_\  (Ik  ii-  Iruliljims.  ihcir  ciistiiins  ami  tlicir 
laiiiiuanc.'  'I'lic  uriuiiial  iiilialiilaiiN  dl'  tlic-i  iNlaiiiK  wtrc  a  ihicili  pi  ojjIi  (•ajlid 
li.\r.iii<,  ailiril  li.i  ildiilit  111  llir  Indians  wlm  m cnpiril  Cnlia  anil  llir  nllicr  lariicr 
isjaniis  on  llir  aiii\al  of  ('iijuinlni-.  'I'lir  l^iii  ris.  ImwrM  i-.  witv  rvlrrniinatrd  hv 
till'  Cliarilis.  will!  at  lliat  pi  riod  li.  Iil  iindisluiiicii  pnsMs-inn. 

'I'iiisr  Cliaiilis  WI  IV  annm^-  llii  ninsl  rrrncimis  ,inii  Inaita!  nf  tlir  American 
nations.  'I'lnv  wnv  witlmnt  laus  :uul  ainiosi  i|,\,,i,|  uf  iviiiimnv  iilis,r\aiici's. 
Snspiciiiiis  anil  riMii-i  nil   lo  iln    last   di-n  r.  llii\  condiictrd  all  thiir  iiitir|)riscs 

Willi  sin-iilar  crallinos.      'riny  wnv    tnoios,.  mid   r\i dancdiojy.  and    looknl 

"1"'"  '!"■  "Ill'''  nalivis  a>  ninv  IkmMs  |o  Im'  sl.dn  and  iIimuiiviI.  'I'k  sncli  an 
(Xc.ss  was  tlirii'  caiiiiiijaliMii  caiiinl.  that  it  i;a\('  lisr  t,,  ;,  |;n\  in  1  JO  I.  Ii\  wliicli 
the  Spaniards  were  aiitliorisid  to  niakr  slaves  ,,(■  nil  (ji,.  individuals  of  the  Cliarili 
nation  who  should  fall  into  their  haniis,)  It  is  even  uravi  l\  asserted  that,  having 
tasii-d  the  llesh  of  ,dl   the  nation-  wiio  visited   tin  ni.  liiev  iironounced  the  French- 

'"■II  t"  !"■  ^'  ih  licate.  and  the  Spaniard  the  imrdest  of  dit;estion  t     To  iiersuadc 

tlie  Charihsto  civilisition.  or  to  reduce  theiii  lo  servitude,  seemed  alike  impradi- 
eahle.  "If  tiiev-  did  any  thiiiii'  it  was  only  what  they  chose,  how  lliev  cluKe.  and 
when  they  (diose  ;  ;ind   when  they  were  most  wanted  it  often   happened  that  they 


"  Till'  li.'il  Cliiiri'.,  ,n|  Si.  ViiMviii:  li:i,l  a  ira.liiinii  tjiai  ihnr  r.iivlallirrs  raiiir  livni  liir  hanks  of 
ih.j  Oiiiiiirn,  whrii.v  ,  .laslui-  'friiiula.l  ami  'full  i.m  lo  Crniada,  and  llim.r  l,y  ilic  (liviiailnies,  llioy 
ruTiv.il  at  St.  ViiMviii,  siil„llir,l  III,,  iiativr  uilial. Hauls  rall.'il  ( lalihi.is.  ,  ,,i  Inncii.s.)  aliil  inisses.scd 
lIlolliM'lvrs  .ailir  Inland.'"— Sill  W,  Voim^  ./noun/  "J  //„■  Cluirilis,  y.  ,-,. 

t  III  MiiiJi.iiT.  1^'is.  .\air.  \'.  ]i.   l.'li. 

I  Diiiisli  Kiiiii.  Ill  .Aiiicnca,  II.  p.  J77.  — lioeiir.roirr,  [i.  'j:i7. 


TlIK  CIIAUIHS. 


Q.'jfl 


wiMild  mil  do  whiil  \vii>i  r('i|iiiii'(l,  or  any  thin;;  ( ls( .  NN'licii  dcsiritl  to  limit  or 
sliool  Hiuiic,  tin:}'  cliosc  to  fish,  and  [iroltahly  would  mii;1i('I  llic  wry  riiiployinciit 
tlit'V  clio^c."*  (.'liauvalloii  dr<'liir<'>i  llwit  tlnir  stujiid  eyes  were  tlir  mirror  of 
llii'ir  souls,  anil  lliat  "  lluir  nason  is  not  iiiorr  ridi'j;lili'iii'd  than  Ilic  instinct  ol' 
hrulis."  Tluy  k<i)l  Ihcir  noincii  in  Ihi'  vilcsl  scrxitudc  and  instiMcd  into  the 
niinds  of  their  cliihlrc  ii  llic  hive  of  cruelly  and  slaiiijliter. 

One  of  the  most  leniarkahle  fads  connected  with  tliesc  people,  was  their 
custom  of  ilalleuinu;  the  skulls  of  their  oirsprin'.i.  That  which  has  Iiceii  ol'leii 
d(Mihled.  is  now  nihiced  lo  certainty:  yet  it  nuisl  hv  admitted  as  a  singular 
circumstance,  that  Peter  Martyr  makis  no  mention  of  it  :  and  cmii  llnmhohlt 
tiiiiiks  that  it  was  coniined  to  tiie  Mlack  C'hariii^.  wiio  wiie  of  Neiii'o  de-ei  nt.f 
Tiial  this  is  an  (  rror  is  proM'd  hy  the  laet  of  the  cnulinenlal  aiicestois  of  th( 
Insular  Ciiarilis  h.ivim;  practised  the  custum  in  m  i\\  ili>lanl  liniis;  liy  its  JiciuL:- 
recorihil  liy  Ifoelu  toil,  who  wrote  lii>  aeeouni  hi  I'oie  tie  {{lack  ('liarih>  wen 
know  II  in  St.  \  incent  :',  and  hy  tin  pi  r^onal  testimony  of  Mveral  later  voyaiiei's. 
M.  Amic.  who  was  in  ( iiiadaloiipi  in  !7!t|.  saw  hntli  (liarihs  and  Nenroe*  with 
llatteiied  heaiU.  and  oii|;iiued  li'iuii  tin  iii  the  ap|i:>ratii~  iiy  \\  hich  the  drl'iiiinilx 
was  etreeted./^  Mr.  Liwniier  ha--  li:;urrii  the  hrad  ul  i  K'ed  Cliaiih  chief  win 
was  \M'il  known  in  St.  \  iiieent  :  and  lliihilnilill  ha^  ri  |ii'esrnted  hnth  the  naluial 
and  arlilieial  eoiiliLSUiMlinii.  the  lnr'nn  i'  liillirin^'  In  inithiiin  iVnm  the  iirdiiiar\ 
Indian  head. 

'['he  annexed  illustration  of  the  (  liaiih  skull,  is  ileriviil  riom  a  cast  in  tin 
povsi  s>iiiii  of  the  l'lireno|o::ical  Siieii  l_\  nl  tliiN  eit\  :  tin  nriniiial  is  pre-rrvi  d.  I 
helie\e.  in  the  Uoyal  Museum  at  I'aii^ :  and  it  is  the  s;mie  \\hich  (iall  and 
Spnr/.lieim  have  linured  in  tlnir  ^real  work  on  the  Nervous  System.  .\  lew 
iliaiiielerN  are  all  the  nieasiiremenls  that  can  In-  ohtaiued  tVom  the  cast. 

MP,  AS  I  iii-,Mi-.\rs. 


Loni;itudlnal  diameter. 
Parietal  diameter. 
Frontal  diameter. 
\'ertical  diameter. 


7. '2  inches. 
5.7  inches. 
1.5  inches. 
,5.1  inches. 


■  ^iiKi.niiN,  ill  .Xnliii'olo^'.  .\Mirr.  1.  p.   Ill, 
I  Hisuiire  lies  Antilles,  |mlilislir(l  in  lil'l. 
§,Kniriial  de  l'liysu[iii',  'I'oiiio  \\\l\,  I'nr  ITHl. 


t  Pfis.  Narr.  VI,  p.  ;!1. 

11  lA'cUiri's  on  ZiHiloi-'V,  ic,  Plak'  \. 


940 


CHANIA  AMKIMCANA. 


Wr  oliall  lucnly  add  thai  llii'  piuiiiic  (.liaril)-*  nf  St.  Viiici'iit  were  ndiio'd 
in  ntiJ  to  line  limidnd  liiiiiiliix :  and  lliirly  Mars  liitir  tin  y  scarrc  nnnilitnd 
iliat  many  individtiaK.* 

'I'lir,  lU.uk  Ciiviiiii-..  Tlif  Ulack  Cliaiilis  ol' Si.  \  inci  nl  ncrc  tlir  dtscend- 
anl>  (if  a  cart;.!  nf  slavi^  (if  llic  Mdco  irihc  wliicli  wnr  •.lii|i\vii;'k((l  (in  llii'  iolaiid 
(if  Hiiinin.  mar  Si.  Vincent,  almiil  IIk  war  l(i7'..  'I'lic  ('liinilw  first  n  tliici  d 
llicin  Id  slavery ;  lint  fnidinu;  llicir  ininiluis  increase,  nsdlvcd  t(i  ilesiidy  ;d|  Hk- 
male  children:  \>heren|i(in  the  lilacks  revolt d.  sKw  if|'rj,|  niiinlicrs  df  their 
masters,  and  smin  liecame  the  nidsl  niinierdns  and  ddniinnnt  l'.'ini!>  (in  the  island. f- 
They  llalli  ti(  (I  the  heads  of  their  cliililn  n.  like  the  naliv(s:  n  practice  whicii  was 
alsii  addpted  hy  lli<  rnnaw.iy  s|,ives.  in  urder  to  stamp  their  djl'sprini;  with  a  hadifc 
df  freeddm.  'I'dwanls  the  cluse  ,,(  the  piisi  ceniiiiy  ihi  Ulack  Ch.irihs.  jdin( d  liy 
the  feehle  remains  nf  the  native  Indians,  rehelled  aiiaiiist  the  Kimlish  .iiithdrities. 
and  fdr  sdine  linn  In  Id  possosion  df  the  isl.ind  :  Iml  heiiii;  liiially  siihdiied.  they 
were,  in  17!t'i.  (  xilid  Id  the  island  of  l{allam.  in  tin    Ua\  df  lidiidiiras. 


Til  i:     A  l{  A  re  A  MA  NS. 

The  Araiicaiii.Mis,  the  nidst  c(  lehmled  and  pnwcrful  nf  the  C'iiili.in  Irihes. 
inhahit  the  renidii  helwec;  ilie  riv(  is  |{id-liid  and  Valdivia.  and  hetween  the  Andes 
.ind  liie  Ma.  and  derive  tlnir  name  limn  the  pniviiiee  of  Aranco.  '|'lie\  :iic  a 
rdluist  and  inus(  nlm-  pdiplr.  df  a  li^lili  r  Cdinplexiini  than  the  siirrdiindini';  Irihes. 
Knddwcd  with  an  exlradidinary  dcir,,.,.  ,,f  liddily  activity,  they  reach  did  ai;c  with 
few  intirmities.  and  HI  iicrally  retain  tin  ir  sii;),!.  |,,,.ili  and  nn  imny  nnimpaired. 
They  are  lirave.  tliscn d  and  ciiiiiiiiii;  to  a  jiidverli.  patienl  in  fatii;iie  and  cnllmsi- 
astic  in  all  their  enterprises,  imd  innd  of  war  as  the  (inly  source  df  dislinctidn. 
Hence  their  snccessfnl  opiidsitiiin  In  tiie  eiicroacliinenls  of  the  Simniards :  three 
centuries  (if  almost  constant  warfare   have  n(  itiier  snhdued  nor  tamed  tiiem  ;   and 


"  l^liUM,,,,,  llivl.  ,,ri|,,'   W'lM    llidirs.  It,   III,  rlKip.  :). 
*  Sill  W.  ^  III  \(i,  AiTiiiiiil  111  till'  Cliarili--,  |>.  I,'. 


TIIK  AllAUCANIANS. 


2U 


;\llli(Mit;li  <ic(M«ii(tii;iIly  iliivtii  Id  llicir  iiKMiiitaiii  fiistmsscs.  \hvy  have  iilwnyt  reap- 
pcai'i'tl  aN  I'lii'iniilaltli'  and  iiiiciiii(|ii(  rahk'  as  cvtr.  'riicir  >iKilaii('t'  <iii(iii  ilitt'C'tcd 
till'  valtii.'  of  til)'  iiiilitaiy  ilisi'lpliiu'  of  Hit:  S|iMiiianls,  and  ('s|i('cially  tin;  Knat 
iinpitrlaiicc  (if  cavalry  in  an  army :  and  llu-y  Insl  ni)  linic  in  aduplini;  both  IIii-m' 
ri'MMi>-('r>,  III  l!ii  dismay  and  diNnimlUuri'  id'  llicir  cnriiiii  s,  'I'litis  in  Ncvtiilrrii 
yiars  al'lrr  lluir  first  cnnimilrr  witli  Eiiniiiraiis.  liny  |)ii>scssid  several  slronj; 
M|iiadriins  ipf  liiiise.  eitiidnelid  (heir  iiperatiiins  in  inililary  mdir.  anil,  nnlike  llie 
.\mirieaiis  iji  iieralljt.  mil  Iheir  .  neinies  in  Hir  ii|ii'n  field.  Nutliiiii;.  indeed,  emild 
surpass  lluir  valnr;  and  (lieir  wars  with  llie  Spaniards  are  replilr  willi  tluise 
elii\alri('  exploits  uliieli  nuisliluir  ijir  ejiarin  and  rniiiaiiee  of  liislury. 

The  AraiUMiiiaiis  are  highly  Mi>eeplil)lc  of  niriilMl  ciilliire.  Iiiit  lliey  despix- 
the  lestniiiits  of  cisilisitioii :  luid  those  of  them  who  have  luen  educated  in  the 
S|ianis|i  c<l|llllie^.  have  einhraeed  the  fii'si  opporliinily  to  lesiinie  t'u'  haunts  mid 
hahits  of  their  iialion.  'Tin  y  possessid  sume  ii!  the  useful  arts  hel'n-  •  their  inter- 
course with  Kiiropi  aiis :  thus  they  extracted  u:  li  piinhed  the  ores  i.f  ijold.  silver. 
co|iper  and  lead;  they  formed  utensils  of  clay,  lad  a  proerso  fir  varnishinu;  tliiiii. 
and  they  iveii  coiistnicleil  msm  Is  uf  marhle.  'riiey  u.ul  ii  .eiiteil  iiuinhers  to 
(■\|)riss  ,iii\  rii|uisitr  i|uautily.  and  pn-ervi  il  the  oieiiioiy  i  .  inipiirlai  '  veiif.  ly 
means  of  Kiiollid  cord>.  in  (he  nianin  r  of  the  I'lruviaus;  and  it  is  |  'i;iMe  that 
tiny  derived  iiio>|  of  Hum' iulvaiitai;is  from  the  latter  jiropli .  Then  \Vi>s.  howl■^"r. 
lull  lillli'  inlircour^e  lirtwem  tlie  two  nations,  as  is  pros.i  i  the  fact  thai  t!  .. 
are  hut  filleeii  or  (wi  iil\   woiiU  eominiin  to  their  lani;ua'  rs.  * 


'  'I'lli'  IMivnlillu  l.li.ls  Mr  ^.■||\^  i\  Horn  MiillU.lV  lll^l.lry  nil  hill,  \'ol.  II,  [Jassilll. 


242 


C  KAMA  AMERICANA. 


J'LA'l'i:    LXVI,   LXVII. 

AKAI CAMAN   ClllKK. 


/"v 


/ 


,A 


% 


'riicic  ]il;iti  s  ^ivf  two  view-  (if  Mil  Anuic;iiii;iii  cliitl'  iiimud  IJaiujuiiii.  who 
was  slain  in  an  i  ncdiintcr  wil'i  tiir  C'liilian  army  nniltT  fJcncral  Hulnis.  in  IS3'). 
Tile  sknil  \\a-  nlilaimil  liy  my  rricnil  Dr.  Casanova,  who  cduld  only  Inniish  tlic 
aliov(  liiii  f  |iarti(iilai-  in  n  iVn  nrc  (o  it.  It  is  a  symnulrical  luad  :  tlic  frontal 
region  is  lol'ty.  Imt  narrow.  Ilic  whole  iioslcrior  cranium  is  lull,  and  the  internal 
eapaeily  is  not  much  short  of  tiie  Caucasian  mean.  The  details  are  so  well 
exjiresscd  on  the  acciuuiianyinii   plates.  |lKa  it  oidy  remains  to  add   the  anatomical 


Mr.ASriM'.Mr.NTs. 


Loniiitudinal  diaMiel(r.  . 
I'arii  tal  diameter,  .  .  .  . 
Frontal  dianuter.  .... 
\eilical  dianu  li  I'.  .... 
luter-mastoid  arch.  .... 
Inler-iuastoid  line.    .          .          .  . 

<  )cci[iitn-frontal  arch, 
llofi/ontal  |ieii|ih(  r\ . 
Internal  capaeil\ .      .          .          .          . 
Ca|)acily  of  thi   anterior  cliamher. 
Capacity  of  the  postc|-i,ir  chaniher.     . 
Cajiariiy  of  the  coronal  re;;i(in, 
Facial  anule 


().l)  Miches. 

T).!  inches. 

■I.I  inches. 

.")  I  inches. 
I  ■>.     inches. 

•1.1  inches. 
1  I.  i  inches. 
1!).")  iui'hes. 
8  l.'i  cnhic  inches. 
M..'}  cuhic  inches. 
til.    cuhic  inches. 
I  (t.     cuhic  inches. 

7()  decrees. 


7 

4 


Tin:  ARAUCANIANS. 


243 


I'LATE    LXVIII. 

AltArCAN'IAN   CllIKK 


A 


'riiis  is  tlu'  ciMirmm  »(  Miinllicr  Araiicauian  cliicl  'Mnicd  Cliilicoi,  wlm  was 
killed  ill  tlic  s;iiiii'  I);i1tlt'  with  tlic  Milijcct  (if  tjif  pncciliiiLC  |)liitr.  1  received  it 
alMi  I'iniii  Dr.  ('asaimva.  w  lio  enuiil  i^ive  no  additiniiMl  iiarticiilar-.  'I'lie  eye  i» 
struck  with  liie  pnijectinn-  lace  and  coiiseiiueiil  small  facial  alible,  the  low  lore- 
head,  the  llalleiied  vertex,  and  tlie  ^lllalllR'ss  of  the  whole  head. 


.mi;  A  SI  iii-.Mi;\i's. 


Loiiiililudiiial  diameter.     . 
Parietal  diameter.     . 
Frontal  diameter. 
NCrtical  diameter.     . 
Inler-ma^loid  arch.   . 
Inter-mastoid  line.    . 
()cci|)ito-frontal  ardi. 
liori/.ontal  peripheiv'. 
Internal  capacity, 
Capacity  of  the  aiilt  rior  (diamlier. 
Capacity  of  the  posterior  chamber, 
(.'apacily  of  the  coronal  region,  . 
Facial  anirle.  .... 


().7  inches. 

').  1  inches. 

1.7  inches. 

1.0  inches. 
1  1.2  inches. 

Lit  inches. 
I;J.-I  inches. 
I!). 5  inches. 
77.     ciihic  inclu"-. 
31.    (Millie  inches. 
■15,     cuhic  inches. 
1  l.!t  cnliic  inches. 

'2  dcitrees. 


The  three  Aiancaiiian  skulls  in  my  collection  ijive  a  nman  internal  capacity 
of  seventy-nine  cuhic  inches,  wiiicli  is  much  more  than  tliat  of  the  Peruvians,  and 
a  little  less  than  the  averanc  ot  the  collective  American  race.  The  mean  facial 
aui^Ie  gives  barely  seventy-live  ilei^rces. 


34t 


rSUAL    POSITION    OF    TIIH    150I)Y     IN    INDIAN    SKPULTIHE. 


As  nil  juldilidiml  c  liilcncc  of  tlic  iiiiilv  of  race  ami  species  in  tlie  American 
iiatioii>.  I  siiall  now  adduce  tiie  sini^nlar  fact,  tliat  iVoni  Patagonia  to  Canada,  and 
rmni  (ie(>an  Ici  ocean,  and  .qnallv  in  liie  civiJlMcl  and  uncivilised  tril)es.  a  jiecnliar 
mode  of  iilaeim;  tlie  liody  in  s(  juillnn  lias  liei  n  practi^dl  from  imniemoiial  (inie. 
This  i)eeiiliaiilyc.iii^ist'«  in  \\\v  .tilliiii,^  jin.-iliirt.  :u\d  will  lie  liest  nnd(  rslood  by 
I'tlVreiice  III  llie  annexed  di'a\v;ii"'. 


I'LATK    L.\l\. 


NAll  l;\l.    MIMMN     (II-     \    Ml  ^s(  A    IMllW    (i|-    M:\V    CKKNA  I)  A. 


Il  \\ill  lie  oliv(  r\(  tj  in  tlii^  iii^i;inee  ilml  llie  ImiiI_\  is  ill  the  si,liiiLj  jiosture. 
Ilie  Ilii-  li(  iiiii  111  Aid  iii:ain-|  ilu  aliilonu  ii.  and  llie  I'l  i  I  Inined  iinvanls.  Tlie 
ai'ni»  are  aNii  111  At  d  ^n  a-  In  Imieli  llii  elu-l.  ilu  eliin  lu  iiii;  >'ii|i|iorted  on  llie 
|>alll|s  III'  Ihe  liaiiils.  and  llir  iilmi  i^  rceei\i d  ilil..  ilu  liii|lii\\  ]:eiiealll  llie  cheek 
lioiii  s.     This  iiiii M  s|j||o  ,•,  II,.  \\;|,  |,|-,;imli|  iiiiiii  Ni  w  (iieiiada.  ill  Smilli  AiiHrica. 


Ii\   llii 


lie    (  hailes    I 


)Hlllll       i.-ll..    W  III! 


.•^eii  iiei  s  n|   ihis  eily. 
oiih   desjecal,  il  ;    Mill 


|triMiiiid   il    l:i  Ihe   Academy  of  Nalnral 
■^liiii    il  is  ii,,\\  |iiesirM(l.     The  heily  is  nut  eiiihalnied.  lull 

Well    |)res(l\(<l    a-    lo    lender  il   jil'iilialile 


II     niiiseii  s  ;iir   so 


llial  siiiii,   aiilisi  [llie  lliiiil  nia_\    liavi    In  i  n  a|i|iliiil  In  iheiii. 

Lei  Us  iinw  liaei    ihis  sjnnniai-  eiis|iiiii   Ironi  smith  In  iiiulh.     The  .Moluel 
and  l'ani|i.is  nf  l'al:e;niiia  !iui-\   ihiir  dead  in  lari^e  s,|iiaic  nils. 


Ill   a    InW.  XI 


Tliey  are  placed 
l/iiiii:  \\'[[\\    all    Ihe   wiapniis  and   nlher    ihin-s  which    heloiiiii d  lo  ihe 


(had." — I'm, kin's    /'iilii::i,iiiii.  ijiiti/n/  in  Jji/inn/i.r  la  Mulnm. — Dohri/lioller  als 
i)li»er\es  Ihal  llie  M|Ui  siiian  trilii  s  of   ihat    eiuinliy   ••comiinse   Ihe  corj 
manner  Ihat  the  kiieis  tniuh  the  face' — llisl.  Jlii/niiii.-i.  I.  p.  1  ij. 


)se    III   siicll 


icil 


The  Indians  nf  (  hili  had  I 


II'  --aini 


eusliiiii.  lull  th(  y  (  xjiiisi  d  their  di  ad  on  a 
stai;('  alio\e  i;ioiind. —  roii- i  i;u.  (th.s.  Ihtrm^i  a   Itnj.  Il<,uuil  Ihi    fl'nrld.  |i.  .".(M. 

The  loroadns  of  l{ra/il  place  the  lindy  in  a  sitijii;.-  posture  in  a  lari;e  pot. 
which  is  hiiried  in  llie  around  amidst  cries  and  lamentation. — Sciv,  and  Maiiiii.s. 
7'iiir.  ill  liiinil.  II.  p.  J'UI. 


MODE  OF  SHI'Ur/rUHE. 


245 


'I'hc  l'iir;ii,ni;is  of  l';iriii;iiay  place  their  dead  in  a  similar  attitude. — Dr.  A/.aiia. 
I'di/.  i/inis  I'Jiiirrii/tti:  II.  p.  M,).  This  ciistoui.  as  practised  aiiKiiiic  the  Aturcs. 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Orinoco,  has  already  heeii  staled,  (pa^e  l.JI.) 

(Jarcilaso  de  la  Vena  states  that  in  the  year  l,')(i(),  he  saw  five  enihalined 
bodies  of  i'ernvian  Incas.  three  men  and  two  women.  ■• 'I'liey  were  seated  in  the 
manner  of  Indians,  with  the  hands  across  upon  the  hreast.  and  their  eyes  towards 
the  earth." — Coininni/.  Hook  '.  .  ^'Jliap.  2'J. — ••  The  nn)niitain  Indians."  says 
llerrera, -commonly  huilt  their  'om1)s  hia;h.  like  towers,  anil  hollow  :  and  they 
huried  their  dead  liowim;-  the  Imdy,  their  thii^hs  hound  and  in  the  siltini;  attitude." 
—  ///.s/.  Dec.  111.  Lii).  I'.  {Jap.  ,i.— Dr.  I{uschenheriivr.  who  personally  exhunud 
several  niummies  in^r  Arica.  states  thai  -  the  liody  was  placed  in  a  sijuattiui; 
posture,  with  the  knees  drawn  up  and  the  haud<  applied  to  the  sid,.  nf  the  head." 
(See  pau-e  lOf)  of  thi>  work.)  I  have  myself  examined  the  desicealed  hodies  of 
six  Peruvians,  all  of  which  were  in  the  same  positi(ui. 

The  Indians  of  \i  \v  (ireuada  followed  the  sanu>  eu^t(uii.  as  i^  proved  li\  the 
annexed  illustratimi.  Tiie  Spani-ii  residents  of  that  repuldic  have  a  tradition  that 
the  natives.  Hyjiii;-  from  tile  violence  of  their  coii(|Ueroi'^.  died  in  cavis  and  otiier 
obscure  places,  in  an  attitude  which  truly  seems  indicative  of  de-pair.  Some 
very  ancient  monuments  are  said  by  llerrera  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  early 
Spaniards  near  Zenu.  in  Veni /uela  :  "Tliesr  nraves  or  t(unbs  were  manniiicent. 
adm-neil  with  bi'oad  stones,  into  wliicii  the  bodies  were  placed  in  a  sittinir  posture." 
— //;.s7.  .////(/■.  I\'.  n.  in. 

The  Mexicans  somelinus  burned  and  somctinu's  buried  their  dead  :  when 
Ihey  liuried  them  it  wa-  -in  deep  ditehis  formed  of  stone  and  linu'.  within  which 
they  placed  the  bodies  \n  a  sitliiiM-  ])os|ure.  on  low  seats,  or  iriiiiHi." — Ci.u  k.i-.ho. 
//is/,  of  .\/i.rii;t.  W.  VI — The  swww  auliior  adds,  that  (i\iinet/,iu.  one  of  the  early 
C'IiccIk  niecan  kini;s  of  Mexico,  was  <'mbalnunl  -ami  afterward-  placed  in  a  iri'eat 
chair,  clotliid  in  royal  habits." — /,/(/».  IJ.  II. 

\N  hen  a  Charib  died  ids  body  was  placed  in  the  lirave  in  an  attitude  -reM  ni- 
bliu'j;  that  in  which  they  crouched  round  the  lire  or  the  table  wlnn  alive,  with  '.he 
clbow-i  on  the  knees,  and  il,,'  palms  of  the  bauds  ai;ainsl  the  chec  ks." — Siiciaios. 
/;/  ./rclv.tohi^.  Jinir.  I.  p.  ;{7S. — Siit  W.  Vol  m,.  ./mtiiiil  of  llu  ('havihs.  p.  8. 

The  .Musko^ces  iir  (reeks  had  a  simib-.r  nsai;e. — ]{Aiirii\M.  '/'iiir.  p.  .'it  '>. — 
Human-,  //hi.  nf  F/oriilii.  I.  p.  't.s — The  latter  author  adds  that  the  Arkansas 
were  in  the  same  jiractice.  •■  with  the  addition  of  lyini;-  the  h.ad  down  to  the 
knees." — /(/tin.  p.  loi. 

The  Aiibamons  bury  their  dead  in  a  sitting'  posture:    in  order  to  justify  this 


am 


CHANIA  AMERICANA. 


custom  tlu-y  ^ny  that  man  is  iiprii^lit.  ami  lias  his  lace  turmd  towards  htavcii, 
which  is  to  he  his  hahitalion. — Li;  IJossr.  Tnir.  in  /.iHusiami,  I.  p.  157. 

On  the  iliNcovtry  of  the  Mammoth  cave,  in  Kentucky,  a  won>aii  was  fonml 
ill  a  state  of  complete  ilesiccatioii.  "  She  was  hiiried  in  a  siinatting  form,  the  knees 
drawn  up  close  to  the  hreasi,  the  arms  lient.  with  the  hands  raised,  and  crossing 
each  otlier  ahout  the  chin." — .Irvlr.vitloii.  .Inur.  I.  p.  3 'ilt. 

I  am  informed  hy  Mr.  Nuttall.  that  such  also  was  the  custom  of  th(>  Osages 
of  Missouri. — Of  the  Omahaws.  Jamks.  H.rjxil.  1.  p.  :2I. — Of  the  Maiidans. 
Lr.wis  and  (.'iauk.  l-lriml.  1.  p.  l(i !.— Of  the  I'otowatomies.  Ki-.AiiN(..  /J.riitd.  I. 
|,.  115. — Of  (lie  C'hippeway-.  lir.rnAM.  7'n/c.  II.  p.  ilitl — Of  the  Delawares. 
SMirii.  I/iat.  iif  \(ir  .Id-snj.  p.  1;!7. — Of  tile  \ahant>  and  other  trihes  df  Titiiape 
ill  New  Kii'zlaiul.  \\  \\u\y.s.  CoiiiiHtr.  /7(/c.  iVr..  p.  l;i  I. — The  present  town  of 
Salem,  in  MasNicluisetls.  is  ti:e  >ite  of  the  old  village  of  the  Naumkeaiis:  on 
makiii'j:  an  excavation  a  few  year-  -inee.  many  skeleloiis  wire  found,  "placed  very 
near  each  other,  with  tiie  knees  dmwii  up  to  the  iina-l.  and  the  iiaiids  laid  near 
the  face,  which  wa-^  directed  to  tiie  la-t."  I)i.  /'((irsaii's  l.illir  lo  Ihr  Jiil/ior. — 
Dr.  Pearson   had  a  drawiim'  made  of  the  ■skeleloiis  /;/  .s/7m. 

In  re-prct  to  liie  Canadian  Indians.  ('liarievoi\  idisirves:  "'riie  dt  ad  man  is 
painted.  en\ilo|irii  ill  his  Ik  st  I'dlii .  :ind  with  his  weapon-  liesiije  liini.  is  exposed 
at  till'  door  of  hi-  ealiiii  in  the  po-lure  whieii  he  i-  to  pre-erve  in  the  iirave  :  and 
this  po-tnre  i-  that  which  a  child  has  in  the  1  o-om  of  it-  mother.'" — Jininui/  d'tm 
/■(/.V- -i'.  iVc.  VI.  p.  HIT. 

Some  excavations  at  (ioat  Maud,  at  the  l''al|s  of  Nianara.  have  revi  aled  the 
same  fact. —  liitsraiti's  Mniiini/.  A'c.  |i.  tjj. 

I''inall\.  1  am  assiiii  ij  iiy  Dr. 'l"roos|  limt  IJie  inoiiiuls  he  opened  in  'reiiiKssec 
contained  s^,  letoiis  in  llie  same  altitude:  and  Liiuteiiaiit  Mather  has  made  a 
similar  comniiiiiieatioii  to  me  in  reference  lo  a  mound  examined  hy  him  in 
\N  iseoiisin. 

'riiu-  it  is.  that  iiolwithslaiidiii^  tin  divi  I'sity  of  laiiiiiia^v.  customs  and  intel- 
lectual character,  we  trace  this  usa^e  lliioiiiiliout  hoth  Americas,  and  alloidiicj;.  as 
we  have  already  sluted.  collateral  (  videiice  t'i'  the  alliliation  of  all  the  American 
nations.* 


'  I  am  ;i\vaiv  lli;il  tin-  iprartn-r   i-  iinl   cxrlii^n.  Iv  Aliieni-;iii.      Mr,  |-M\varil<:,    IIiM.  o(  [\ir  West 

lnil:rs  liuok  I,  A|.|i.iiil..    i-ilis   Ilrre.lolus   un-   il-   |.r.v:il.-ii(  ■■   :nw\<.j  ihe  .Nas-aiii ■-,  a  |ii  (.|m.-  uli.i 

ii;li:il'i!i'l   iinrllnrii    AlVn'a   IiiMu.tu    l-;-\pi   .mhI   Ciiilhr-'e  ;  ami   (f,,;,   i ils   il  as  a  umilt  .if  llie 

■oiciriii    lVrM:iiis.     'I'lie  liio,!.  Ill  (  in.a-M.i  II-.  111!  Ill''  ill  alli  111   :;  imMi  iiiaii,  "mI  up  a  liiL'li  w.Mclru  lud 


mi 


217 


T  II  E     M  ()  \  (J  O  L  -  A  M  K  U  I  C  A  N  S . 


PLATE   LXX. 


KSKIM.vrx. 


Siiii'i'  wriliiiL';  tlii'  clinptcr  on  (lie  I'olar  Family,  (pai^c  ,>(),)  T  liavc  Ijciu 
I'avorcil  hy  (J('(iru;o  Coiiilic,  Ksi]..  willi  tin;  w^v  of  lour  liciiuiiK.;  Eskiinaiix  skulls, 
wliifli  arc  limircd  on  the  amiuxcd  plate,  'i'hc  eve  al  (nicc  remarks  (heir  narrow, 
eldiiiiiiteil  I'oi'm,  tli(!  iji'djei'tim!;  upper  jaw.  the  extremely  Hat  nasal  hones,  the 
expamled  /ypiinatie  arehe's,  (he  hniad,  expanded  elieek  hones,  and  (he  lull  and 
prumini  nt  oeei|)ilal  rei;ion. 


:Mr.\sinKMr.NT^ 


I'tn.iil  1    r<..tinil      \'f 


Ml.ll        I'nn.ll  liM,r>.;Ll 


1" '■■■ 

' '"1 

t    r      .li.n.i'  ■    1 

■ 1 

IMI' 



;■      |.li.  .> 

aliKl. 

■'■'1 " 

7 . ."» 

5..1       -1 

(i      :..  1 

1 1.  i : 

1.1 

15.. 

20.  1 

7  2 

!),i.     1 

7.] 

5.,')        1 

1      .5.  i 

1  I.I 

'1.:! 

1  I.I 

20.:} 

75^ 

SO.      j 

7..) 

5.1        1 

:i        ■).■) 

1  l.s 

;!.!» 

15.- 

20.  i 

7,  J 

S7.5  i 

(f.7 

5.           1 

1        ,-). 

1  f.(.  i 

1. 

l;i.) 

1S.!» 

71 

The  e\licm:'  elom;-at ion  of  llir  up|iei-  Jaw  eontraels  (he  facial  ani;le  (o  a  mean 
of  se\(iity-thli  (■  decrees,  wiiiie  (l:c  MliMli  of  three  lieads  of  the  tour,  iiives  ;in 
inlei-nal  eapaei(y  of  ei^iily-seven  euhie  inelies.  a  near  appmaeli  to  the  Caucasian 
avera:;r.  The  fidlowin^-  diagrams  will  eiialde  tiie  reader  lo  make  iiis  conqiarisons 
>tiil  niori'  iu  driail. 


Ill  till-  M;irn  ;iii-.  ii|H,ii  ulurh  llii-y  J'hi'v  llir  hn.ly  "I'  tlv  d.rrasrd  In  :i  sitlui?  altiluilr  al'lcr  tlii'  liowols 
liiivi'  l".ii  i:il>rii  mil:"  lull  ill.'  mlrniii'iil.  wiii.ii  is  n.-lil  il:iys  l:ilrr,  is  in  ih"  n'Ciuiilioiit  pLsIurr.- 
Ki.  M'IIm  i  ii,  f '(/(k./n/i;;;  .\',///(»,,v,  |..  ;i,i7. —  I'iir  Nru-  HmHihiI'Ts  s.uiii'limrs  luirv  lln'ir  clr;iil  in  this 
:iniiiiil..  — liiiriMN.  A.  ■S'ljii/h  //'(//(^^,  |i. 'Jii.i. — 'I'iii'  lliillriiinis,  say-i  Kollirni,  iloiihlo  up  llie  corpse 
•■  neck  .mil  liirU.  niiioli  in  tlir  inaiiiiri- ni'  ;i  Ininiiin  lii'lii-.." — I'rcsenI  Sliilr  of  Ciipe  of  (louii  Hope, 

1 1.  :ll  J. —  TIlc  |iin|ili'  ,i|  llir  ■rull'.M  |sl:i|l'ls,  I'.li'ili.'  O.iMll.illli  r  lll''ir  ilr:iii  III  lllls  [(OMIIDII.  —  M.MllUNF.ll, 
Toiiifii  lslaiiil\.  \K  Jl  I;  nil, I  K.il/.chur  li:is  also  olis,  ivnl  il  ;i!  llir  ishiiiils  .'l'  K:iil:irk  ami  lira. —  I'ui/. 
of  l)i!,c,,icri/.  III.  p,  17.i.  ■,>ll. 


248  CRANIA  AMKIMCANA. 

Nn.  1. — Fnuii  l);ivis"s  strait  :  tlic  ,''^^^ 

\ 

larpst  licail   in  tl.i'  series,  and  tlie  liest     .y,"*^      ^^ 

fnnital  ileveliijinieiit.     'Pile  nasal  hones    ly  \ 

are  so  Hat  as  to  be  seareely  perceptiMc. 


X 


) 

J. 


\ 


L,  i 


\/- 


No.  '.'. — On  tlii^  sknll  is  uriltm  f 

the  brief  nieniornndinn.  ■•  l-'ounil  in  the     '"^^ 
snow    l)V   Captain    I'ariv."       In    excrv    V 
nartienlar   a   well   eharaeteri'<eil    E^lvi-     '^. 
nianx  head.  I 


^^    I  ^N, 


\     / 


■i         \ 


/ 


No.    3. — ■■  i'lumd    hv    Mr.    .Iidni 
'rnrnliiill.  Siirireen.  npnn    Di^eo  1-iand. 
ena-t  of  (ireenland.   in  the   -uniiner  ol'   i' 
\S15." 


.-r^ 


V 


.-L 


.No.   1. — 'riiis  ^kuil   was  obtained 
at    ley  Cape,  the  nortliwe>t  extremity    / 
of  An  eriea.  and  i-  marked  -from   A.    y 
Collie.  Es(i..  Siiriieon  of  II.  M.  Ship  /\^ 
Hlossom."  ' 


X 


\ 


V    A 


>J 


AN'ATO.MICAL  IMEASURKMKNTS. 


219 


'Pile  liicat  Miul  iiiiil'drni  (liHtrciicc's  hctwccii  tlii'si'  liiails  mid  IIhinc  vi  ttit; 
Amcricim  liuliiiiis.  uill  lie  (il)viiMis  to  every  one  i\ccu>t(iin((l  to  make  comiiarisons 
of  tliis  kind,  iiiid  sci'vc  as  corrolioialivc  evidence  o|'  the  opinion  tliat  tin;  Kskinianx 
are  tlie  only  people  possessiii;;  iXsiatif  cliaracteiistics  on  tiie  American  continent. 


A  N  A  T  0  :M  I  C  A  L     ]\I  E  A  S  U  K  i:  M  K  N  T  S . 


\ 


Tlieso  inea-'Ui'ciiicnts  aiT  d(  riv((l  from  one  liiindird  and    l'll^ly-^(■\•en  skiilN  ol' 
Ameiican    inijian^  nl'  I'nrty  dillric  nt    nation^  anil    trilirN;    and   liic  crania  are  all 
of  adult  pei-MiiiN.  and  unallnid  liy  art.     'I'lie  talili'  i-  il-i  If  ■,!illieieiili\  explanatory 
lor  ncnei'al    purpoves.  Init    it    i^  n'cr^vary   to   premise    tin-    manner   in    wliieii  tlu 
mea^ui'ement^  have  In  (  n  taken. 

'I'lie  Innii'iharniiil  iliiiiiii hr  i^  'nea-.nred  from  the  nio^l  jironiinent  part  of  tlie 
o>  fronli>-.  hetween  tile  ^iiprreiijary  ridLiC-.  to  the  extreme  ind  of  the  occiput, 

'The  jiiirldi//  (/iiinii li r  i>  mea>urrd  hetwceu  the  nin^l  distant  point-,  of  tlie 
piiriclal   honi'^.  which  are.  fur  the  mo^t  part,  the  protiiher.iners  df  tlicM-   hone^. 

'I'he  fnnildl  iHitiiii  h  r  i^  (iLeii  lirl\\((ii  the  antii'ini'  inferior  aimli"<  of  the 
parietal  lHine>. 

'{"he    rirlini/  i/idnii/ir   \<   mi'a^nred    from   tlie   fo^Nn   hilween  the  coiid_\  le-;  ol 

the  occipital   hone,  to   the   |i:p  (if  the  ^kllll. 

'I'hr  hill r-niiialniil  iin li  i>  niea-ureil.  with  a  ^I'adnateil  tajie.  from  the  point  of 
one  mastoid  process  to  tlie  (ilher.  over  the  I  xlernal  talde  of  the  skull. 

'V\w  'nilii--iiiiisluiil  liiii  is  the  distance,  in  a  siiai-hl  line,  lu  tween  the  points 
of   the   mastoid   processes. 

'I"he  (icri/iiln-J'roii/ii/  iiri-li  is  nieasured  hy  a  t,i|ie  over  tlu'  surface  of  the 
ci'anium.  froiu  the  posl.rinr  mari;in  of  the  I'oramen  mai;num  to  the  sntnre  which 
connei'ls  the  OS  fronlis  wiih  the  hones  of  the  nose. 

'I"he  linriziiiiliil  j)! rijilii nj  is  measui'ed  h\  passiu^-  a  tajx'  aronnd  the  cranium 
so  as  to  touidi  the  OS  linntis  immediattdy  ahove  the  sni)crciliary  ridi^cs,  and  the 
most  proinimnt  part  of  the  occipital  hone. 

The  liiiLil/i  iif  Ihi  liiiiil  mill  fitrr  is  nieasured  from  the  margin  of  the  ujijier 
jaw.  to  the  most  distant  point  of  ihe  occijiut. 


I 


250 


CHAMA  AMHUIt  ANA. 


'J'lii;  zi/iidiiiiilif  (liiimthr  is  tlic  distance,  in  a  riiilit  line,  IjcIwimii  (he  iiidsI 
|)ri)iiiiiit'iit  (loiiits  (if  diL'  zyudinu'. 

'Vhv  fdcidl  uiiiiii  *   is  ascurtaiiuil  ity  an  iii^tnimiiit  (if  iiii^ciiiinis  coiislniclinii 


Till     liuilll  llll-'li',  Wlllrll   was  fil-s|   lirnli.i'.ril  liy 


I  liy  till'  I  'arih'il  rnili  -.-or  Caiiii"  r.  is  iiirasiiriil  iii  lln 


liill.iwiii.'  iiiaiiiii  1  :  a 


liiR'  I  :iili  il  ihr  t'arial  hlH'.  is  ilrawii  Iruiii  lli''  aMrimr  iiLm'  hT  llir  ii|i|irr  j:uv.  (iir, 
iT  ihr  1(11  illi  piMji  ris  |ii'\Liiiil  llir  jaW.  riniii  lln.'  Iii"lll  ilsi  If.;  |.i  ill''  111"^!  | 'I'liiili n  111  I'ail  nl  llir  liiirlirail. 

\    vr.oli'l     "I-    ll'HI/.'lllal     I. Ill',  IS    iliawii 


'■Il  IS  ii-.iiaJy  llir  s|iarr   I"  Iwrni  lli.'   Mi|"a.  i  .  iry  ri'l.' 


llii'iiiijii  till'  rxli  iiial  I'l'iaiiiij  "T  ll 


lir  c-ar     iiii  iMi-   aU' 


li''iiiiis    iiil   ll    iHij.  Ill  ^  ihi'  l.asi.'  1.1   iIm'   iiiisinl 


lia-i'  I'l'  ill''    hi 


III   III    '111'  r   iii-iama's  i 


I"  HV''ii  ill''  Irniuiial  r""l-~  "I'  ill'-   IimiiI    iii' i~"r  I.-' lli.  aii.|    lr"iii   llii^   |-'iiil  il  |s  Mill    lu'.ili'irjnl    iiiilil  il 
inc.  Is  with  111!'  lacial  liU''  all'  a'ly  ili's.Ti!"'!  :  li' li'-.'  lln'  IW"  iiii'^  m  i\   iH'  'I  ■''.  <'l'  '•'■IV  !"■  ir.  llir  iKisal 

111.  ll.  i-ii-salMii   "I    ill'-   liiiis  (ir.-ins   al    a    Imiiil 
I  -'iiM'I'-i-aMy  aiil'-ri'ir   I'l   lii'-   I'.'ii.-.      ll  i-  "I'M'HI-  llial  an  an-'..-  uiil  1"-  l"nii'  'I  wli'-iv  ih.-'-  Iiii.s  iliii. 
ml'  1-'  'I  1  a.-h  "ih'-i-,  aii'l  ll.is  is  ili,.  lai-ial  ai. .-''-.      1-'"1-  .  \  ilii|'r-.  ii.'ii'i-  lli'-  aiiii'-\'-'l  u...'il  iiil.  (No.  1. 
will' ll   i'-i'r''^'i]|s  ih'    sI.ilI  ..f  ill.'  C'lwalii^K  aln-ailv  ,  


ri--iii'  'I  III   lli's  W'.rk 


III-    '.ii.l     'I'l.'    an  ■  .\.  li. 


ill'-  lai-ial  i;ii.',r\-|i  ll'l 


Ml  J.  .1-    MM    1.1'--   l\.  'I.  Il.'lll    III'' 


ani'  r,"i-  iiiai  j:ii  "I    l!i'' 


'  r   1  iw  I"  I!.-'  lll"^I  i'r"ii 


ll'  h!    |. 


!l   "f   ih'-  "s  IT'. Ill, ~;    ill'-    s,.,    .ihl 


'1-   l:"r;/"lilal 


iiii'  .  1^  1-'  !>r'-^'-iil''il   1"  IW.  -11   ih'-  I'.'iiii--  (     ";l  IK 


l"i  ill'-  I'lir].'.-'-  "I  li  u  iirj  a  li\.  .1  ji.'iiii  !  '1  ,s  aiil'  ri'T 
I'  iinariii'.ii.  I  lia\ '■   iiin:  'niil\  rani'-'l    1II-'|I|.-    7iiisiil 


I  I 


a!..ivi'  aii'l   !"  iw.'-ii  lli'-  i-"i .;s  nf  i!,,-  uv..  iV.ini   in.  i>..r  I- .  ili.     Tli'- |"'!ni  1-;,  « ln-n- iIm-^.' liii.  ■ 
ll''  i-a'-li  .nil.  i-.  i>  ill'    I'i'-i.il  all.!'',  will'  !i  111  ill'-  111.  -  111  1    -■  111---  wiil   I'.-  I'.iiiii'l  I'l  ni'-asuii-  al...ii' 


\iv--i\  il.- 


'1  \v 1  'III     N' 


a~  'irawn  'ili  a  iiiii.-li  l..-!|.i-  l''ii-iii'-.|  h.  i,l.  ih  n  ,.r  :i   1', 
111  will' 1 1  ill''  a  11. -I'-  a  I  I-;  111.-  iviii,  .,  v,-\,-i,t-,  -Mv  ll,  .T'-.  - 


iiiviaii  li.'ljan 


/ 


\ 


M,'-  iii"-i 


.(  111'-..-  ,1 


ia_'riin>  w: 


/ 


I'll''  1 1  I'll  llio  1 1'  1  ll  aii.M'  1^  11'.  .111.-11 1  ni'-iilal  ml.  !:..''-.i.--:  aii'l  111  1 

Jii^li.'-  |.i  Caiiiii.-r   wc  iniisi  a-M   ijiai   ll.-  ,j'.i-s  imi  a— ■  rl  it  i..  !■.-  ^.i. 

Ill  l-iii   ll  i-!ii.  liy '.'iv.-s  III'-  ].i"i''-ii'iii  i.r  ill.-   la.-.-  Ill  r.  lalMii  I.I  ih'-      ;    '" 

1|.- I'l,  willi.'ill  .■.'ii\-.-yiii_  'll'-  I'   is|  1.1.  a  "fill''  .-a|i  ii-ily  "I  ll aiianii. 

whl'-ll  is  .'ll.-ii  llir  salll"    111    li'-a  Is    wli'i-.-    ilia "is    .,,■•■    all. ..'.  lli.-r    .lil!.  .I'lll.      Til.-  III. Ti'    iil.lli|lhl 

ill''    I' 'ill   i-"iili-a.-is  ill'-   ai,.-,'-;  aii'l    wlril   is    y  I    im'T.-   iiii;."ri  ml.  i|:, --.,;,, v  lirin-nn   iln 


|iniy 


wli'-ii'-.'  ih.'  la.-ial   liii'-   Is  'hawii,  iii  iv   1 


win:.- ill.'  r..|-.-li.-a.l 


111  IV   ll''   V'r\-   |'r"iiiiii.  Ill 


lis.  ,1    ;,.:i-,a!s  SI,  lai 


l.liv,  that  ll'  ill.     'a.  lal    I 


a^  I'l   Ji\'-  an   aiiL'l'-  i.l'  i-i^'lily  il.-jri'i-- 
111!'  \'.'  II-  111  1. 1.-  I..  I'.ii.-li  ll.  lln-  n-siillin- 


.1   ll"l   ll'-rll: 


sl\IV-IU  '-  .|r-.'|-' 


Til"  iiiaMiiiiiin  an-.'!'-  ihal  laii  1"-  .nil'i-a.-.  .1  |...-  tl„.    i;i,|,,| 


•a\s  Can 


a. Kan.-.-  ih.-s.-  lin.-s  slill  riiril.n-.  ili,-  h,';,.!   I,. 


].rr,  ••  is  Ion  :   if 


'lii.-s   |'|-i-t.-|-na|iiia:!y  I  ir.-.-.  as  in  liy.lii.i-i-|ilialiis,      liiil  ii 


IS  siii-iiiisiiiL,'  1.1  .il.srrv,-   ihal   ll 


I-    m.ist  ail' I'-ni    ('ii-..k   aiisis  |,a\.'  .-h. 


-n  ill.-  vrv  inaMiniiiii  nl'  lli' 


la'-rii  aiiL'!''.  wliil'-  lli.-  l..-s|  I 


I'lnnii  ■.■lavi-iii-s  w.-|-.-  saiisfi"i|  ,villi  ll 


111!  III.'  aiiL'..-  ..I  'I  > 


■  I    liaVI-  llllls  (-s|,i|,l|s|i,  ,1    |!,|.    nvil    r\tr.-iii.-s  .j|'   ul, 


Hiiity  111  111.-  larial   liiii'.  MZ:  rimii  To    lo  loo 


ANATOMICAL  IMKASUHKMKN'I'S. 


2.51 


IIDSI 


;iii(l  iciiily  ;i|)|)lic;itinii.  wliicli  li;i-i  ncuivctl  so  mmiy  ailditions  IVoin  llic  siigi^fslioiis 
til'  (lillciciil  imliviiliials.  tlml  its  iiivcntiim  ciimiot  hr  ascrilicil  In  any  (inc  piismi. 
'I'lir  <pii:;iiinl  idia.  Iwiwivir.  orii^iimtcd  witli  my  I'liciid  Dr.  'riii'ii|Miiii\  ;  and  I 
liavf   niiii'li  iil(a>iiic   in   i\|dainini;-  it.  inaMiincli  as  il   aj)|)iaiN  to  nn'  to  Nn|(irMd( 


III  iIk' 


•lirail. 


iinlil  II 

IIIIVll 


V.I.  1. 


\ 


rih'v..  .■iiiliiMi'..  nil  ill.'  u'la. I, III. Ill-,  11.1111  llii'   hi'iiil   ill'  llir  N.'.'Im  i.i    lli.'  siililim..  1. 


Millv  <il    llii'  ; i.'iil 


C.iv.'k  iii.HlrK.      Ilwr  il.M.inl  li.Li 
1. 11.1-, 


li;n'.'  Ml 


I  iii:iir_'  mil  111 


■  r  :i  111. ink. ■\- :   il'  \v.'  i|r-.'..|i,|  miI 


w.-r  U'r  h.ivi' ;i  il.i.' .11- :i  hir.l  — a  -iii|i.',  I.ir  •  \,iiii|ili'.  nl    win.  Ii  ih.'   I  icialliiin  |^  aliii.i-l.  iiaiall' I 


a  Imii/  iiilal  |.l  iiir."  —  '/Ji^s:  r/a/inii  \iir  Irs  (/il/.  rn,i;'  rnilex,  \r..  p.   |.',  \r,) 


'r.ilr--,..r  liliiiii.ailia.il  has  il.aii.-'l  lliai  ih..  L'.aiiiilii'  anli.iii.'  Ih   i.ls 


|i|i-.  Ill  ail     '1 


;||.  ut'  a",    ,,i-  ini) 


aii'l  Mi|i|i<.s.s  iImi  -.iirli  lii.  iMiiviinaii'.  niul.l  nnly  !„.  il.aav.'.l   ri..|ii  iiM-,.ri'ri  .-..pi.^s.      I'r    W 


i-iaiiaii,  .III 


ill.-  ..ill.  1   hail. I,  r.  iiiaik--,  ••  thai  \vl 


i.i.'V.a'  uill  i\aiiiiiii.  III.;  h. 


■lii|.!l.  r  ill  III.-  Will. -ail    Ml 


|iai:i.  ularly  lli.-  hii-l  lu  lli.-  lar.a-  .-i|-.-iilai-  h  lii.  nr  ihr  imir.'  il.-l'i.    .1  h.-  i  U  .ilih.'  l-ll.aii  marl. I.--,  will  h. 
--ali-ll.'il  that  ('aiii|ii-i-  i-  a.  rural.-  in  llii-  r.  ■  j..it."  — ;  'J'ln/rc  l.rri  ur,^.  A-,-.,  ii.  In',. 


\ii"'li''i'  lii-iil.-  .if  .-'.iii|.  iniiL.'  vkiiiU   w.is  i|.-\  iM-il   hv    I'r.il.  ■.-  ir    li!iiiiiriil.;i.-|i,  .-.lil,  ,| 


111.'    ti'ti'niir 


r/ir<i/i-.  ..|-  V.  an. -il  111' ill. 1. 1;  an  1  i-.iiiH--l-.  in  -ii|i|iiii-liir_'  ill.-  Ii.-nl  ..|i  lli.-  I.iw.-r  |  nv,  ali.l  lli.n  l.i..l,ii 
■lUi  iiji.iii  il  Ir.  nil  a  I. .IV.-  a  in  I  I.  hiii.l.      1 1,  li..w.-\'.-i-,  s.-\-.  i-,il  sLii.*-  ai.-  |.i  1.. 


■.mi|.  11- 


ihi-v  an-  1.1  hi 


•''III- 1  I- 1'-! I  I n  iN  .i'-'-i|'iii.  ill--  I  iw  h.-iii.'  \.  Ui.-il  ,iiiil  r.'-,iiiu 


i|-.|  in-  ..llii-r  1.1  1 


T.i  la.ik.-  lli.-i-..ni|ianMin  i  ..iii|.:.  I.-,  il -ii.ii.il  i-ii.l-  sh.mM  h.-  -.i  .  :.  \ , I  as  In  hriii-'  iln-  i-ln-.-K 

■'II  a  liiia.  .1-.   in    111.-    r.i;'.iWiii4   .li,i-_'raiii.  uln- h    is   i-,i|ii,-,l   i|-.,iii    liiiim -iil.a.-li.  — ; /A-  r;,-,.,r,-/v  //« 
I'll,.  .\)if.  11.  jal,  ,/  /,;/,.   I.' 


^. 


il    \\i 
liill  I 

af  th. 


100  , 


'l'h'',/ic\/  III'  ill. -s..  Ii  ,Mii-.-s  i-.'|i|-.-sriiN  a  N.-jr.i  ln-nl.  rl...rjai.'il,  aii.l  iiarraw  in  iV' .111,  Willi  r\iian.l.'il 
ini.ili'-   ai'.-li.-s,  |ii-,i-.-,lai-'   rh.- -1,    hnii-s,  aii-l    |i|-.i||-ii'|.'.l 


ii;>li.-|-    I  iw.     'I'lii-  Mfiiiii. 


IS  a   Can.-  i-iaii 


-liull.  Ill  wlu.-li  l!i..s..  |iaris  ar.'  ii.- ii-;\-  .'iiii'i'al.-il  III  111.'  iii'ii'-  s\  iiiiii.'l|-i.-al  .iiilliii.' ..!'  ill.-  wli.ili-  li.-.i.l.  ami 
i-s|ii.'i'Mily  hy  111'-  I'lill  iii-v.-l..|iiii.-iii  .if  ih.'  li-.niial  ri--i.iii.  'I'll.-  Hiinl  li-'iiri'  u  lak.-ii  iV.ua  a  M  )|il;.iI 
li.-,i.|,  lli  wh.rh  ill.'  i.rl'ils  anil  i-h.-.-k  l..inis  arr  (.'\|i.isi'i|.  ;i-  m  ih.'  .\(-:;i-...  an. I  lli.'  /\--j.iiiia-  arulir.l  ami 


-\]iaii 


M 
l.-.l;   hill  III.'  r.ii-.-h.'.i.l  IS  iiiii.'li  hr.ii.l.'i',  ilir  l'. 


I'.'  iii'.i.-  r 


■ira.  l.-.l.  aii.l   llii'   wl 


in.r  rraiiinin  larui  r 


llaviiiL'  h.-i-ii  al  iiiii.-h  |iaiiis  i.i  -n.-  ih.'  iiiirnin  nrlit-a/is  ..lili.'  skulls  lijiiii-il  in  this  wnik,  ill.'  rcaili  r 


Wil!  havr  aiiiiHi'  ii|.ii.i|-tiiiiiiy  In  r.nii 


|iai-.'  I'll-  hinisi'li;      II.'  will  s.'.'  ihat  ih,'  .Viii.'n.'iiu  hrail  apiiroa.'lii 


iii'ar.-si  111  III.'  M.iii.'.il.  yi'l  is  n.il  sn  l.iii.'.  is  iiariiiwiT  in   ir.iiii.  Willi  a  iiiiiri'  [iiDmim'iil  I'.irt'  an. I  miu.-ii 
iniin-  i.'ii..liai.'tL'd  /\-:^ijiiia'. 


CIIAMA  AMI'.IUCANA. 


III!  ntlii  r  innilcN  111'  ;iM'iil. lining  llic  r;u'i;il  ;inuli\  Tlif  Inllnw  ini;  ili;ini;iin  iijirc^ciiN 
till  iii^tniiiK  lit.  \\lii(li  iiiMV  lie  (•i\llr(l  III!  i'liiiiil  (iiiiiiiiiinlii;  ii>  ii|i|)li(il  In  a 
('I'.iiiiiiiii  I'ur  iIk    |iiii'|iii>i'  III'  iiiinsiii'i'iiii'iil. 


'I'lir  ji  II.  r-  A.  A.  A  ir|iiT~' 111  tin-  n  rt.iir^nhir  I  ;isil  liinli^  nl'  llir  iii>(nniiriii. 
^wliicli  i>  iiiii  'r  III'  !ir;i^-.)  till  III. Ill  liiiili  .-liilin^  III  15.  -n  :i^  In  iiiciT.iM'  111'  iliiniiii^li 
till  iliM;iiiCi  III  t\\,  I  II  tlir  li'.lil  .iliil  Irl'l  liliili-.  In  nidi  r  I'l  li\  tlir  Liiilliiililrti  r  111 
.1  'kiill.  linn  i-  iill.ichi  il  In  I  iicli  III  Ihr  l.il.riil  liinli'-  .1  -li.li-  willi  m  "'niiiiMl  pi\n| 
:itl;iclii  il.  ('.  whicli  iiiti  r>  till  iiiiatilN  nl'  thr  ,  aw  'I'll.'  liliili  I).  I),  i-  ;ilt:icluil  li\ 
;i  liiiiLir  In  tin  lia^r.  ami  i-au  li,  liini|...:lil  In  I'nliii  aii\  a;iulr  witii  il.  <;  i-  a  ^calf 
III' mil  liiiiiijr.  il  (Il -Ti  I  V.  altarln  il  li_\  M  liili::i  at  I.  aliil  Irl  lliriiiiL:li  the  liliili  1).  I). 
at  11.  !■;  i- a  Imri/niiial  liiiili.  at  laLilit  aii-li  ^  uitli  D.  D.  "H  wliidi  it  ^liili^  at  !■'. 
'I'lir  tliiii  |iiiciii|  \\iuh\.  K.  K.  ha-  ,111  iipi  iiiiiu  at  L.  In  ailiiiit  thr  iias'.l  hmn  -  tn 
jia->  tlii-iin..;h  il.  N'nw  tlii-  |iii  it  nl'  wnnil  in cc --ai'il_\  tmichi-  tin-  11111-1  |iniiiiiiii  iil 
|iar1-  nf  thr  fni'i  In  ail  anil  \\\>\)rv  niaxiliarv  lulu  .  anil  llirn  I'lUi'  rrini-nils  \hv  fuiin/ 
iiiit.  To  incaMiiv  thr  facial  aimlr.  hliliu  thr  iii>|h  r  Mirracr  nl  the  aliti  rinr  hasil  lililli 
(if  the  iiistniiiu  111  nil  a  hiiii/mital  plaiir  witii  thr  iiasil  -[liiir  :  llnii  let  thr  iiiiil)  J). 
1).  fall  hai'k  iiiitil  Ihr  l.iliial  liiiili  K.  Inucln  -  tin  faii.il  liin-  K.  K.  wlun  IIk'  racial 
aiiirlr  will  hr  at  unci-  ih -i-natril  mi  tin-  mmIc  Fnr  the  |iuriinM.  nf  u;rcatcr  accuracy 
tllc  lali'l'al  hasil  liiiih-  nf  the  iii-t  iniiirul  alv  ;;railuatril  in  inches  aliil  partxif  ilichc>i. 


ANATOMIC :.VL  MlvVSrUKMKNTS. 


3A3 


(••.(■III* 

to    il 


nil  III. 


iiiiii-li 


t(  r  In 
piM't 


U(l    ll\ 


(mil  r('|ii'('*(  nil  >l  in  llu'  (li:ii::i';ini.)  iiiiil  lln  ^lidiii^  |i;irlo  of  IIh'  aiiti  rim'  linili  an- 
lixcil  II)  MTcws  (ii^  s((  II  (III  incli  -idc  III'  A)  ulinii  \i  r  llic  in^lniiiK  ill  is  |iri)|uTly 
adjiisltil.  Willi  lliis  aii|iainliis  liir  laiial  aiiiilr  nl'  any  skull  may  lie  asccilaiiii'd 
wllli  (  xarliicss  ill  III!    liiii  i'  space  ul    hvii  nr  Hirer  ininiilrs. 

Inliniitl  iiijiniihi. — An  iii'^i  nimis  iiiudi'  nl'  laivin-j;  Iliis  nicasiii'cnitiil  \viis 
d(  vised  liy  Mr.  l'liilli|i  .  \i/, :  a  liii  cvliiiiler  was  iiiii\ided  aliniil  Iwo  inclies  and 
llirt'e-fmii'llis  ill  (liai'ii  lei.  and  Iwn  I'ei  I  l\\i>  incliis  |iii;|i.  siaiidinn  mi  a  roul,  and 
liailileil  willl  swijied  IiHips  iiliiilll  Iwii  iliclli  s  ;i|i,iil,  and  lirilllv  siddered.  Ill  pit  vent 
acciili  iilal  lliltriiiii'j;. —  A  ';:la*s  Inlie  lieinietieail_\  sr.ilnl  al  mie  end.  was  eiil  nil' 
sii  iiN  1.1  Imld  (  \a(ll\  I'lM  (Mil  ie  iiielies  111'  water  li\  \\,iulil.al  tiU  Kalireiilieil.  A 
llnal  111  li-ilil  wiiiiil.  well  \ariii-lii  il.  Iwn  and  a  (|uailer  inelii  s  in  iliaiiielir.  with  a 
slimier   rnd  nl'   the  same   inaleiiil    lived    in    ils   ciiilie.  was  drnppnl   intn   llir  tin 


cvlinder :  tlieii  live  eiihie  iiielie 


if  Wall  r.  nieasiired  in  thei^lass  liilie.  were  pmin 


lln  llle  CV  lillder.  a  I  id   I  lie    pnilll     a  I     wlliell    I  lie   |nd   mi   I  lie   llnal   sinird   almVe   tile   Inp 
larked    willl    Hie    1  il-i'  nl'   a    lile    I  lid  acrnss  il«  Inp;    and    the 


111.'  e\  lillder.  wa*   ii 


successive    m'ai 


llalin||>    nil    llli      Una 


l-rnil.   iiiiliealiir4    Tim    ciiliic    inelies  eacli.    wire 


ililaiiied  li_\   pniiriiiii  \'\\'    eiiliic  inclies   ii'.im 


III! 


I  II  lie    :j:i-II 


lii/iiii.  and  III  irkiiin 


•acli  rise  nil  Ihe  llnal-rnd.      The   .^lai 


llinlis    lllUs    asci  it, lined.   Well     I  IMIlslerred   In 


a  iiiahniiaii\  md  liltul  with  a  llal  I'.ml.  and  these  siiiidi\  iiled.  w  illi  cmiipasses  jur 
the  ciihic  inches  and  parts,  in  nnli  r  In  lueasiire  the  cipacilv  nl'  a  craiiiiini.  llic 
rmainina    wire    liisl    s|,,|ipi d    with    ciMmi.    and    the    caMl\    was   ilmi    lillcd    with 


'•////. 


ir/nti  l>i l>lii  I'  ■•*(!  •'     pniii'i  I 


d   illln  llle  I'.iraliU  II    llia'^lllllll   lllllll    it    reaidled   the  siirlace, 


and  press,  d  dnwiiwith  the  linLiir  uiilil  tin  skull  wmild  rieii\e  iin  iimre.  The 
cniileiits  \\,  IV  111,  II  trausl'i  rred  In  Ihe  till  e_\  lillder.  whiidi  was  \\,dl  shaken  in  nrder 
In  pack  Ihe  s,.,d.  The  nialini^.iiiv  md  h.  in:;-  lln  n  dmpp,  ,1  ilnwii  with  its  I'nnl 
resiin--  ,Mi  the  s, ,.,!.  th,'  cipaeil\   nt  lln   eraninin  in  culuc  inclu  s  is  at  mice  re.id  n|V 


1).  I). 

.  al   !■ . 

Ilts  In 
lilH  lit 
filriiil 
I  lilllh 

III!)  1). 
facial 


.Nearh  all  tin    precediuii  nieasuieiiienls  were  taken  with  ni\   nwii  hands. 
Ciirniiii/.  .siih-riiniiKil.  iinlrriiir   itnd  jKislirlur  r/niDihir.s  of  lln    trmiiinii. — An 
apparatus  was  devised  hy  my  friend   Mr.  I'hillips  to  nht.iiii  these  capacities,  which 


Willi.- 


i|irr  • 


■il  was  s.l. ■.!.■. 1  .111  a. ■.■..lint  el'  ii-  siiluii.-al   f.irni,  lis  luirJiU'.ss,  ami  die  ei|\ia\ 


si/,c  of  ill.'  LTiaiiis.     Il  wa-  als.i  sii'tiil  l.i  ri'ii.l.r  lli.'  I'.iieihly  slill  L-realer. 
G4 


■iiracy 
nclit's. 


2H  CUAMA  AMKHRANA 

\\\\\  III    lii'^l    mull  i'<li»iil  Willi  till'  aid  i>l'  tlir  an- 

iiixid  ili,ii;iMm.      A.    A.   n  |nr>iiit   llir   Inp  ami 

liolliiiii.  and    It.   II.  till    riiiU  III    till'   iiiotniiiinit. 

I'liMtaiIrd    into   i  acli   ullu'i-  In    |iri'Vi  i:l   ^^al'|lin^.       ||p^ 

('.  ('.  ('.  arc  slidns  mid  >iTi  »«*.  tin    lalirr  luiiii; 

llllid  W  ill)  ciillai'x  nil  raill  -idr  III"  llir  xlidi  Tm  ullilr 

Ilii'V  paxx  llinim;li  il.  in  mdir  that  tlir  •.cnw  may  w 

curry  iIh'  ^lidi  r  ali'im  with  il  \\liiii  nmM  d  liark- 

ward  ami   I'niw.iiil.      I),  cianinni  tu  In   nnaxuri'd.  .  , 

K.  F.  i^  ail   iron  »lraii;lit-cdi;i'.  Niaiidiiiu  on  tun  „''• — - — ^  — — —  >  r-''-— — j' 

lri;s  wriilcil    III  il   and   lil<  il    In  lllf  x.llllr  Irnjllll.  Ml  If  '  ^ 

thai  wliiii  liny  n  »l  mi  a  Imri/nnl.il  iilaiir.  llir  >lrai^:lil-nli:i'  is  al>ii  Imri/.nntal.  (i 
is  a  I'litl  allaclnd  In  a  llnat  nl  cnrK.  ^iii.ill  rnnii'^li  In  drii|i  inln  llic  rnranicii  inauniiin: 
il  ix  lilt  In  »u(li  a  II  imlli  that  uln  n  tin    lia^r  nf  llir  llnal  is  rai-cd  In  the  livrl  nl"  llir 

plain'  mi  wliirll  n  >l  \\u-  \iil^  nj  lln  >tlMii;lll-riliii  !•;.  {'".  ||ii  Inp  nf  llir  mil  xliall 
risf  In  llii'  uii|ii'i'  iiiaiLiiii  III'  till  xlraiiilit-i  ili^i'.  II  i«  an  mal  Imlr  cut  in  llif  ln|i  nt 
tlir  I'laiuf  A.  (wliirii  i»  III'  siniil  iiiaiiin;aiiy  plank.)  lai'i^r  inninjili  In  adinit  tin'  Iri'C 
adjiixtnn  III  nl  tin  l,ir;;i>l  iranimii.  ///  ///(  Inirtr  /iinin.  i:  i>  llir  mtiw  nmviiif; 
Ilic  >lidi  r  (I.  (I.  till  Imiin  r.  win  n  in  placi.  wmkini:  inln  a  mil  llinnmli  a  Indc  in 
till'  nialiii'^any  tnp-piiii .     (/.  (/.  arr  i'laiiip>  In  cnnruii'  lln'  slide   in  a  rr;inlar  dircc- 

tinn-yitln  |iiiilil  111  thr  ^iillir  a^  >.lin\\li  in  till-  Inwir  liilliri'.  i>  lir\illrd  nil'  nil 
till'  lnp  and  Iwn  >ii|rs  :  Imt  tin  luwir  sjiji  nt'  llir  >|iili  r  is  cairii  il  mil  •.liai'j.lil  In 
till'  pninl.  wliicli  i>  tiiii-  krpt  in  llir  NMtni'  plant'  a>  tlir  Inp  nl  till'  liainr  mi  wliicli 
il    is  linlind     li\     tlir     pilll'llilli;-«('li\\    (.  lappid    inln    llii'    I'laillp    ill  al'i'st   llir    pninl   nl' 

till   sliii,  r. 

I'lijiiivilii  nf  t/ii  Kiniiiii/  riii'iiiii. — 'I'liis  iinasiirriin'iil  is  llir  •'\\:\vr  inclinli  il 
lii'twiin  an  iiiia'miiar_\  plaiir  drawn  lliiiiii;:li  llir  nut  lis  nf  nssilicatimi  nl'  llic 
paiirtal  and  liniital  Imin  s.  and  llir  iiimr  sinlai'i  nl'  lln-  pni'limi  nl'  craniiiin  almvc 
it.      'I'll  nlii.iin    tlii-   nn  asni'riinnl.  llir   inslinnnnl   was  |i|si  adjiistid  sn  as  In  liiiii^- 

till'  top  nl'  tlir   tlann-   A.  A.  In  i-nincilli'  W  ith   llir   lllaiir  III'  till'   linri/nll.       'I'lir  siituris 

and  small  I'nraniina  nii  tlir  tnp  nl'  \\\r  ^Ui\\\  In  iin;-  sinppiil  willi  wax  nr  putty,  and 
wllrll  llrl'iss,ir_\ .  Ill,  ii:-iilr  iij  llir  ciallilllii  liaxiliu'  licill  Will  \  aillislnil.  llir  crlill'cs 
nf  nssjl'iiaiinii  nf  |||,'  |iarii  l.il  liniu  s  wiii  iiiarkrd  with  a  ci'nss.  and  a  linr  was 
drawn  lirt\\rrii  ih,  cnili'i  s  nl'  nssijicatinn  nf  tlir  ns  I'mnlis  :  ||ir  era  nil:  111  \\as  llirn 
placrd    inviTlid   in  llir  n\al    Imlr    II.  and    llir    pninl    nf    thr    sliilci'  at   till'  mil  nf    llic 

I'lanir  liiini;  jiirss,  d  a-aiiis|  llir  draw  n  liiir  In  twi  i  u  tin  iinlrcs  of  nssiUcaliiiii  nl  the 


ANA'rOMU  Ah  MKASUUKMKN'IS. 


i!i5 


4 


■j 


I'l'iiiiliil  liiiiir.  till'  "liilci^  at  (lie  sides  iil'  tlir  iiislniiiK'ui  iirc  I  I  lii'iiimlit  ill  ('(intact 
with  llif  ci'iiln  s  III'  iissilicatioii  of  tlu'  paiirtal  liiiixs,  tlii'  sliihrat  the  nnl  litiiiK 
nnivi'il  liai'k\>ai-(l  nr  rmwatil  In  liiiii'^  tln'  ciaiiiuiii  iiil"  tli<  |)r<i|ii  r  placr.  'I'lic 
tlnal  (J  is  till  II  ili'ii|i|)ril  iiilu  till'  fiir.iiiii'ii  iiiai;iiniii.  ami  tin  Iraiiir  K.  \\  Inlil  over 
it.  as  •.linwii  ill  till'  lii^iiri' :  iiirrciiry  is  tlii-u  |i(iiiri'ii  iiiln  tin'  iraniiiiii  iiiilil  tin  top 
(if  till'  lloat-i'iKl  rises  to  the  sliai;;lil-((liie  K.  I'',  tliiis  imlicatiiiL;  tlic  siirjace  oj  tlie 
iiici'ciiry  til  stand  at  the  h'Vil  nl'  the  tup  snrfaei  nj  tin  IVaine  A.  A  :  and  as  the 
adjiislnieiit  nl'  the  centres  nl'  nssilicatinii  In  the  pninls  of  the  sliders  has  hi'innrht 
Iheiii  iiitn  the  same  |ilaiii'  as  the  tup  nl'  t\\v.  I'lanii .  the  Mirlace  III'  the  inercni'}  iiiiist 
cniiicide  with  an  iniai;iiiar_v  plane,  diawn  Ihroiiiih  tiie  ei  iitns  nl' iissjlicatiiin.  'I'lie 
inerciiry  is  then  traiisji  ireil  to  ,i  i^raiiiiated  i;lass  Inlie.  and  the  eaiiacilv  of  the 
('orniiai  ri'i^iiiii  read  oil'  in  cnliie  inelies  and  parts. 

'I'hr  .iiih-ciininiil  nj;iiiii  is  iililained  liy  dediictiii;;  the  capacity  of  the  corMnal 
region  (olitained  as  aliove  slated)  ri'oiii  the  total  capacity. 

Cii/ifirilj/  of  f/if  )iii/iri<ir  c/iiii  ''ir  (if  l/ii  ri'finiiiiii. — 'Thi*  ineasiireineiit  is  the 
ca|iacily  ol' the  space  cinitained  IiiInmih  an  iiiia'.;inary  plane,  at  rinlit  aiiiiles  to  the 
anterior  .'ind  posiriior  dianieler  of  the  eraninin.  e'lineiilini;  with,  or  let  fall  from 
the  anterior  niar^in  of  the  foramen  iii.imiiiin.  and  pa^^iii::  .il  ri'.:lit  angles  tliriiiii;h 
the  iniau;inary  plane  (drawn  Ihroiiiih  llie  eeiilie  of  o^sirKMiinn)  which  formed  the 
dividing'  line  lielweeii  the  coronal  and  ^nli-coronal  re^inns.  ji  is  thus  taken:  the 
craiiinm  heint;  placed  in  the  I'lann  i  \aelly  a>  in  taking'  tin  c.ipacily  of  the  coronal 
region,  the  slraiijht-idiie  of  a  slip  of  wood  is  laid  across  il  o\'  r  the  anterior  mari;iii 
of  the  foraiinii  mai;iiimi  and  at  rii;ht  ani;li  s  to  the  anterior  and  posh  rior  diameter 
of  the  sknil.  One  side  of  a  caipi  tiler's  >i|nari'  is  llun  iaiii  on  tjic  mahoi;any 
siirfaci  .  sii  thai  llie  olln  r  sldr  of  the  sijuaii  .  w  liieli  would  ihi  n  lie  npriiiht.  would 
stand  willi  i|s  llal  snrl'aer  |ii(ssini;  anaiiis|  llie  siiir  nj'  ihr  eiaiiiiiiii  :  and  aiioilnr 
sipiare  is  :idiiisti  d  in  the  sunie  manner  on  liie  other  sidr  nf  tin  sknU.  ,;ic||  h;ivinn 
one  of  their  \erlical  ed'j;es  pressin;;  against  the  sirainlil  edu:e  of  llie  ruler  laid  over 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  foramen  mauiinin  :  and  a  pencil  inark  is  drawn  on  each 
parietal  hone  aloiiii  the  pii'iu  ndiciilar  elites  nf  liie  s(|ii;ires  adjiislrd  to  the  stiai:;hl 
edi;e  ;  tliesr  pencil  marks  will  lie  at  ii'.;lil  aiiiiles  In  liie  plane  passint;-  lliroiii;li  the 
centres  of  iissjl'iciniiin.  and  indicate  llie  iiosilion  of  the  plane  dixidiiii;  the  anterior 
and  postciidr  chaiiihers,  as  deseiilnd  in  the  delinilioii  of  thai  capaeilu  'I'he  cr.i- 
niiini  is  then  taken  from  the  iiistrnineiil,  and  a  hole.  eiL^hth  of  ;in  iiieli  in  diameter, 
drilled  Ihroimh  the  pencil  marks  in  each  parietal  hone,  alioul  two  inches  from  the 
m.alus  aiidiloriiis  :  a  pieei'  of  s|ilV.  stiMio],!  wire  is  then  passed  throii'^h  these  two 
holes,  and  the  craninm  nearly  iilled  with  while   pepjier  seed.     The   skull  is  then 


256 


(WAMA  AMKIMC'ANA. 


held  ill  tlic  1(11  li;iii(l,  witii  tlic  lace  iistiiii;  mi  llic  paliii;  llic  mi  il  litiiiii  \m  II 
packdl  willi  llic  li:i;;i  r  (ir  -\>r\  slrik( .  and  a  caiiiilc  |tla('(  d  ik  ail  v  lnlwccii  llu' 
eye  ami  ruraiiirii  inaiiiiuiii.  all  llic  ••nd  ahoM'  the  iii-rrttil  wire  i-.  drawn  (Mil 
tiiriiiiijli  llir  rinanuii  liy  iiicaiis  i,\'  ,\  v;|rikc  madr  of  a  |iifci'  cd'  ^lilV  ^l(■(  I.  iiall' 
an  incli  wide,  lir^l  lilcd  >ti-ai';lit  mi  III"  cd^c.  and  linn  IkiiI  lalciallv  mi  as  lo  drav 
imt  tile  sriil  iV.iiii  till'  villi  s  nf  llic  clMiiiuill.  I5y  wmkiiii;  llir  >liikr  almiil  until 
il  I'oird  mi  liiilli  llir  wire  and  aiiliiim-  iiiaii;iii  nf  llu-  I'diaimti  niaiiiinm.  anil 
cxaiiiiniim'  lidw  IIh'  smf.uT  (if  ihr  M.d  (•nincidrd  wiili  iIhm'  iwn  pniiiN  id'  llic 
nicasuiciiiciil.  by  iiispi climi  llirmi-li  ilic  I'lirnni  n  willi  a  due  niaiia:;rniciil  nT  tlic 
liillil.  the  capacity  can  In  nlilaini  d  in  a  niiicli  iiii  ic  -niisiiicini'v  inannci-  lliali  \\a<- 
at  lir-t  anticiiialrd.  Tin  mi  il  i^  tin  n  liaiisfi  rn  d  lo  the  tin  tnhc.  and  it-  i|iianlil\ 
a-C'-rtaiiicd  a-  in  iin  a-niiiiL;-  tin    Inlal  ca|iacit\. 

'\'\\r  ni/iiiri/i/  iij  llii  imsli  riar  ilnifiihi  f  \~  t\\i\.\\\\{[\  liy  drdiicl  iiiii  llic  caiiacilN 
id'  tlic  aiiti  liir  idiaiiil"  r  I'lmii  iLal  n|  the  wlndc  cr.iiiiiini. 

The  |iiiiiil-  thrmi-h  w  hiidi  tin  pLiin  \\a-  di  aw  ii  in  the  twn  la-t  iiicasiiriiiieiit<. 
wa>  pri  I'l  111  d  to  uiie  drawn  iVom  iln-  iinatii-  ainlilMi  ins.  s,,  |h,,l  it  shmild  lie 
Viltical  win  11  llie  ln;nl  \\a-  pLici  d  m  it>  iiatiir,il  p-i-ilii'ii  whni  in  liie  :  l.i  caii-e 
the  nil-Ill. II-  tia  111  <ii'  tin  iinatii-  pievinli  d  It-  hi  III-  a  li\i  d  -lailiim'  piiiiit  :  and 
the  diiiiiiilty  nf  ill  tt  iiiiiniiiu  tl;.  Iniim  piiMiinni.l  Ihe  hiad  (which  um-t  lia\e 
dcp.  mil  (I  I  mill  l\  nil  tin  iM.ainl  iiii-hl  lia\e  in  i  n  inali  lialh  all',  cled  li\  the 
di-p"-itimi  m'  the  liul,!.;  Willi  11'  lei\,  tlii'iw  ii  a  di  -ii  c  nl  unci  riai  lit  \  and  iiic-n- 
lanl_\  ii\ir  till'  |i -lilt-  \  line  drawn  tlirmi^h  the  CI  iiti'i  nl  the  in  alii-.  Imw  c\cr. 
and  the  mie  aihiptid.  ^   in  imII_\   (•■lincidi  d  within  a  ipiaiti  r  nj'  an  iindi. 


Nil  1  i:.  —  1 1  w  .  1  I'i   ii!i-  n  I  <l  III  n  .I'i  li/    iir  isiii.  iii.  ni-.  I   ,       \.,,\  '  .  .  n  ..'  ::iii,.  >l  m  n  ^|.. .  i  i,,  ,  i  ,'r\ 

-i^'i;'.  will.  !i  111    .  Ill'  It;,  :ii;-.  1,  ;i.,Li  i!m    iiiij .   1-.  ii.iii  m|    -  .|'  1 1 11  II.  «l  il-  .1  r  «■  ..III-  i.  i.iiii, 

1.1  liiml  -  1  1  .1.  I-  1.1  |.r.  .  lie!.'  lli.  |.-.-,|.riU-  ..|  l.ikuu  il..-  iii..i.'  .hll.-iil  m  i -i.i.ii.riii-,  — All  ihe 
I'l  1  in  I  111-  III  nl,.  ■!  u  nil  :i  -1,11  ■.!.■  Ir..iii  llu'  'I'.  iii|...'  ..I  i!,r  '-mi,  -i  .■  [.ij.'  1  ;.'.  I  1..  lijui.  s  iii  ilie 
lir-I  .■..liiiiiji  n  l'.  r  '■•  1  ..n.  -|...;:'!  I.J  i.ien!..  i  -  i.|  iii\  ( '.it  .;..j.|.  ..|  (  i.in.i.  :iii,|  ,ii.  n  ■..  i ;.  .1  |i.|.  |..Mlir 
|iiii|i.'-.'  .i|  n  |.  |.  I  1  I',  .II..I  !■.  ju.i  jn-iLi  I  I.  .ji\  III  i..iii|i  liiij-  .III. I  1  ..ii. .  iiiij  ill.'  III.  .1-111.  iiiiiils 
lirri-all'i.     'I'lii'  iiiiiii!..  r   in   il..     -.i..!..!   .■..iiiinii  i.  |.  i- i..  il..'  ...i  r. -I'.'ii.'ii.,'  piili-  in  iln-  u  ..i  I,,     'I'ji,. 

■j'.ll.l.'    \l,l-    r.ill-|.l.   I   ll.iv     r\l.   ...'.'. I     .|l|ll|..'     ill..     |.|..JI.-   ..r    III.'     U.ilk     ll Ijll     llli'     |i|i'--.   U  lurh     Ulll 

i'.\|>laui  -.11  111'  -li'.'lil  1 1  III.  r.  HIT-  |.i  |\m'.'Ii  k  a  hi  I  llu   it-iiIi-  a-  '-i.ii.'.l  ui  lli''  |'ir.'eilai.'  iults. 


will 

lilt' 


(lilt 


I")? 


Tahiti:  oi'  anatomical  .Mi:Asrin:.Mi:NTs. 


iiiiif 


nil 


III 
111(1 


till 


ililv 


cilv 


Ml-. 


IIk 


fJ.U- 


M  r. 


will 


('111  lull. ulii-.- 


Sniiini'lc 


iiliinl.' 


li.li.Ml 
I   l-l)|i..'|.'l.N 

II    i;.i>'>. 


ii;.    1 1 -A  I 


ll-Hi 


[ii:i 


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f.i'i    i; 'I.I.I 


r  1 1     I' 


-1     IT-Ai'.. 


r. -..     l"*     I'l  I  ■ 
III     l-^-Vi'i '.i: 


I'.i    i;'.i;i.ti 


l.-)!! 


M     7. 


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I    l.!>  I  I    I 

'.;.•)■.'  i.'k.'i 

,-.  .-..:i  |->. 

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.'i  ,'i.:)  i.'i. 

7  :•..-.  II'.. 

1.-,  I  II. .'i 

I  :>::  1 1--- 


I  t.u  I  I. 


I.V  ill  11 

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i;  I  '.I  I II 

I .-,.:.  i-'i  -' 

:i .-..:(  I  I  '■' 

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i:.  I  I  I  ■ 
7  I  '.Ii  I  ■ 
I  .'..I  !■' 


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:(..■>  |'.i.-<  7.-< 

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:t.H  111.'.'  s, 

:).■;  III.  7.'.' 

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.'.7  is  I  7.1 

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li.l    .'ii.li 


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i.ti  ! 


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.  7l.7.'i 


258 


CHAMA  AMEIMCANA. 


1 

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7  .',.:i 
I  .',.7 


:!  1. 1 
I  ■,  1 


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1  I  '.' 
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.-'7-'    ■.i|.7.'i  I'J  .■)    .v.'.'.'.i  l.'i.d    7'.i.l."i 
.171    ~:i.;i    :i7. '.'•">  .'rJ.-J.'i  l-'.H    7ii.7   1 


.!.:<  I..1  I  1. 1  -jii.^  s.:i 

.1. 1  l.:i  I.',,  -jii.  N.r, 

.',.    I.  i  I  i.:i  'Jii.l  7.')  >l.:i  . 

I.. I  I.    1  I. I'l  '.III.'-'  77  --s.      :i(i..-,    .-,!..-, 

:i.7  :!.■■  1:1.7  \^.\>  7.S        7ii  7  1.     :i.i.      11.      hi.     ."ih. 

I..',  I.    II.     I'.i..'i  N.:i        71  --l.      :i';  .',    I-'.."!    1:1. -J   r,\.^ 

:i.  i  :i.ii  i:).h  is..-.  1..-,  711.  is.     .-.'j. 

I.I  l..'>ll.  r.M  77  ''■-'.      :i.'i.       17.       !-:.'.'.-itl:i.Tri 

i.ii .MM  1.7  I'.i.j  y.i  ."1.171  7;i.     'jN.     .")i,      i:t.7   i!,'>  :i 

.'i.:i  1:1  l.'>.  '.'1.  s.  ,-,.(isi  ini,.-,    11. ."1   .-i.-i.     •ji.';."i7'J. 

.'>,:i  1.7  il.'j -.'ii.:!  S.I  ,-|.ss'j  ..II..")    (II.     .-,1.,-,    i'j.7,-, 7S.7.-) 

.'1.     I.'J  I  l.'J -jn.'.'  .s.-;  .'i.iTii  >..!..-,    :ii.      .-,.,..-,    m.-j.",  7ii.'-'.j 

li.     I.     I.'i.s  .i-.'.i  s.'j  ri.'.'Mi  '.Is.      :i.'i..-|    ii'j.,-,    III.      7'.P. 

.'•I  l.ii  1  l.'J  'JO.'i  s.  ,-,..-,s|  ..11.       IK.      .-,1,      I  1.7.-,  711. 'J,') 

l.s  I.I  1  i.ii -JO.','  s.:i  .-i..-)7:i  s.-,,,-,   :(.-,.     ,•,,1 -,    i;..^   7.J  n  : 

I  ::  I.I  i:r.-.  l!i..-i  7.11  .'1.17-.;  7J..-|   :i:t..->   :;;i.      11. 1    ."is.  1  : 

I     i.'J  1 1.  111. 7  7.11  :>.>::>  71.  [ 

I.;  I.i  I  I.'.' 'Jl.  S.I  .-,.ti7s  ■.,•,'.'.-,  :ts.       n.'.'.'i  i:i.7.'i7l..'i 

17  I.I  III  111. '.I  7.7  .'>.--'7'i  sii..-,    :ii;..-,    .-,11.       |.-,,.-,    71. 

I   ''I   ''I  I.I  'Jll.li  S.-J  .■i.s7.'i  ^7.        ;|7.,-|      |.|  ;,      1;;..-,     7;),-, 

.'  ■!  I  ■',  i  I.  '-'11. 1  s.i  7ii  S.I,.-,     Ill,       |:j..-, 

!.s|,:||.-i.  ;|l,.-,  7,-,  H|  .-,      .,;|  ,11   -,     .;  I  |;.j   -, 

I  ;  :i.'.i  1:1.11  lli.:i  s.  ,-,.1  71  71  .-,    ;|ii, 

.1-1.1  I  \::  111..-.  ■•.■;  :,■•  -v,  77  .-,  .,,, 

I.I  I.'-'  1  I..",  'JII.  S.I  .-,.    71;  7-..',    :i:). 

...r.  I  :i  |ii.  J I ..',  s,s        SII 

I.    1.1  1:1. s  l'.i.:i  7.1;        7s  7.' 

l.ii:i.ii  I  1.  111..-,  7.11  .■,.'J  7ii  7  l..'i    :i,i. 

.",.1    1.1    I  I.I  JII.'.'  7.S  77.        :;| 

l.'.l.     Ill  II'.  7. 'I  ,VJ7r,  77..',    :il.       |ii..-|    '.'11.      .-,7,.-, 

I  ■'  I.I  I  I.  1. 1.-  7. '.I         7."i  711.7:,  :i:i.'J.-,  Hi.-,    17.1    I'.'.Mi, 

1. 1',   111  I  1. 11  -I.  S.I  .-,.,-,7.,  ;||,.        :|;j  ;,     .-„■,.-,      ,;|;,     7,;- 

I  .->  1,'-'  I  I.I  111.:,  s,  7s  s-,..-,     :.|;.-,      I,;  I,-,.-,     |-,7. 

.'1.    I.I  |. -,..',  -jii.:,  s..-,  ,-,.1  ..II. 

I..',  1.1  i  I  .1  111.  S.J         7:1  77.7.,.;m 

l.:f  1.1  1:1.11  111.11  7.11  .'i.l  7s  s.i.      11.-, 

:i  I  1.1  11.  111. 'J  -.1        711  77.';.',:(i' 

I. 'J  I'l  1  1.1  liM  S.J         7s  77  .-,    :(ii 

■!.:>  II  i;mi  111  .-,  s.  .-,.    7.-,  77  .-,    js 

1.    I.    1  1.1  111..-, 

.',       1.     1.',.  'Jl-.'i  s.;j  .-,.s7'.i  Inn.    ;[« 

:i.:i  1.1  1.1.7  ill  .-,  77  77. 

:i..',  1.1  11.1  liMl  s..-,  .-,.1  71  77 

:i.ii  1.1  I  l.'J  111.  S.J  I  ,)7.j  7n 

l.:i  :i.ii  I  1.  1  111.  s.  (  s  SII  7  I 

.',.    i.'i  I  1.  Is. 7  ..1:1 

:i  .', :!  11  I  I.  Is. 7  7.7         7s  7  I. 

1.7  1, 1  111..',  Ill  s  7.S  .-,.J77  S.I.      mi.       |..i 

1. 11  1:1  1  1. 11  U   '.'  s,  I  .-,117.1  ,17.        III.       .,7 

I.l  1.1  1  1.7  -M.'.'  s..,  .-,.1  7  1  .,1  .,    .(,       .-,,1 

I  'J:i.s  1  I  li  'I,  S.J  I  ,,77  ,  , 

:i  '1  l.'J  I  1.1  lli.s  s.i  .-,     7i  7,; 

:i  .,  I.     I  1.  111..',  s.  I  ii7ii  71 


1 1.. 

Hi. 'i.l 

.>.).','.) 

|s..- 

1;,..- 

l:i.';.-| 
lll.-^.-. 

ill.'J.'i 
li  .'.■:.'> 

1 1..', 
1 '.' . .-, 

111. 7.', 
1.',. 

.',7.7."i 
li'J. 

17..', 
111..', 


n-;..',    11..-, 


,  i:mi  ii:i.s,-, 

Is.  li.-,. 

I  lii.ii  liii.ii.'i 

11..',  I,:). 

I'j.l  (i.'i.iii 

'J:l.l  711.1111 


'Jil.      I.',. 
:i:!.      ii!i..', 


l.-,.l  .-,.',.11,1 
lii.r,  lis  III 
:,7.  Is.7.', 7s  .j.-i 
.','1..',  Is.ii  11.',. nil 
.11.  .',1.  '.'.'i.  .',7. 
:il..',  1.',.  1  I.  li';..-, 
'.'s.      1:1..-,    hi. 'J.-,  iii..-| 


Isll 


l.s  I  M  1.;,  -Jii.  s 

,  I  1.1  n.l  111  .'.  7.7  .',.7  7 

1.7  I.l  1:1.  Ill  I  7.:,  .■,.'J7 

i.'-  I  :i  (  I.  111,11  s.  .-,.    7 


'■J.'i  III., 

■1.  ;i7., 

;,i..',  :il. 

:7.  :i:!. 


I.  I.  1:1.11  -II.  S.I  .-,1  7..1  7..1  .-,  :js  ' 

I   I  I   I  I  1.11  .'II, s  s..-,  .-,  ii7  I  ..ij  .-,  :|i; 

I  '.'  I    "1  !.',.,  -'11. s  s   I  ;,   I  7s  ..1:1  .-,  :(,-, 

I  .'Ml  I  I.  111.'.'  7.11         7'1  -1,.-,  :i:i. 

'  1  1  I  I. 'I  111  s  S.J  .-,.s7:i  7  I.  lij  .-, 

.".  ■;  I  .'•  I  .  I  '.'lis  s.s  .-|..-|  7  I  IIS  ;,  1 1. .J 

I  ::  I.  I  I.l  -Jil. 

i.7  I    I  I  I,.,  JII  -J  s   1  ,1   I  77  ,|   .-,  ;„., 

I  .  I  I  I  I,  111  s  S.I  .-,.  I  7.1  SII,  :,| 

i.  '  J  I  I.  111.  I  7.S  .',.:i  71.  7  I.  :i:i. 


1;.  17.1  li.'i.i 

I.-,  .-,  I  I.l  lis.ll 

:r.i...  Ill  li  ..11,11 

II'  I  s  ■;  .-,s  s 
II,:,' 

:,ii  .-,  |s,i  71  I 

.■,s  .-,  II,.,  s-j. 

Is.',  17  HI,.', 

11,.,  11.-,  Ill 


'PAHLi:  OF  ANATOMICAL  MKASIJUKMKN'I'S. 


259 


■-k>ill-  rr-rn<';iw'^  mi 
llti'  \  iilhy  <>l  '  lliio 

!  ^, 

^tr^    --    -t 

r^-  -J  Hi  ;f 

v;. 

= 

:■   III 

hi 

j    ;   _ 

J^  f 

fl| 

Slciilu'livill'-. 

r.:(i 

7.   li.i  i,i;.-i,i 

I.-1..1 1.-.' 1 1.   '.ill..-, 

M  :i 

.-l..-|  Mil 

nil. 

:)i(. 

.-ll. 

111,'.' 

7(1. M 

Sli'tilM'in  lllr. 

un 

ii:i 

i!,7H.     1,1-.. 1,7 

HI.      1.  1   1  l.i    -.Ml. 'J 

M.l 

.'i  (17'.( 

ic;. 

.■|:i,.-i 

.-lM,.-( 

Ill  ■; 

1  7','. 7.") 

SkmiIii'iivMIc. 

i:ts 

i'..Vl'i.     I..-I.-..I 

l."i.    1,1  i:i.."i  'ill. 

>. 

.-i.:i  Ml 

,M|.,1 

l.l. 

11,1 

1  i.ti 

(111.11 

^'l^'^llM•nvlllt'. 

1    tl.'lH 

r,.7  li.     I..'i,'i.'; 

l.-i.    I.I  i:i  1  '.Ml. 

s.:t 

711 

11'.; .-( 

".* ',' .  "^ 

(■11.7 

Slciilviinlli'. 

i:iii 

7.    .'i.H  I..-1.-I.7 

l.'l.li  1,.")  1  l.'J  'JO..') 

s. 

.-(.'-  77 

S'(. 

:il». 

111. 

i.-i  1 

7''  ll 

Siriilii-i. villi'. 

y.M 

(1.11  ,-1.,-.  i.:i.-,.i 

11.    1.1  i:).7  111.'.' 

H. 

.'l    .'l  7  M 

7.-1. 

lil.:i 

'"lM-7 

SiciiIm'uviIIi'. 

III) 

7.1  "1.7  l.c,  .-1.1' 

l.-i.    (  1  1  1 -J 'J  i.'i 

S.I 

7(1 

M',1. 

IK. 

."ill. 

IM.7.- 

7i(,'.'.-i 

SliMlhrir.    iic. 

1   (W7 

il,'JH,     I..-1.-1, 

1  1  •-  1.    i:i.';  I'.i  1 

7'j. 

ii.'i  .-1 

:iii..-i 

l.-i  7.- 

,-,11  ';,-, 

(toli'Diiila. 

',V.N... 

('i*j 

11.7  .">,l  l.:(,-i..-i 

1  i.'i  1  1  1 1.    i'j.;f 

7.S 

1,1(7(1 

Ml. 

it.'i, '.'.-> 

l.-i,7.' 

|M. 

(l:i. 

kiill.  fii.i ■  M-.Mii,|. 

' 

! 

Cjri'li'Villi',  Ohio 

.'-.:) 

.^)i 

7..'l.-)..-i  1,1,-1.1 

1  i.ii  1,-;  1  l.l  '.'!).:) 

x.'i 

.-1 ,  .'i  7 '  1 

M(i  .-1 

1 

'ri'iiiii'sscf, 

T. 

.'i.'i 

li.d.-l.ll  1,1  ."i  li 

\:<::  i.i  1 1.    ii)..-i 

«,l 

.■l.-lMK 

m7..-| 

1,-1  :) 

7"  "   1 

t  ,\l:iK:i|ii-i. 

c. 

fi..'i,-i.;t  i,:i.-i,7 

1  l.l  1,1  i:i.(i  1'^  ■< 

7.:i 

.-1.     -1 

7(1. 

'"   1 

t  NiiU'iliV,. 

1  . 

.'ii 

.-i.'.Ml.ll  l.l,  .'i   1 

l.'l.li  1  1  I'j,  1  i'.i,ii 

7-; 

Mil. 

1 

S:iill:i,  I'tTil. 

'     T.'l 

.'iii 

11,'-'  .'i.  1  i,:i  1  '.1 

1  1,11  1  .1  i:r:t  ii  ."i 

7  s 

.-1,1  71 

7  1  .'i 

:i'(. 

11.-1 

1  1  .-1 

(IK.      ! 

t  Hum, II'.  I'riii. 

II  1 

■  >7 

(i.'.),"i.ii  1.1.-1,1 

i,i,:i  l,:i  1  1.     Ill, 7 

s  :i 

,'i  .1  7'; 

711. 

■J1I..-1 

I1I..1 

1  1,1 

(l(.l) 

Kiiini',  INtii. 

11-; 

.')'^ 

I1..-1  .'i.il  i,.'i.-i. 

1 1,7  :!,■'  i:i,';  111  ■: 

7,H 

.1,  1  :  1 

7(t.."» 

:il. 

r.'.-i 

i:i.7.- 

(1'.'.7.') 

I(iiii:i',  I'lrii. 

lis 

7.    ."i.'.M.7.'i,l 

1. -1.(1:1. 11 1 1  'J  ■at.-.i 

Hi) 

.1  17  1 

m;i  .-1 

.17. 

r;..-i 

1  1  7.- 

7  1  7.')' 

\ll<M^M|.i.l. 

ii<; 

.'i,' 

7.1  .'i.:i  i,.-i.-i,.-i 

1 1,(1 1  '.'  1  l.l  '.'11. 

71( 

M  .'l ,  .-1 

|M,| 

(17.1 

(:i(.iu(.ii. 

Ciiw.ilii-!, 
K;iln|iii(iy 
(■hits.i|i. 

KlIll'Kdllll 

CliinniiU. 
Kl:ilsiiini, 
('hiiiiiuk. 

\li,,.    Ml     I',    I 

.\l:ir,llll.l. 

Arii'i. 


Kit 
.'i7:t 

|M 

I'l 

.'i7l 

17 
I'l 

."i7M 

l.i 

1(1.' 

i:i 

.-(77 

II 

7;i 

(1.11  .-i.M    I 


ll   l.l 

•!  I. II 
l.i 

11    l,M 

7  l.il 
(l.i :) 


I  I.'i  I, 

m.K  I, 

I  1,M  I. 

I  I. II  I 

I  .'1.7  I. 

I  I..'  1 

I  l.l  I,' 

I  1.11  I 


.'111,     lii.i 


:i  ::;. 

■;  l.l. 

I  I. 

I  Ml 

l:t,l 
ri.i 


■j((.i 

lll.M 

•ji. 

■id. 
111. 
■id. 


II. 


,.-1.-1, i  I  :i,-i,l  I  I  .-1  i,  i:i,M  IM,.-, 
.:i  .'i.:!  !,:t.i,:i  i  i  in  l.i.  Ih.m 
.7  l,:i  !,1  l.l  1  l..i:!.(i  I  I  'i  |M. 


M..i  .-1  77:1 

M.n  .-)..i  7'; 

M  :t  .i  .-,  711 

M.:i  (1.    r,7 

M,:i  .-,,1  iw 

M.7  .-1  I  ::i 

M.M  1  iirii 


7ii. 

:i(l  .'i 

li..-i 

hi    7.-1  (1(1   'i.'i 

7.i. 

'iM. 

17, 

(1  ■i.ir,M,7.i 

■^7 . 

ll.-)  ."> 

.il,.-i 

11, ■i    7.i,M 

7m. 

ill. 

.ii. 

M  7, i  (111. ■i.i 

,i'i. 

:n. 

,iM. 

Inn    7;. 7 

!'■   1. 

:rj..-i 

:i(i..i 

nil     111.1 

7ii. 

:i  1. 

1". 

l'i,7.i  .-i7,i.' 

Ml. 

:i.i  'J 

|M,- 

1 

1  1, -i.'i  1111,7.' 

-..  : 

'id. 

1(1. .i 

1  1.7.i  .'i7.7.' 

>i  .■ 

:il  .'i 

.i'( 

Id  i.i  (l.i, 'i,- 

li.i  .- 

lli,7.i 

l.i    7. 

li,7.i  .i'i.7.' 

Mi;,\,<   KlM■l.■l■-^   111''  Til!:   r(ii;i''.i;(ii\(;   taiii.!:. 


l.,';i,'iM.|llnl  .!l, Hill  IT. 
1',, 11.  Ill  .ll.liiil.l. 
!■>,  iil,il  .lliiii.'l,  r. 

\i  rllr  J  'liii r. 

Inl.  i-iM  -l.,|,|  .irrli. 
lull  r-iiii-t  i,|  liiH. 
(1. ■.■!;. 11  .-li.inl  ll     ir.'li. 

II  .11.'    nlil  I .in. 

I,,  ii-lll  ..111.   1.1  ,111.1  I. 

/.\ Ill,-  .n  I, II.  1.  1, 

I'..  1.1    iiiji.  , 

(  ■  li.  1  ■il\     ,.(    ['1.     ,111(1  !l   ,i    ■   .|   1 

''v  ■'"•  '11!"  r.-i.ii'i  ....1 -. 

r  |.i.  ii\  .  I  III.  .■  .i..ii,.l  I.  ji  11. 
Ci].  in'\   ..|  II,-    -i,li-i  :.r,.ii  .1    r,  ji.ii. 

Til.    (.Ill  I'liMrin   liriiin  1  \,i:.  ,|i  .i,|i,.  !-.',i 

I  -n.ii  '.  .1   ,ii   1(1(1.  Mu,  s  '  r..-i.  ,.|i,iiiii,.  .'iT.  ( 

1  I.    1    l!..uih,j  |.t..,..  r ■  (  ■,.r,,|i,il  1.  .J,  I-   r 

,,.,   1.  -..i'-i-l' iil-,.l  liiii.  J  Sir..i'.,r.  r. -.  -I, ill 


1.  i 

II      7. 

i: 

,  ll 

II      ,i  i 

■.: 

l.l 

J  :; 

,7 

■..:i 

i.i 

111 

1,1 

1.:.'. 

ll     11,1: 

1  ■; 

1     1  i,-j 

IM 

,,     1  1.  1 

■.:i 
1  . 

"  ,■* 

-,i 

1        .  :: 

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Ti    :.i'     .. 

■1   •.:     1 

1'    In 

l. 

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■     -.',1 

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1' 

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ill.       : 

;      1-  1. 
1      1'. '.' 

1'. 

,(. I.- 

1     1,  .,i 

:)       ■-  I 


li.   ill-  ,ir.-   irlill.  Mil.   iii.iiili;..! 

,:    .1...  (.iMlli-V    Ml     til,.  Mini.   Ulli, 


260 


CI?  AN  FA  AMERICANA. 


Rr.MAitks. — III  tlic  ;ili(ivc  seal,'  (.f  results,  tlic  skulls  t'inm  (lie  iniiiiiids  have 
lifdi  classed  with  (he  'riijtecan  division,  and  llidse  t'nun  the  caves  of  Steiilienville. 
&,(•..  with  (he  ISarhamiis  tvilies.  '{"he  ijreat  size  of  the  Steiilienville  crania  has 
considerably  enhanced  (he  nuan  internal  capaeilv  of  the  Ik  ads  ot'  the  Harharons 
Nations,  so  that  it  exceeds  that  of  (lie  Flatiii  ads  id'  C(duinliia  riv(  r:  l-iil  tin  latter, 
as  heret(d'ore  stated,  comiiare  fairlv  with  tln'  averaiie  u(  the  entire  race.  It  is 
curious  to  (disrive,  liowi  \t  r.  (hat  tiu'  liarharons  Nations  possess  a  laiijer  hraiii  hv 
live  and  u  half  culiic  inches,  tiian  the  'I'oltecaiis:  while,  on  the  otiier  hand,  (he 
Toltecaiis  possess  a  unater  rela'ive  ca|iaeit\  id'  (he  aiit(  rior  idianilier  (d'  (he  sivull. 
in  the  proportion  (d'  IJ.  !  to  (I.S.  Ai::iiii.  the  cmonal  niiinn.  thiiiiiih  ahsidiidiv 
ureater  in  the  Uarlianms  trilies.  is  ra  |ur  lander  in  |irop(irtiiui  in  the  !)enii-ei\  ilised 
trii)es:  and  tlle  Facial  Aiiu^le  is  niiieh  the  same  in  iiotli.  and  iua\  he  assiiiued.  tor 
tile  race,  at  sin )ili/-Jiri  i/il^iii.s. 

In  eoneliisiou.  the  author  is  ,,(  the  opinion  that  (he  facts  contained  in  this 
v\orl\  (end  (o  sus(aiii  the  loljuwin^  |iropositioiis : 

1st.  'That  the  Aincriean  li'aee  dill'ers  essentially  iVom  all  ollii  |-s.  not  eveeiilinii 
tile  .MiuiLT'dian:  iinr  do  the  fi(  hjc  aiialoiiies  i,\'  lani;"ua'.:e.  and  the  more  ohxioiis  unes 
iiici\iland  nlii^ious  iiistitulinus  and  tiie  arts,  d,  imtr  an_\  (liiii'j;  lii_\  mid  casual  or 
C'ljunial  eoniiiiunieatinii  with  the  Asiati<'  nations:  and  ev(n  (lose  analogies  nia\ 
piiliaps  he  aeeount(  (ll'or.  as  lliiinlnddt  has  sui^iiesied.  in  the  nnre  eoineideiiec 
arisiii:;  from  siuiila.r  wants  a  id   impiijsi  s  in  nations  iiijialiitiiiu'  similar  lalitinhs. 

-d.  'That  tlle  Amcrieai,  iiatiniis.  exeeptiii:;  the  I'olar  tlihes.  ari'  o|'  one  l?ac; 
,iUi\  one  -iieeies.  hut  o|'  twn  ^i'eal  families,  wlueli  n  >!  inlde  (  acli  oljii  r  in  pli\siea|. 
Iiiit  dilhr  in  iiit'lleetual  eliaraeter. 

id.  That  the  eiaiiial  remains  dise(i\ered  in  tlii'  Mounds,  from  i'ern  (o 
Wiscdiisin.  Ill  Ioiil:  (o  the  same  race,  and  |irnli;ili|_\   to  (he  Tolteeaii  faiiiil\. 


Nun:.  —  Oh  II, r  litlcrnol  Cnj  'irili/  if  Ihr  Cruniinii    i>i    ///■   ih  ffn-riil  liii<,\  if  Men  — IIn\ii,.' 

slllij.rlr.l  ll.r  ^kl;!|^  y   |,-,.m  s-inh.  :il,il    Mlrli  ;!!■.. )  :r-   1  .'.MlM    mIi|  i:|]   Ih.lil  ll:y  111'  li'S,  In  llir  inlrlh.il 

'.ipacHy    !ne:iM10'M|ii;l   a!|i   nly   .1.  sri  ;!,r,|.  |    \\:,\r   nl.lani.  i|    ihr    |ii;!,iuiiiL'    i'-ii!K,      Til.'  nil  aiMiT  lla- 

\llMi:rall    li.M'-,     m||  ill  I  ll,  _■   1 1 1.     l|arM,.|i      Is  I'l  | '■  a  ll  1 1    I'Mi'll'l'lvl 11 ,  | 'li  le   1 1 10  Ta  I  ■'■•.       'i'lii- •■kiilS  ..| 

:lilul^  ami  |Mr-Mijs  uiidri  au''-  ua.ar  ••\  liHii-r  ir|i'i-irii. 


(■  iiir  1  a  in. 
MMii..,,|iaii. 
Maliv. 
A  iiiriiran. 
l-;ilii'i|'iui. 


'.'  -7.  Iii'i  7'.. 

Ill  >  I.  'I   1.  h'l, 

|s  s|  S'l.  1,1, 

1   17  sy  III,  1,11 

■-"I  7s.  'M.  I.'. 


ANA'I'OMICAL   MEASUUEMKNTS.  261 

1.  'I'lir  r,n»7M/.()(v  wrrc,  wilh  ;i  siliglr  r.VTpti.Mi.  dcrivr,!  iVnm  thr  low.'sl  nml  Icasl  nluralnl 
claSMirs.Kirly.  Il  I--  |irolici-,  liuw.viT.  h>  liiriili.iii  llial  liilt  tliivf  Iliiidnc.-,  aiv  aaiiilHed  Lli  ihi'  wlioli; 
iniiulicr,  iMraiis,'  lh«  skulls  (if  llics.'  pcopli'  aiv  iirokiljly  siimller  lliaii  llinsc  of  any  ollin-  uxisling 
iialiciH.  I'm-  rxaiMplc'.scvciilcTii  HiikIcio  hrads  lmvc  a  moan  ol'lml  scvoiily-fivi>  culiic  iiicliiv;  and  llm 
lliiiT  ii'ivivi'd  iiit.i  Ihr  lalilo  arr  lalxMi  at  lliat  avcniL":.  T.i  \ir  mure  siRMilir,  wu  will  i,'iv.'  m  di'lail 
till'  iLUir.l'iT  111'  mdiviiluals  (if  each  naUon  as  I'ar  as  asccrlami'd. 

.\Mi,'lo-Aliii'rii'aiis, '> 

(li,'rmans,  Swiss  and  Dniih,  ...         -  7 

('(•lli(.'  Irish  and  Scois, 7 

Kni'lisli, ■• 

Cluani'hi'  (Liliyan.) • 

S|iamsh, ' 

llnid.M. ' 

•  ;uri>|iLMns,  nalmn  mil  ascrrlaincd,         -         -         -         '-•' 

J.  Thr  Miiiii,"i/i,n,s  m.MMnv.l.c m~I  ..rchiursr  and  K-^iiiimiv;  and  wlial  is  u-.M'lhy  nfrmiark. 

ihivr  ,ir  tUr  lalirr  -iv  a  ninni  ,.l  .luliU -i\  rnhir  in.'hi  s,  whil.'  -.-wn  Clun.-r  .nv./  hnl  ri-hly-lu'... 

:t,  Thr  M,ih,/s  .■nihra.-r  Malays  |,r,,|,.  r  and  IN.Iynrsnns,  ih.ilrrn  «i  dir  |.,rmrr  and  livr  .,i  thr 
|;,l„-r:  1  dir  mran  ..Irarh  |ir nis  Iml  a  Irariional  dnlrrnir'-  i  ihr  niran  of  alL 

.^  Thr  i:/',n-/il>nn  wrc  all  unnn\rd  ^■r-■^.r^,  and  nnir  n  dirm  nalur  Ainrans.  Ihr  whirh  1 
.,in  (inrlly  mdrlilrd  to  Dn  Mrl),.wrll.  lorniniy  allarhr.l  In  il,r  r,.;..ny  al   l-ihrna. 

-,   |{,,.| ini.    Ihr   Amniran    Ih^v    I   havr  „..ihinuMo  add.  r\,v|,nn_'  iIm- sinkiii- fart  dial  ul' all 

ilir  Amrnran  nations  ihr  1>,  iinians  had  ihr  Mnallr^l  hrads,  whilr  thr-r  ni  ihr  MrMrans  unv  s,,,,..- 
ihiiiL'  lar^rr.  and  llm-r  ofihr  harharoiis  inhrs  dir  Lir-,  >t  .ifall.  \i/: 

■|V|, ,,,,,„    ^    1'.  llivian^r,,i|.rlurl\.    -  -  -  ■  7'.  rllhir  llirhrs. 

nalMlis.      (<    .M,.\iCall^  rnllrrtn..l\.     ...  -  7''  ruhlr  mr-hr~. 

Ikirlurnu-^liihrs.  a^prrTahlr.        ■  -  SJ  rnhir  ,l,rhr.. 

All  .iiirivMn,.^  .|ur.i,o„  ,vin;,ni^  n.  I-  .olvrd.  m/,:  tl.r  n-laiivr  ,,r.i|H,n,nn  ,.(  hraiii  in  thr  anirnor 
„,d  i.uMrrirr  rhanihrrs  ,,|  liir  skull  in  ihr  dilk-vm  rarrs;  an  iiiMmry  I^r  whirh  I  havr  hilhrr'o  pos- 
M'.vrd  iirillii^r  siilhririit  Irisiuv  iirr  ad.    iiialr  lii  ilriial-. 

Diirin-  Ihr  lahnrioiis  task  nl  or;,    .lu  Ihr  1  iris  riiihrarrd  111  da-  prrrrdin-  inrasnrrin.nl-.  I  havr 

,rr,i  plr:isiiir  in  arkimwlrd.iii-.   il va-wiial  ;ilirndanrr  and  aid  n    Dr.  touMard.  Prolr..,.-  W.  If. 

.h.hn^nn,  Mr.   Townsriid,  .Mr.  U.  IVaisall,  Hi.  ,1.  K.  liarnrs,  Hi.  Hardy,  and  .Mr,  Kuhni  K.  IMrrson. 


fifi 


2fi2 


PII  HK\()L()(JIC  A  I,     M  i:  ASUUHMENTS. 

Mnin;  Miilrlil.il  III  Ml-.  I'lnllijiv  i'mi  ih,'  .jiml,-  oi  (ililMiiiiiii'.  liiiiiiy  iil'  lhi"if  lui'iiMirriiii'iils,  ;iihI  Tor 
llir  siirirssiul   iirciimiilisluiiriil  ul   lliriji  .ill,  I  linvi'  III ilaiin'il  liiMM  liiiii  llic  r.ill.iwiiiL'  i'X|il;iii;ilc>ry  imlr: 

'•Tin  llli';isUlrlurlll<  in  llir  liill.iuillu'  I  lliii  ,  iViMll  ,Uli:i|iUIU'^s  Id  ciilliliallVillc^s  llirlu-.U  r,  wrri! 
l.lL'll  Willi  llli  rlMlihUllrUl';  ,1 IIIJ 1 1  \  rl  |c■'.^  lirili.'  iih.i^UHiI  IhMII  IIii'  pcMIII  wIllTi'  llli'  I'Mrllial  iiril|i|l:il 
CI. 'Si  inlc-r-.  .'N  llir  linv.'r  ~riiii  •lunar  niir:  iIi.im'  iiniii  uiilivuliialily  In  |iIiiIii|iiol'i'IiiIi\  i'Iii-s>,  In  lnlwriii 
I  nn^lliliir, .  ii.ss  iini  n^ll^llll.  :i\  riir^^,  wiili  iIh  i  jI1i|i.i~.  I'min  caiivalily  to  I'.ubalily,  ainl  siipivi 
orlnlai  r..i  nil.  II  III  raiisalily.  u  nil  iliV  111  I'v.  'I'h.'  ninaMin'iiii'liI-- riniil  llm  liM'aln-lrin|MMal  line  In  llm 
aj'rii  lliiiii  lanl'-'ii  In  raiuiiin.  u  nil  ,1  ■jiailn.ili  i|  Mr.i)..  'I'lir  linjlil  nl'  liiau'vnlrni  n.  Mainalmn.  liriu- 
lif^^. .  .ihM  1.  nliiiii-nr^s  ami  liii|"-.  ali.i\  ■■  ilm  |i!aiir  ilrawii  llirmi:;!!  tin'  cnilrns  ni' ns-nii  aimn  nl'  llm 
iVi'liI  il  a;;  I  |iaiji  lal  ii.mrv,  wi-,  nlii.iniiil  l'\  |ilariliL'  llii'  rrainnin  in  llir  Iraiiir,  Iniaiinii  m  i^iiiim 
ilnwiiUMi  I-.  ill.'  i-iiiiis  ..|'..v-.ii,-  ihiiii  |„  ;iij  ailjii^ii  .1  In  llii'   )  nli:N  III   1 1 II'  -iii|n|>  a>  liijnr.':   a  -lrai:;lit- 

_'s  sliiirlrr  I'nr  rnii\  laiii  In''.  ua>i 


I'lUi',  ^nn,     1  In  llial    iis.'il  \nlli    ill"   llnal-iml   i  \r.'|.l    iii   liavni,'   llir   li'i 

In  111  nvi'i  111.    -|inl  In  In-  llir  iviir.'il.  lis  j.'-,  1'.  si  in.'  IIII  lln'  iiialn'jany  -iiilarr;  a  L'railiiair.l  iml  w  as  ilini 

In'M  M  nirillv  -A-j  iii,s|  lln-  -nil'  nT  ill.'  ^l|■a;L■ln-.'llL'.■,  vv  ilh   iN  iminl  n  '■imj  .ui  ill  ■  |i'iil  In  I"'  iin   isini'il. 

win  ii  lln'  i.i  ijii  nl'  llir   nijaii   alinvi.'   lln'    inaiii'    wass||.iwii  nn   llir  mil  wlni.'  il  ;iii|ii' ir.'il  .ilmM'  lln' 

Miai.l.l-iil.'i'. 

"  Ti  ■  "'In  I  11  n  isiii'inniiN  wri'r  lain '11  will  1 1 II'  i'raiiiniin'l''i.  i'aiii|'i  i'--.  dn'iil'Tv,  ami  I  In'  iinasin  iiil; 
riann-,  In  r  I'  '■I'liii-.'-  .,|i!i..  nr-aii~  as  ir  i.'.  .1  mi  a  .■  i^i  mi'msli.  .1  I'',  Mr.  Cnii!..-.  am  I  li.'ni.il  "ii  I'l.in- 
l.\\ll.  'I'l.  iin'aMiii'iin  His  Willi  lln  ^\\.<i'  w.  f  nl'laiin'l  as  Imlnws ;  lln'  inraln-l''in|i"ral  Inn'  .vav 
lai'  II  ii'i'r  ll:i  I'liln-i'l  llir  nn. nils  an. Iilminv  lli.'  ''ii'l  nl'  lln'  ■■iia|'  liriiii;  In  i.l  hmt  tin'  iin'.iliis.  nnl 
I'l'  s-     I  .i..\\  1 1  III  In  ir  In  ill.'  ini.l'i!.'  I'i'  I  111'   I'  in.'ln-s|,|,i'iMnl,il  sin  1 1 1.',  w  lirr.'  ill''  anil  Mill  inli  i  nT  .iiijl'' 

"!  T'    I  i.n  ■  1.  I'I  ni'  1 11  nil  s  Willi  ll  .'  ,;.   in  r  \i  mj  n|'  I  In'  s|,hi'iinnl  I '.      i-'"i  'jri'-ilm  i'nn\  i  im  inr  llr.s 

I"'  nl  '.  I  ^  '•  1  .iiii  I  111  II  Kill  liv  a  I  I'll. s  ,,||  III,.  Cull. nay  In  nl.  I'  il''  \  1..  Tin'  inlri -s|.|ii  in  ml  il  an  ll, 
nV''r  ii'lli'M'.-  nl.Miis,  was  inrasiii' '1  li"'n  lln'  almv  ilrsi'nl.i  I  -|inl  iiiailn''!  u  nil  a  '-inss,  i.i  ilm 
cn:  i.'s|..'ii.|in.'    s|„,i    ,,||   ill,.   ,,i||,'|-   s|i|,'  ,,|'  llir  '  raninni.  lav  iii_'    Ihr   sn'm,  ,a  ...'  i|i,- nnln's  ,,r  .■ansalny. 

'I'l.r    ml'!--;'', ,.!,!    anil,  f\,'i    :ln'    |ii  i'.  i  |i|i\  r    nrjaiis,   w.is    lam  n    iHiunn    lln'    ^'i imnils    "T 

lii"a-i,Miii'iii  as  ill,.  ias|,  |,;,i.',i  J  |]||.  si.'i|'  .M'l'  ill,'  |,.  i.'.'ji;,\  I'  ,ji_'iiis,  ami  lvr,'|i;iiL'  n  .ilmx,'  llm 
-■111"  |.  ,,,',r.'   i:  1..',  '.vln  I'l'   lliis   a|  ;'i  iir.l    Inn   a   liirr,'    Imiiy    pr-inl-.i  iin-r.  .i-  «  .is  ii,  ,|n,'iil,\   On    ras,'. 

M'   I'll-  I"  ■  nil'.  Ill    \vas   I,il,.'ii  ii'.in    II n'l..  ,.|    ili,'  iinaiii  -  ainlii is  in  iln-  i'.  nil''  nl'  nss,|'|,'ji,,,|i  ,,| 

'111  I  II  n  111  l-'iiir.  'I'I  II .  ,,|,'||  ,.,,111  ,' ,  ni'.ii  In  .  ml.  HI.  !'\  1  i\  ill-'  llir  sir.,]'  Iinni  n  nlir  In  ''  nil,'  "T 
"■■sill'  ill  "II  "I  i!n  I'linlal  I'l.i.rs.  m,  i'  ih,.  i.,|,  ,,]'  ilir  i  I'.innnn.  nnl  'j'  Ii'-r.illy  i  iilln'  I'. in,  nl  llir  nr.'  lU 
nl  liiiniii  •-. 

■•  'I'll  i'  snnn'  '  I  I'lis  in  ly  '  \,-i  ni  s  ,  inniiriniis  .i  s.t.is  ,.i"  m.  .i-nirin,  ni-  is  nni  iiiri'ly  |i.iss|l,;,'  ],iii 
I'I'nl    ll"    .    i'lll     l!,.'    |.,::'.\\  III.;    I  II  Is    -|,,,u     l!,.'    I'    nl'l     In'U'    llilnll    I'.in'    vvas    liK'li    In    a\>,i,l    lln  in:    ,i 

I-'  1  ■  -    'I    lln  asiii,  n,.  Ills  Willi  ill.'  I  I'  iininnl.  I    ami   , ].  i-s.  .,  inin  li  r  ,'\i,  iisivr  Ilian    u,;,    \\.    I,,i,l 

-I'I.  ,    i''ii-ln  'I.  Ii.nl  |.,'i'n  'ar,  I'li'lv  II.,  I'll-  I'll  ninv  ,ini-  ..|'  I u  "I  lln'  i  rnni,  wlnii  M  r,  I 'n  m  _■.'  (  .mil"' 

^ii'i-'  ■  •'■  111  iliis  '  ,1-  ,      'I'll  11  L'' ml.  Ill  in   iniim  .li  ih  '.\    |im  nl,  .1  nil,  s ni\'  '  rmnniiis  |i..inis  ,,|    m,'  isur,.. 

im  111.        'i-llrj    llnlll   lln'   lis,.  ,.ra   ll  i.|:v   lliaiinil   I'  1-,.     linil    ll '  l,i  I  r  r  -   W.  I ''  'nlnli'll.  ,    .  I .  In.''  I  i  n  1    «|l|l 

ill'    I'l'    "    '"  sl.,\',  I  i|  nil  llnln.       1  ill.  11  )i|'.  i|.ns,'.|  lln    -'1,1 1 1  nil  .1-111'  s.  Ill,'  livr  l.lvl  Illnl.  r  ill''  I  1  I'-Lrl, 

.iml  -I'"'  niln'i  ',  iml  ihr  wnrk  w  Is  ri.iiiim  iirr.l  I'n  u',  |)r.  .M.'n.iii  ini.k  iliiwii  al!  llir  iiii',i-nii  iiimN. 
ill'    "■'  'I    \.li.r.'   W' 1''   inaili'   iiyni\s.  ll;    ilni-   av.mlm.'   llir   in  iri'ina''ii's  wlni'li  liiiisl  m''rss,inl\ 

li:V'-''  I.         I     I.  ll  1.1  -I'V  .rai  ilillrr.'iil  |i.'.s.iiis  .'nnlrilinl'  ,1  lln'ii'  anl  " 


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Pfiri)i(i/f);iiral  rfrnuir/.'s  an  I  he  n/it/ian  Ixhrmi  t/ir  imlnnil  7)iliii/.i  and  DhjinsHiiins 
of  Xdlioiis.  (ititl  llu  /)ir(/(ij)iiiiii/s  iif  llnlr  /iniiii-^:      \]y  (ii.dut.r.  CoMiii;.  K-(|.* 

No  objrct  can  lie  |in'<('iil('(l  (n  ilic  pliiliisojihic  iiiiiul  inure  nplctr  willi 
iiilnvst  tliaii  Mil  iiii|uirv  into  llif  caii-cs  nl'  Uic  (lilllnnccs  dI'  natinnal  cliarai'tcr. 
If  the  caii-ii's  l)c  natural,  ilo  tlii'v  oi'i-iiiatc  in  Uic  (npinisilinn  (if  tlir  limlv.  in  llic 
(Icvi  l(i|)iiu'nl.  (if  (lie  lii'ain.  in  tjic  inllucncc  of  cliniatc  m-  mi  ulial  ntlicr  pliv-ifal 
(Hivnl-  (III  llu  y  (IciK'iul .'  If  tlic  dili;  nnccs  ivmiK  miIcIv  I'mm  mural  anil  jii^lilical 
chTunistaiicc-.  ii  i-  iinpurtanf  lo  trace  llieir  nature  and  iiitule-^  nf  (iperatimi. 

'riii-^  subject  lia-  lieeii  iiive^iLralid  liv  philiisiipher-  in  -'eiieral.  willidut  any 
kiKiwlediiv  iif.  (ir  reference  III.  the  finictinus  (if  llie  diti;  i-eiil  part- iif  the  lirain. 
Phreii(iliiui-t<  have  avuided  Ihi-  errnr.  and  have  peinted  mit  and  jiurMied  i  iiKire 
perfect  iiieth.ul  (if  inve>tij,atiiin;  hnf  IIkt  hav.  imt  puldi-hed  any  separate  werk 
devilled  e\cln-ively  In  Ihi-  inipiiry.  In  prevenliin;-  the  fnlliiwiim-  remark-.  I  aim 
(inly  at  enahlini;-  the  reader  In  nh-erve  the  relative  inaiiiiitudev  nf  the  ^\llllle  hraiii. 
and  the  ivialiv(.'  pnipdrlinn-  ef  Ihe  dill'ei'ent  parN  (if  the  hrain.  indicated  h\  the 
natidiial  <kulls  delineated  hy  Dr.  Mnrtiin.  and  tn  draw  hi-  dwn  cniiclnsidii-  relative 
id  the  inllueiice  (if  tiicsi;  (in  the  natural  talents  and  di-pd-itidii-  of  the  trilie-. 


"Dr.  MmHoii  |l:i^  iv,[u.'n|,.,1  in,'  m  lunii^h  ihr  pivMiil  cniilrilmlioii  lo  lii-- woii;  liHilloil  Cnmin 
.Jiiifrinniii.  As  I  ii:i\r  lirrii  L.'iv:illy  [iloa-nl  willi  tiie  ronvctuuss,  as  \\t|1  a^  th,.  |ir:iiily  "T  llir 
lilhoL-raiiliii:  ilni\viii-s.  many  el'  whhli  1  liavr  r.iiiiiiaiv,!  willi  llic  nriLMinl  skull-:  ami  as  I  iiave  evrry 
iTa-M  I..  rxiKvt  iliai  ihr  li  At  will  i'^iiial,  ill  aiiriu.i.  \  aliir.  ih,.  wiirKiiiiii-liiiMii'  ilie  plalis.  I  -ii|.].ly 
Ihe  I'lv-nii  laai'l'  riuiaiks  wiili  all  llir  -an-iaclioa  llial  ran  ]h'  iMi  in  |,rrs,Miiiii-  lu  i|;.>  |.ii!.ji,'  s,, 
iin|i.  rlrri  a  sk.leh,      |i  w  |iin|,rr  1,1  iipaiihai.  dial  lirloiv  I  anivr,!  m  Aiunira  Dr.  M..r(,Mi  \v.u\  nnnal 

'  'I'liaile  arrau-riii,  m..  i;,,-  ihr  iiiiharalhin  ..lliis  u-,,ik,  liy  whirl,  lima,  wrrv  iire-nili.,!  hmli  m  ih,. 

mimli.a-  ol   pkitrs  aiiil  r\U'iii  ,.r  III,'   kiirr  |,ir-s.  m  niiis,M|ii,  iiiv  ,,l'  u-lii.li  II  u-,is  net   ill  111-  |H.\\aa'  i,, 
allrr,  er  m  niiiir  |o  |iruriiiv  a  uavaler  >\i-jrv  ili.ia  is  .irrii|ii.  .1  liy  ilie  lulkiwiii^  nlisri'valmii-.      1  relia-  llir 
ivailrr  1,1  my  own  .S;vs/,'//(  (;/■  /'/(/T/ei/c:,','/  I'm  ni.irc   di'laik'il  ml,irmali,iii.  towanis  llie  em!  "!'  which 
llua,'  IS  a  s-rlioii  ,ai  Naliniial  Skiii:.-. 
(is 


i70 


CHAMA   AMHIJICANA. 


1  piTpaiT  thi^  iiu'innir  willmul  liavinii  tlic  ailvautaiic  nl'  x'ciiii;  Dr.  ISIdi'tiin'!" 
(|('»ci'ip(iiiii^  dl'  the  natural  cliaraclcis  nf  llic  iliiVcirul  Indian  Kaccs.  'I'liisc  art' 
iKit  vet  pi'inlcd.  'I'lir  liarnumy  nv  disiMiid  hi  twcni  his  liisldrical  ilclinralions.  anil 
llic  ijliriiiiilitnical  iiuluctions  wliicli  Uic  icaclir  w  ill  lie  enabled  In  draw  l)_v  apiilyinu; 
llle  laile-  now  til  he  laid  down,  \vill  depend  dil  the  decree  nf  apiil'dxiuiatinn  ol' 
each  111  nalnir.  \\  here  diverepancies  -hall  appear,  (ine  or  olhi  r  ot'  our  views  nni-t 
he  ei'ioneiiii-.  I  solicit  the  reader  candidly  to  inve-'liiiate  hoth  representations, 
and  not  to  condemn  phi'eiiidoiiy  at  once  as  cliarL:;eahle  excln-ively  with  error, 
linperlecl  hi-lorical  descriptions  ha\e  lieen  iL^iNcn  of  distant  nations,  and  particu- 
larly of  harharous  and  sa\a^:e  trihes.  whose  maiuiers  have  heen  iniperl'ectly 
ohserved.  and  who-e  lanunaLte  has  heen  sc,u'C(  ly  at  all  conijii'ehended  :  and  it  may 
nltimately  he  discovered,  that  tlie  (diaractei'istics  indicated  hy  tlu'  si/e  and  forms 
of  tlieir  hrains  ha\e  heen  more  cnrrect  than  the  ha-ly  impre--ions  of  travidlers. 

The  favorite  opinion  with  philo-ophers  has  heen.  " 'I'hat  the  capacities  of  the 
human  mind  lia\e  heen.  in  all  a;;r-.  the  same:  and  that  the  diversity  of  phenomena 
exhihiti  d  hy  our  -pecies.  is  the  result  merely  of  the  dilVei'eiil  circumstances  in 
which  men  ai'e  placed."  "'riii-."  says  Dugald  Stewai't.'-  "has  Imcj;  heen  recei\ed 
as  an  uiicontrovertihle  loLjical  maxim  :  or  rather.  >u(di  i-.  the  iiilluence  of  early 
in-truclion.  that  we  are  apt  to  iTi;ai'd  it  as  one  of  the  mo-l  ohvious  sn^'i;'estions  of 
conimon  sense.  And  yet.  till  ahout  the  tinu'  of  Moute-(iuieu.  it  was  hy  no  nnans 
Ml  ;;■(  Me  rally  recoiiuised  hy  the  learned  as  to  have  a  sensihle  intlncnce  on  (he 
I'a-hionahle  tone  of  thinkiuL;  over  iMimpe." 

'I'herc  is  some  amhiuuity  in  this  pasxaije.  The  proposition,  that  the  '-capaci- 
tii  s  of  the  human  mind  have  heen  in  all  ai;i  s  the  sann."  dm  s  not  necessarily 
imply  tliat  they  liave  hi  en  (ililii  in  all  nations.  The  Hindoo  mind  may  have  heen 
the  same  in  the  yiar  100  as  in  the  year  isoo.  and  so  may  the  Kn;;lish  and  all 
other  national  minds;  hut  it  does  not  follow  that  either  in  the  yeai'  1(10  or  ISOO 
the  Kn^lish  and  Hindoo  miiuls  were  con-lituted  hy  nature  equal  in  all  tlieir 
capacities;  yet  this  is  what  I  understand  Mr.  Stewart  to  mean:  for  he  adds,  "that 
the  diveisity  of  phenomena  exhihited  hv  our  sjiecics.  is  the  lesiilt  imrtlij  iif  f/ii 
(/ijftnul  circiiiiistdiiiis  in  which  men  are  placed;"  emhracinii'.  in  this  pioposition. 
men  of  every  nation  as  equally  iiifted  in  mental  power.  Thei'e  is  reason  to 
question  this  doctrine,  and  to  view  it  as  not  meridy  sjuculatiNely  erroneous,  hut 
as  layini;  the  foundation  of  nimdi  hurtful  iiractice. 

When  we  reiiard  the  dill'ereut  ([uarters  of  the  tilohe.  we  are  sti'uck  with   till 

■  Dls.-rrlallnll   ]i|rfl\.-,l  1,1    l-",||ryr|ii]l,    linll.  )i.    'ij. 


ArPKNDIX. 


271 


cxliviiic  (liN>imilMrily  in  the  Mldiiiimciils  „{'  \\n:  viiriclii's  of  iiicii  who  iiiluiliit  tlicin. 
)!'  we  ulaiici-  if\<]-  tlic  histurv  nf  Kiir(i|ic.  A>i;i.  Allien,  ;iiul  Aiiu  ric;i.  \vc  sjinll  liml 
ili>liuc(  null  iiirmaiiciil  rciitiiris  tt(  cliurat'lcr  wiiicli  stniimiy  iiuiicalc  natural 
iliirrrcucis  iu  their  ineutal  enuslitutinus.  'I'lii'  iuhai)itanls  df  Kuiojic.  heidutiiui;  tu 
tiu'  C'auea-<iaii  variety  oT  uiiUikind.  have  uiauih'sted.  in  all  ane^.  a  slmuij,-  temieiiev 
(owarils  uinral  auil  iutelleelual  iiii|ii'iiveuieut.  A-  far  hack  a^  iiist(ir\  reaehe^.  we 
(iuil  Mieiely  iu>liluteil.  art-  |ii'aeti>((i.  ami  litiralure  takiui;-  mut.  nut  imlv  iu 
iulrr\aK  nf  traniiuiility.  hut  iniiiiKt  tlic  alarms  ol'  war.  Uilniv  the  I'diindatinn  nl' 
{{lime,  the  Miruseans  hail  e-talilished  eivilisitina  and  the  arts  in  Italy.  Umler  the 
(ireek  and  IJonian  emiiire-.  philnMiphy.  lilrrature.  and  the  lim'  ails  were  sediilmislv 
and  -iieeessl'iilly  enllivaled:  and  that  portion  of  the  [leople  whose  wealth  eiiahled 
lliem  to  pay  I'or  ediieation.  attaiiinl  a  hi-ii  ilei;ree  of  iutellii;ence  ami  relinenieiit. 
I5y  the  irruption  of  the  iiortlurii  hordes,  these  eonnlries  were  suhsequeiitlv 
involved  ill  a  rhaos  of  i;;iioranee  : — hut  a-ain  the  sun  of  •.eienee  ro-e.  the  (doiiils  of 
(iolhie  darkness  were  dispcdled.  and  Ihirope  took  the  lead  of  the  world  in  seieiiee. 
morals,  and  philosophy,  in  the  inhahitanis  of  lhi>  purtion  of  the  nhdie.  theiv 
appears  an  elasticity  of  mind  ineapaldr  of  heinn-  permam'utly  reprisved.  Hornr 
down  I'or  a  time  hy  external  \ioleiiec.  Iheii'  mental  energies  M^tui  to  have  ;;alhered 
streii;;tli  under  the  restraint,  and  at  himtli  to  have  Inirsl  tluir  fetters,  and  overcome 
every  olistaele  opjioscd  to  their  e\pan-ion. 

NVIiile  these  remarks  are  strictly  correct  in  re-ard  to  the  'I'eutoiiic  race  in 
Europe,  varieties  also  of  mental  aptitude  have  heen  di-played  hy  other  tribes 
inhahitimi;  that  re-ion  of  the  ^l.die.  In  Franc.  Indanil  and  Scotland,  the  t'lllic 
race  remains  far  hihind  the  'I'eutonic  in  the  arts.  science>.  philosophy  mid  civili- 
sation. 

When  we  turn  our  attenliiiu  to  .\sia.  we  perceive  manners  and  institutions 
which  heloii^  to  a  period  loo  remote  to  he  ascertained,  and  yet  far  iid'erior  to  the 
Kuropean  siandard.  The  people  of  Asia  early  arrived  at  a  point  comparati\elv 
low   in  the  scale  of  iniprovemenl.  heyoiid  which  they  have  never  pa-sed. 

The  history  of  Africa,  so  far  as  Africa  can  he  said  to  have  a  histor\.  presents 
similar  phenomena.  The  annals  of  the  races  who  have  inhahited  (hat  continent, 
wilh  few  exceptimis.  exhihit  one  iinhrokeii  scene  of  moral  and  intellectual  desola- 
linn:  and  ill  a  quarter  of  thi'  -lid)e  eiiihracinn-  the  uriMtest  varieties  of  soil  and 
climate,  no  nation  is  at  this  day  to  he  found  whose  iiistilulion-  indicate  even 
iiiodi'i-atc  civilisation.  Smne  of  the  African  Irihes.  however,  have  advanced  lievoiul 
the  savaiic  condition.  'I'licy  have  cities,  rude  manufacture;-,  aiiriciilture.  commerce. 
Government  and   laws;    and    in   these   respects   they  urcally  excel    sieveral  of  the 


CIJAMA  A.MKHICANA. 


tiili(>i  1)1'  imtivt'    Anicvicniis.  wlm   h.wv   roiitiiund    xMimlcriii'j;    s;ivi\i;fs    Irnin    tlii' 
lii'LiiiMiiiin'  Id  tile  I'lul  III'  tlicir  I'xislciuT. 

Till'  n^picl  III'  Aiurricii  is  still  more  di'iiliiralilr  lliaii  Unit  of  Ai'ricii.  Siir- 
roiniilcd  I'm'  criitiirir-  ii_v  I'linipcMu  kiiii\vliiii;r.  ciiliriiri-r.  ami  I'lici'ny.  ami  iiicitctl 
III  iiii|iriiv(iiiriil  liv  llir  rxainiili'  of  I'lirnptaii  iiisliluliniis.  many  nl  liii'  iiali\rs  (if 
lliat  ciiiitiiiriit  i-cniaiii.  al  liii'  |in'Miil  liim\  the  same  iiii'.(  ralilc.  waiulrriiii;.  Imusf- 
l('»s  and  hnvlr-s  savaiii^  as  llirir  aiicr^lnrs  wn-c,  wlicii  C'ldiimlius  tir^t  sd  |'(miI  iipnn 
tliiir  Miil.  I'arliai  cxci  plinns  In  lliis  (Icscriplinii  may  lie  t'dund  in  snmo  (if  the 
siintliirii  di-lricls  III'  Nnrlli  Amriica:  liul  the  nnnilars  who  iiavc  adnplcd  the 
inmlrs  III'  civili'-rd  lil'r  arc  sii  Miiall.  and  Ilir  priii^i-c»s  niadr  liy  llirm  >ii  limited,  tiiat 
"prakinLi;  nl'  liir  I'ac:'.  \M'  ilii  nut  cx.iii'Liri-iilr  in  >ayinu'.  Ihal  liny  remain  In  liic 
pvi'Miil  iimu'  envrliipril  in  all  their  primitive  sa\a^eness.  and  that  lliey  have 
1  rallied  cNtrennU  Utile  liy  the  iiitnidnelinii  anmm;-l  them  nf  arl>.  seience-  ami 
pliiliKiiphy.  The  -ame  nliservalien^  have  ni'cnrred  In  a  writer  ii.  Ilie  Kilinlinru;li 
Heview.  The  lellewim;  remarks  on  ihe  native  American  charaeler  a|ipearid  in 
that  wiiik  in  an  .irlicie  on  -  Iln\\  icon's  I'pper  Canada."  in  June  \sll. — •■  i'nini 
;ill  that  we  leain."  -av-  the  reviewer,  -ol'  the  -late  III'  Ihe  aliorinincs  of  this 
:;i'eat  cinliniiit  Irom  Ihi-  volume,  and  I'rom  every  other  source  of  inl'ormalion.  it 
i-  e\iilent  llial  llnv  are  making  no  advances  towards  civilisation,  ll  is  cerlainly  a 
slrikin^-  and  my-terious  t'acl,  llial  a  race  of  men  -luudd  thu^  h.ave  conlinued  for 
ai;vs  slationai'v  in  a  stale  of  ihe  laiih  -I  liarliai'i-in.  Thai  lendcncy  to  improvennnt. 
a  pi'iueiple  thai  has  heen  ill  arihl  more  than  perha|)s  any  other  to  di-<liii;iui«h  man 
from  ilie  lower  animals,  would  -eem  to  he  totally  wantiim'  in  tlnaii.  (iciieration 
after  ireiierati  in  pas-es  away,  and  no  Iraei-  of  ailvanccmeiit  ili-lin;.;nish  Ihe  last 
from  the  first.  The  nii-hly  wilderness  tiny  inhahil  may  he  traversed  from  end 
to  end.  and  lianllv  a  vesti'j;e  he  discovei'ed  Ihal  uuirks  the  hand  of  man.  II  mi^ht 
nalurallv  have  heen  e\picled.  ihat  in  the  course  of  a!ies.  some  superior  ■renins 
would  have  arisen  amoim-  iheiii  to  inspire  his  counlrymen  with  a  desire  to  (uillivalc 
the  arts  of  iieace.  and  es|;ili|ish  some  dnrahle  civil  iustilnlions :  or  that,  al  hast 
diirinu'  the  Iohl:'  pi  riod  since  the  Kiiropeaiis  have  heen  sittled  amonirst  Hhiu.  and 
lam:ht  Ihini.  hy  sueli  strikimi'  examples,  the  heuelits  lA'  industry  and  socinl  order, 
tliev  would  have  heen  tempted  to  endeavor  III  iiarlicipalc  in  hlessinns  thus  provi- 
deiuially  hnumht  w  ithiii  their  reach.  iJul  :ill  has  heiii  unavailinL;- :  and  it  now 
seems  {■irlaiii  Ihal  Ihe  North  American  Indians,  like  Ihe  hears  and  wo|\es.  are 
destined  III  the  at  the  approach  of  civilised  man.  and  lo  fall  hefore  his  rcnovalinu; 
hand,  and  disappear  from  the  face  of  the  earth  alom;-  with  those  ancieni  forests 
which  alone  aH'ord  t!i''!ii  sustenance  and  slu  Iter.  " 


MM'KNDIX. 


273 


'I'lir  lliciiiT  ii>ii;illy  .uiVMiiccil  Id  accouiil  fur  \\\vm'  (iilViiciicrs  nf  nalidiiMl 
(•liaracliT  i^.  dial  Ilii\v  arc  prdilufcil  hy  ilivi  r-itics  of  soil  and  cliniali'.  Hut. 
allliiiiiuli  llicsc  may  I'l'asdiialily  lie  Mippdscd  In  cxcil  a  ('ci'taiii  iiiniiciicc.  tlicy  arc 
alto'^clliiT  ina(l('(|iiali'  In  explain  tlic  wlinic  pluiuMiuiia.  ^V(•  (iiii;lit  cNcr  In  Ix'ar 
ill  iniiid,  thai  Xaliirc  !■<  cini'laiit  in  licr  opt  ralimi^.  and  thai  tlic  same  canscs 
invaiiahly  prodncc  tlic  same  cllccls.  IIciicc.  \vli(n  wi;  rinil  (Xt'cptions  in  rcMilt 
wilhdiil  iiciiii;  alilc  to  assiijn  (lillcrcnccs  in  causis.  wc  may  rest  assured  lliat  we 
liave  not  I'oMiid  the'  Inie  or  tlie  only  cause:  and  our  diliiieiu'c  oul;1iI  to  he  (|nickeiied 
lo  ohiaiii  new  liiiht.  and  iiol  employed  in  maintaiiiiii'j;  the  Millicieiicy  of  that  which 

We  possess. 

If  wc  survey  a  niMj)  of  the  wmld.  we  shall  find  nations  whose  soil  is  I'ertih' 
and  climate  temperate,  in  a  lower  deuree  of  im|)ro\ement  tiian  oihers  who  arc 
Ic^s  favored.  In  \'an  Diemen's  Land  and  Ne\v  South  \Vales,  a  few  natives  have 
existed  in  Ihe  most  wrel(died  po\(rly.  iiiuorance  and  dei;radation.  in  a  ciiuiilry 
that  enriches  Iviropeans  as  fast  as  they  posMss  it.  In  America,  too.  Europeans 
and  native  Inilians  have  li\cd  for  centuries  under  liie  iiillueiu'e  of  the  same 
plnsical  causes:  the  former  have  kept  pace  in  their  ad\auces  with  their  hretliren 
(HI  the  idd  conliiient.  wliilethe  latter,  as  we  have  seen,  remain  siMiinuary  in  saviUic 
ii;norance  and  indolence. 

Such  diU'ereiices  are  not  I'onluied  to  Ihe  i^reat  cnuliiienls  alone  :  hut  dillerent 
Irihes  in  the  same  hemisphere  seem  lo  piissrss  (liU'ereut  decrees  of  native  minds, 
and  these  remain  uncham;iii  tlu-ou^h  numerous  ai;'es.  Taeitus  descrihes  tlir  (iauls 
as  i:av.  v(dalile.  and  lu'eciiiitate.  pnuie  to  rush  to  actinu.  Iml  without  the  power  of 
sustaiiiiu!^  adversity  and  the  tm;-  of  siiifc;  and  this  is  tlie  cliaraeter  of  tlu'  C(  Hie 
portion  of  Ihe  i'rench  nation  down  to  thi'  |)i'es(iit  tlay.  lie  represmts  the  I'ritons 
as  co(d.  considerate,  and  sedate,  possisscd  of  intellectual  talent,  and  says  tliat  he 
jirefers  tlii'ir  native  aplitndi'  to  the  livelier  maimers  of  the  (iauN.  The  sami' 
mental  (pialities  characterisi  the  Kiuiiisli  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  they  and 
the  French  may  still  he  ciinlrasled  in  similar  terms, 

'I'acitus  descrihes  ||ie  ( iermaiis.  allowing-  for  their  state  of  civilisatiiui.  as  a 
hold,  prudent,  sidf-deiiy  ini;'.  and  virtuous  penph'.  possessed  it\'  i;'reat  force  ol  charact'r: 
and  the  same  fiMlures  distinguish  them  still.  'I'he  native  Irishman,  in  maimers, 
dispositiiuis  and  capacities,  is  a  heiiiii  w  idely  dill'irenl  from  the  low  land  Scotchman: 
and  if  we  trace  the  two  nations  to  the  remotest  antiipiily.  the  same  characteristic 
(liU'erenccs  arc  found. 

These  dill'eri'nces  hetweeu  natimis  liviicj;  under  similar  elimatis,  are  com- 
GD 


17  1 


CHAMA  AMKHICAN  V. 


iiiiiiilv  attrilinliil   ciitirilv  tii  llw  nliijiiius  niiil   pulilifiil   iiisliliiliniis  dl'  the  scvi  nil 
(•(luiiln'cs.       I'lislivtrn    mill    \y,\y'\>\\    scliuiils.   I'nr  i  xiuiiiilc  .  ,irc   Mijipdvcil    tn   Imvc 
riMidcrt'il    llir    Scdicliiiiiiii    liuliilimlh    .ittciitivr    \»    lii«.    own    inh  ivsl  :    ciiiitidiis, 
tliminlitliil.Miiil  lidiiot:  wliili!  I'opcrv  mikI  Calluilic  pii.sl^  li;i\r  iiiiulc  llic  Irisliiuiiii 
I'lTc  anil   tjciicrinis  willial.  Iiiit   precipitate  and   iiiircllcctiiiLj — rcailv  in  the  ;;ii>t  (if 
passion  to  saciilicc  liis   friend,  and  in  the  nh.w  ol"  iViencMiip  to  ininiolate   liiinself. 
It  is  l'oii;(jtleii  tiiat  there  were  au'es  in  whieh   popery  and  jiriots  jiad  eijiial  ascend- 
aiiey  in  all  the  Uritisli  i^hs  :  and  lliat  tlie  Knuiishnian.  Irishman,  and   Seoteliniaii. 
were   lieiims  IIS  speeilieally  distinct  then  as  at  present:   hesiihs.  tiie  nion    correct, 
as  well  as  till'  more   projoiiiid  \ie\\.  is  to  regard  nliijioiis  unii  pnlilieal  institutions, 
when  not  lorced   upon  a   peoph'  hy  external   con(|ues|.  as  the  spontaneons  i^rowth 
ol'  their  natural   propensities,  sentinieiils  and   iiitellectnal    faculties.       Hierarchies 
and  eonstitntions  do  not  sprin;;  iVoin  tlie  uroinid.  hut  from  the  minds  of  nien.      if 
we  suppose  one   nation  to  he  gifted  with  iiuieli  wonder  and  vem  ration,  and    little 
eonscii'iitioiisni'ss.  relleetion  and  self-esteem:  and  another  to  possess  an  endowment 
exactly  the  reverse:  it  is  ohvioiis   that    the   first    would  he  naturally  prone  to  super- 
stition  in   reliiiion.  ,111(1   Mrvility  in   the  state:   while  the  seeoiid  wiuild.  hy  native 
instinct,   resist  all    attempts   to    make    them    reverence    (hinns    unholy,   and    tend 
eonstanlly    towards   political    institutions,   litteil    to   alVord   to   each    individual   the 
ijratilication    of    his    self-es|eeiu    in    independence,    and    his    eoiiseientiousncss    in 
e(|uality  liefore  the  law.     Those  who  contend  that  institutions  came  first,  and  that 
character   loUows  as   their  ellect.  ai'e  hoiiud   to  assign  a  cause   for  the  institutions 
themselves.      If  they  do  not  spiin^r    (Ymn   the   native   mind,  and  are  not  forced  on 
the  |)eople  liy  cominest.  it  is  dillicult  to  see  whence  they  can  oritiinatc. 

The  plireiioloiiist  is  not  satisfied  with  tiiese  cominon  theo.ies  of  natimial 
ciiaracter:  he  has  oliscrved  that  a  particular  si/.e  ami  form  of  hraiii  is  the  invariahle 
concomitant  of  particular  dispositions  and  talent--,  and  that  this  f;u't  ludiK  o(„,il  i,, 
the  case  of  nations  as  well  as  of  iiidi\  iiliials. 

II  this  view  he  correct,  a  kno\vleili:e  ol  the  si/e  of  the  hraiii.  and  the  jiiopor- 
tioiis  of  its  diirereiit  parts,  in  the  dill",  rent  varieties  of  the  liumaii  race,  will  he  the 
key  to  a  correct  appreciation  of  the  dill'ereiic.s  in  their  natural  mental  emlownunts. 
on  wliiidi  external  circumstances  act  only  as  modifyinir  iulliieiices.  Such,  accord- 
innly.  is  the  lin-ht  in  which  1  renanl  this  Linai  sulijeei.  |r  the  si/.e  of  the  lirain 
and  the  proportions  of  its  (jiirei-.ut  |,,.|,.|.,  l^.  the  index  to  natural  national  character, 
the  jiresent  woj'k.  which  represents  with  L:reat  lidelity  the  skulls  of  the  American 
trihes.  will  he  an  authentic  record  in  which   the  philosopher  may  read   the   nali\e 


AIM'KNDIX. 


275 


tliat 


.'i|ililiiili  ^.  ili^|ii>>ili(>iis  null  iiii'iiliil  I'lii'ci'  III  lliiM'  r;iiiiilirs  nl'  iniiiikiiiil.  Il  tlli^ 
(lorliiiir  lir  iinriiiimlril.  tliiM'  <.kiilU  HIT  iiiirr  l';icl>  ill  Niitiiinl  lli^lm y.  inrTiitinu; 
no  piirliciiliii'  iiilui'iniilinn  ;i<  In  Ihr  iiiriil;il  i|iiiilitiis  ul'  lln    |irii|ili'. 

Ill  appl}  iiii;  pliniioliiuy  to  I'lr  rluriilatimi  nl' I'haiai'tri' M'^  inilii'atiil  liy  naliuiial 
>klllN.  till'  Illiisj   inipiirlalll  |li<ili|s  id  lie  alti'llllril  In  air  llir  I'nllnw  iiii;::. 

I>t.  'I'll  jiiilur  III'  tlir  sizi  111'  liii'  \\iinli'  liraiii.  'I'liis  is  imiicatiil  liy  llif 
(limciisiniis  1)1'  llir  skull.  .Mau.ii'.lii'.  in  iiis  Cniiipciiiiiimi  ol'  IMiysiii|iii;y.  says  tiial 
••till'  niily  Wiiy  nf  (slimaliiii;-  tin'  ruhinir  nf  llii  Iniiin.  in  a  liviii'j;  |)risnii.  is  |n 
iiud.iiiir  l/ii  ilhiK  iini'iiis  tif  lilt  ulniil;  ivrry  nllu  r  niraiis.  cmii  llial  prnpnscd  liy 
C'aiiipri'.  is  iiiiiTitaiii  '  (.Milli'.;aii'i  'I'laiisjalinii.  p.  Iill.)  Sir  C'liarlis  Hill 
nbsrrvrs.  ■•tiial  tllr  liniics  nf  llic  ||i;ii|  me  ninllliliHl  In  liii'  liraill.  ailil  lllf  prcilliaP 
sliaprs  III'  \\\v  liniiis  dl'  tlic  |i(;ul  air  (Irlriiniiicd  I)y  tile  nlii;iii,il  j)i ciiliarily  in  llic 
sliapr  III'  till'  liiaiii.  "  (Urll's  Analnniy.  II.  p.  ;J!)i).)  Dr.  (Jnrilnii.  in  tiii'  I'mty- 
niiilli  Niiiiilicr  of  tiir  Kilinluiriiii  Hrvirw.  ailinits  that  "tlii'ic  is  in  innst  iiislniii'is. 
a  n'lncral  cnrrispoiHlciu'r  lirhvrrn  tile  si/c  nf  Uir  cranium,  ami  llir  ipianlily  nf 
ci'iiliruni  :  that  lari;r  liraiU  iisiialiy  I'nnlain  lariir  Inains.  and  small  liraiis  small 
lirains."     (j).  XMi.) 

'V\w  si/.f  of  till'  iialiniial  skulls  iudicatrs  tlic  dimiiisinns  nf  thr  brains  wiiicli 
liny  cniitaiiird.     'I'iir   iiillui  ncr  of  si/r  ill  ilic  brain  mi  national  clMractrr  may  br 

jnilni'd  nf  fl'iim   till'  I'nIlnW  iuj;'  I'ai'ts. 

First.  'I'lir  hi'aiii  nf  a  cliilil  is  small,  and  its  miiid  is  wrak.  As  the  brain 
Lj;rn\vs  in  si/i'  ami  attains  In  nialurity  in  striU'turt'.  tin  mriital  iiiaiiil'rstatiniis 
iiu'rrasc  in  viiinr. 

Sifiiiiil/i/.  A  small  brain  is  mic  but  not  the  niily  caiisi'  nf  idincy.  A  brain 
may  hi'  riilai'urd  by  disrasc  and  idiiu'y  iiisur:  but  if  this  nrt;aii  br  Inn  small, 
althnuiih  it  br  hraltli_\  in  strurluri'.  iilincy  is  an  invariabli'  cnnsi'iiurnci'.  Pliri'- 
nnliiiiists  liaM'  in  vain  callnl  nn  tlirir  nppnnriils  tn  prnducr  a  siiiiili'  iiistaiirr  n\' 
thr  mind  briiij;  manil'isti'  I  \ii;ni'nus|y  by  a  vrry  small  brain. 

Dr.  (iall  lias  laid  i;  r  wn  as  a  fat't.  to  which  tliirr  is  tin  rxccptinii.  that 
\\hi'ri'  the  brain  is  sn  small  that  the  hnriznutal  circumlcii'iicc  nf  Ihc  head  ilncs  not 
cxcii'il  thirteen  or  fnurteeu  inches,  idincy  is  Ihe  invariable  conseiiueiice.  "  t'nm- 
plete  intelligence.  "  he  remarks,  "is  absnltitily  imiinssible  with  sn  small  a  brain  : 
ill  such  cases  iilincy.  mnre  or  less  cnnipbte.  invariably  ncciirs.  and  tn  this  rule  no 
I'Xceptinn  cither  has  been,  nr  ever  will  he  fiiiiiid.'  To  Ihe  same  eU'ect.  Dr. 
Spur/heim.  in  his  work  mi  Insanity,  says:  -We  arc  very  well  aware  that  a  ^rcal 
number  nf  facts,  repeated  under  varinus  circumstances,  are  necessary  bel'nre  we 
can  draw  a  i;eiieral  cmiclusion  :  but  with   res|iect   to  idintism  from  birth,  vm'  have 


nu 


IHAMA   AMKIMCAN A. 


m:i(li'  -ucli  ;i  ininilii  r  nl'  hIim  rvntimi^  in  v;iriiiu>  (•nmiliii*.  lli;it  \M'  li;i\c  iin  In-ilii- 
lioii  ill  alliiniiiiL;  tlinl  ;i  Inn  siiimII  liiiiiii  is  iiiil'il  Inr  llic  ni.iiiil'cxliilion  nl'  tin  niin.l. 
I  lieu;  til  nniMi'k.  Iliiil    I    dn   iml    >i\\   lli;i|  iilinliNin   is  ilir  nllrilinlc  n|'  :i  inn  sin;ill 

lll'llill  nlilv:  iilintisin  niliV  lit'  lilr  roilll  nf  (lillirilll  (MIIsc*,  nllc  nf  wllicll  is  ;i  tun 
sinilll  lir;iill.  We  ;il'i'  cniuilll'rd  (Vnin  nlist  r\;ilinli.  tli;it  (lie  l;i\vs  nf  nallllc  lire 
cnlistiillt  :    .111(1   if    VVi'  CI  lllillllilllv  iilis(  I'M'    lli:il     lllr    ^.uwr     |illi  linilirlinll  lllkis    place 

iiinlrr  till'  saiiic  circiiiiis(anc('s,  we  cmisiilt  r  our  cniiclusinn  as  ciitaiii.  till  i'\|iri'i- 
t'licc  sjinws  till' cmitrary.  Nn  mii'.  tliiii.  lias  llir  rinlit  In  inaiiitaiii  that  an  inl'nriicc 
is  Inn  liaslilv  drawn  lircaiisc  lie  lias  iinl  iiiadi  a  siiHicic  nl  nniiiliri'  nf  nliscrv  itimis. 
it  is  Iii>  duty  In  s|i,i\\  j'acts  wjiicli  |iriivi'  tlic  ciintran.  il'  lir  intiiid  In  deny  the 
inl'i'iiiicr.  "  in  till'  .Iniinial  nf  Mh'  l'liiiiinlni;ical  Sncii  l\  nl"  Palis.  I'm-  April  I  SJ '>. 
Dr.  \  oi^in  ri  pnrts  nlisirvMiinns  niadc  npiui  tlie  idints  uiidrr  his  caii'  at  the  I'aiisiaii 
lliisiiilal  nf  Incuialili's.  in  lU'drr  tn  Miify  llie  assrrtinii  nf  Dr.  (iail  in  the  pasvaij;e 
just  ([Uiitrd  :  and  iiuntiniis  that  hi    fniind  it  sulislaiiliatrd  hy  rviry  mii'  nf  his  ciiMS. 

Ill   the    |n\\i'>t    class  nf    idints.   wiirle    till'    illt  I'llrctual    lllanifi'stal  inns   Wiri-   null,   the 

hni'i/.nntal  eireunil'rrini'c.  t.iki  ii   a    iil'ii'   higher  than  ih  '  nrhit.  \.iiird    frmii  t  li  \en 

In  thiltri  II  inches,  whiji'  tllr  ilisl.illCi'  frnni  the  rnnt  III'  the  linsr  li.U'kwards  n\i'r 
the  |np  nl'  tile  he. id  In  the  nccipitai  spine  was  ii|i|_\  in  Iwitii  i  i^ht  and  nine  inches, 
will  n  t  he  sj/c  varied    fmni    fniirleeii    In    scxcutccu    iuthes  nf   hnri/niital  nil  asiire- 

1  lie  111.  and  elrM'll  nr  t\\i'l\e  ill  the  utile  I'  direct  ii  ill.  l:I  i  iiljiscs  nf  fr(  lilies  and  raildnin 
illtellil'lual  pel'Cepliells  Were  iih>er\ali|e.  lillt  witlmut  ally  |in\\  ir  nf  atti  111  inn  nr 
fixily  nl'  idea-.  I.astl_\.  whin  the  lil'-t  nie.isiiri  nuiit  (Alrnded  tn  eii;lite(  n  nr 
llillelei  II   illldle-.  all  linlli;'ll    the   head   was    still     ~lliall.  the   illlrllecllial    inanifesl.iliniis 

Were  ri'u;nlar  ennu;;li.  hut  delieiiiit  in  iiileii'.it\.  In  a  full  si/cd  lie.id.  the  lii'>t 
nil  asurenieiit  is  eipial  In  twenly-twu  iiiehis.  and  the  sicmiii  in  ahiuit  I'nurtieii 
inches.  Sn  lal'n'e  was  the  head  n{'  Spur/hiilii.  that  e\eii  mi  the  skull  the«e  l\M) 
nieasiii'enieiils  aniniintid  tn  .'.'I  and   I  i     inches  ri -pectively. 

'/7///'i////.  iiiili\idiials  and  natiniiN  di>l  iiiuuislird  fur  lJ  lea  I  atriire^iate  fnrce  nf 
mind,  .'ininial.  nmral  and  inlillectiial.  ha\e  had  larije  liraiii>.  Kiiii;  Wnhrrl  Miiice. 
\a|in|inii.  C'livier.  Caiinva.  Hums  the  |inrt.  Di'.  (iall  aiul  Dr.  Spiii'/hcini.  aiimnu 
iiieii.  and  lile  'I'elllnllie  race  cnni|)ared  with  the  iliiidnn  aiuniin'  natiniis.  may  lie 
cited  as  examples. 

1   (In   lilt    adduce   thesr  nlisci'valinlis    as    irii/ilic(     tn    jiniri    the    ihlllleiice  nf   si/c 

ill  the  hr.iin  mi  the  pnwer  with  which  the  faculties  nf  the  mind  are  manifested, 
hut  merely  as  a  sialinieiit  nf  the  prnpnsiiidu  that  such  inlluence  exists.  The 
suhject  '.vill  he  fniind  nmre  fully  expniinded  ill  my  Systriu  it\'  IMirennlniiy.  in 
which   aUn   the    inlluence  nf  ti'i.iiier.'imeut.  health,  and    exercise,  in  miidil'\iiii;  tli(^ 


AIMM'ADIX. 


m 


cIVii'ls  (if  si/c.  is  cviilniih'tl ;  Ik  caii^i^  (lir  (•(iinct  |ilir(iiii|n^;i('iil  iinipdjtilifiii  i*.  (hat 
ollii  r  ('(iM(liliiiii>  lii'itii;  i'i|iiiil.  III!'  -'\/r  of  lai'li  i>i';;aii  is  an  iiKlicaliuii  nf  llic  vii;iir 
of  llir  iiiiiitai  faculty  wliicli  it  iiiaiiif(-<ts.  In  isamiiiinu;  iialiorial  iriiiiia.  we  an 
nut  infoi'hii'd  of  till'  ti  inprrannnt  anil  ciliicatinn  of  tlic  iniliviilnals.  lint  lilt  to 
judu,!'  of  till'  natnial  charactrr  cliiclly  liy  tin'  size  of  Ilir  lirain  anil  tlir  proportions 
of  it>  ilill'iTcnl  parts.  Onr  additional  iiiforniation  rarciv  ixtiiids  lnyonil  tin: 
condition  in  wliicli  tlir  triliis  l•\i^l^d.  \'\/.:  wlntlii  r  liny  wire  savages,  harliarians. 
or  civilised.  I  shall,  for  Ihrsi'  reason^,  conlinr  my  n  inarks  cliiilly  to  the  si/e  of 
the  -kiills.  and  to  the  proportinns  of  their  dill'eienl  nuions. 

.Vccorilini;  to  these  views,  the  anti'reijate  natural  menial  imwii'.  (animal. 
moral,  and  inlcllectnal.)  of  (he  in(li\idiials  com|insini;-  any  nation,  will  (other 
conditions  heinn  ei|nal)  lie  ureal  or  smiill  in  pioportion  to  the  sj/i'  nf  their  lirains. 
Plate  lAXi  repriMMts  a  S\vi>-s  «.|viil|.  „\'  Mvcra-.;-!'  size,  part  of  the  eojlrction  of  the 
l'hreno|o'j,ical  Society  of  I'.dinhnr^h.  I  have  vi-iled  S\\  ilzerland  and  seen  many 
skiilK  of  lli.it  jieoplc  and  tluN  one  ;ippi  ar>  to  me  to  r,  pic -.,  nt  fairly  llic  a\eia'j;e 
char.ieleristics.  ilisloi'y  informs  n^  that  in  a  rude  a;:' .  In  fnre  nioilirn  civ  ili-alion 
\va^  evtahli^hed.  this  pcoplr.  in  a  w  ild  and  inlin-.pitaMe  country.  di^pla\ 'il  e\lra- 
ordinary  mental  \inor  (animal,  moi.d  ;iiiil  inlidlcclnal.)  in  \  iniiicaliu'j;  and  n  ain- 
taininn  civil  and  nliiiious  lilicii_\:  and  ut  know  that  thr  suue  eliaracler  cnnliiiur* 
to  dislin^uiNli  them  in  the  proeiil  d.iv .  'They  may  here  iir  a-.-iimed  a'-  a  -prcimeii 
of  a  powerful  race,  to  ^erve  as  a  ■•taudard  h_\  wliiidi  to  cnnipare  the  '■kulls  ol  the 
other  trilu  V  ri'iu-evented  in  tlli^  \vork. 

The  nieasuremi'nt>  of  Ihi--  Swi^-  ^kull.  a^  taken  hy  Dr.  Mortiui  and  Mr. 
Phillips,  are  a-  follow  ; 


l'lll!ii|'|iiL.'rllllUi'llr^ 

Sill'-i^ln  111, 
.\|i|inilKiU\  liir^--. 

I'llllllM.-'^.       - 
Ciillvrinaiinisllr^'-, 
\'l  llrr.lUilll, 
ll..,.e, 

.MlllVrlliillMR'SS, 
I,lr;ilny,        - 
Hnii'Voliairi', 
CiiiHiilily,    - 
Iiuliviilu.ility, 
70 


1. 1 


I  'I 

■I.H 
■!.■> 

■I.S 
1.1 


(ll.lrr.  ....  I.J 

Siviviivnu'-is.  -  -  -  ■!.  I'l 

(    ,IUI1M11M|('>>.  -  -  -  '■'!    1 

III  sll  llillV.iir^s.  -  •  •  .'."-'l 

CollllMlUi'lH'^--,  -  -  -  i-l-' 

lii'liv'jliialily  I"  I'lnliipri'-riiilivciioss.  7..' 

(■|>ni|i;in--iiii  III  L'ciiiiTiiir:iii',riir;-s.     -  i'-7 

(■;llllinu^ll.-s^  |iM';iiilinllMir-.S,  -  "i.Vi 

lil.aliiy  In  lilralily.  -  -  -  1.71 

Srrlr||\rlir-s  l.i  >,vn  Uvi'lli'S^,  -  li. 

|)i'>li'urlivriicss  III  llc■~ll■U(■ll^^lu'^s,  -  'i.  I 

CunilMlivi'iii'SS  to  coiiib;ilivciii'Ss.     -  .'i..; 

('iiinlnirliWiiess  I.I  i.'Oii>lru(iivelirss,  -l.ii 

(!an>;iliiv  to  causulilv,  -  -  -M 


ns 


CHAMA   AMKHK  ANA. 


I.'l  Alr'll  IhllM  IMIIIIilll    III  I'.UIIli'll, 

•'.li'l  '  ItiMli'Vi'Irlli  1',  • 

N'rIH'l.llliill, 

I        1  - 

'■^       I        "  ;       '  ^l|■|liM^^■., 

I        ^  '-   I 

-;  :   •  (  llll-n^lll|llll^i|r■•s, 


II. '5 
I.J 
\.r, 
1.7 
l.:i 
\.} 


Si|pr;l-.Mli.   liir.'llllrM  III  i';lll~:ilily, 

.M.Miii-ic>iii|iiir.il  liiir, 

lllli'l-s|i|li'lliM(l,il    hue  OVrl    lillcillllij 

or'.;. Ills,     .... 

Illlrl  .s|il|rn.iii|,ll   lull'  (H,  I   |iiTrr|ilH  !■ 
MIL'. Ill-,       .... 
.Melius  111  (■;llllliill'.|lr-i,  .  -  ,I,M  -  -  ■. 

'I'llc     illli  I'lLlI    (Mlliicitv  III'   lliis  «ku||   is  It.'i.,")  Cllllic   illl'llrs  ;    |||i'  rjHtJIl'il}'   III'    (lie 

(•orimMJ  I'cuiiiii  21..',">  Cllllic  iiiclns;   Incial  iiii;j,ic,  S7  . 

On  ciiiiipai'iiii;  IIum;  iin  ,i»iiiTiiuiits  \>itli  tlm-i'  nl  IIh'  .Vinrricin  skulls  a.s 
cxiiiliitfd  ill  Dr.  iMiiiliin'"!  ImMo.  llic  ililli  riiiccs  will  lie  seen:  nr  hv  i  mnpaiiiii; 
the  (liiiinisiims  III'  this  Swiss  skull  as  tliiv  appear  to  llic  eye  in  llie  plalc  with 
lliiisc  III'  the  iiilier  skulls  (l(  line  iteil  ill  this  wiii'k.  all  liiiiii!;  ilrawii  as  hirnc  as 
nature,  their  lelaliM    prnpiiiliiiiis  will  liecmne  a|i|iai'int. 

.\s.  hiiweviT.  ilitli  rent  parts  df  the  hraiii  iiiaiiil'i'^t  liill'ereiit  imiital  laciilties. 
the  miiiiid  oliject  in  sIikIuii.;  iiitiimal  ciMiiia  is  to  jiiil'j.<'  nl  tin'  ^l/r  nl  the 
(lilli'ieiil  parts  III'  the  hrain  in  irlatiiin  tn  each  ntln  r.  'I'liis  is  inilis|ieiisaMe  In  a 
ciirt'cct  eliiciilati'in  nf  nieiital  cliaractei'  as  iiiilicalid  liy  the  lirain  :  lint  the  limits 
til  which  1  am  ciiiirineil   pre\eiit   me    rmm   enteiiiej;  intu  minute   detail.      I.  then- 

I'lin  .  ('I inline  in_\  sell    In  a   lew    ililicliniis  I'lip  esliiiiatim;'  the  si/e  111'  each  111'  the  three 

ureal  leniiiijs  (if  tlie  liraiii — tiial  which  is  the  si  at  nf  llie  iiitellectnal  lacnlties;  that 
which  is  Ihe  sr.il  III'  the  mural  anil  reli^imis  s(  ntinieiits  :  aiul  that  which  is  the 
seat  III  the  animal  piupeiisiiies.  and  nf  the  seiiliinents  ciimmnii  III  man  and  the 
liiwi  r  animals. 

Isl.  'I'lie  anteriiir  hdie  nf  the  hi'iiin  i^  the  -fi\t  eiiii  lly  nf  the  intclleclnai 
pnwiTs.  The  jnwer  ridu,!'.  aiiil  tile  miiliile  pi  I iieniliciil.il'  |iiiiliiin.  manirest  the 
faculties  whicii  iiliseive  iiiiiri'ls  that  exist,  llieii'  iiualitirs,  arliniis.  and  physical 
relalinns.  'The  ii|iiier  aiiteriur  ridi^e  manil'ists  the  pnwei's  which  ciimpare.  nllcct. 
I'stiniate    causes,  ami   draw    inferences.      Tlu'  siiperinr    hurizunhil   piirtiiin   nf  the 

iinterinr   Inlie   mailil'esis   snnie   nf  the   llinral   seiilimeuls. 

The  anierinr  lulu  rests  nu  tile  super-niliit  ir  plates,  and  tliese  jilales  indicate 
its  hriifillt  frnm  side  in  side,  and  its  lenntii  fmni  i'rnnt  tn  hack.  The  hniullli  cm 
lie  estimated  liy  nu  ills  iil  callipers  applied  In  tile  iNlelinr  nf  the  skull,  .it  the 
pnint  where  tile  super-nrhitar  plate  readies  eicli  side.  A.  Plate  LWI.  The  liuiilk 
it^  tlie  siiper-nrliilir  plate,  and  nf  the  ,  •  'erinr  Inhe.  frnm  Irniii  to  hack,  inav  he 
iiid'j:ed  nf,  lint  with  iiial lii'iiiat ical  accuracy,  lint  tn  a  decree  (dnsely  apprii.viinatirii; 
In  truth,  liy  measiiriie^  the  distance  In  wliicli  the  sj^nll  exiends  I'nrward  from  the 
pnint  A   In    li  nil  tile   superciliary   riiliie.      Tile   pnint  \  is  Incaled    in   the  jniddle 


AIM'KNDIX. 


370 


li.i 
I.. I 
I. II 

1.7 
1..' 


Icctllill 
■>l    (lie 

IVsicill 

rillccl. 
of  (lie 


«|lili'r  liclwriri  llir  ril.;r  III'  llii'  siillll'i'  iil'  llii'  rrii|il;il  liiilli'  iillil  llir  ril;.'!'  iil'  llir 
>i|ll;ili|iiMs  '•liliii'i'  III  llir  lrni|iiir:ll  Imllr,  wllrl'c  llirir  Umi  ;i|i|i|'iiiU'll  llriin">l  In  ilicll 
iillii'i.  nil  llir  |il;iiii' III'  till  Mijii  I'i'iliMi'v  I'lili;!'  Oil  r\;iiiiiriiii'^  a  iMiinlii  r  III'  ii|irii 
"kiilN.  I  Iliiil  tli.'it  a  Hill'  I'liii  ilin  rllv  ai-i'<i-«i  llir  "Knll  li'mii  llii'  |iiiiiil  \  mi  niu  >iilr. 
Ill  till' ('iii'ri'x|i<iniliiiu;  |i<iiiit  nil  tlii'  iillui.  mi  llu-  saiiii'  jivil  uilii  tlir  sii|iiri'iliary 
riil'j;r».  cniiifiili'-*  cliisilv  willi  liif  traiisvriM!  |tnsli'iiiii'  inariiiii  nl'  Ilii'  xii|iir-mliilar 
|ilat>  <i.      ir  a    pcrpriiiliiMiia'.'   liiir   lir   (irii|i|ii'(l   I'niin  llu     |iiiiiil    \.  wlnii  llir  a\i»  nl' 

llli'  I  yi'  is  |iarallil  (n  llu  plailr  n|'  ||ir  |inli/,mi.  il  will  lir  Inliiiil  In  cnilicidi'  cliiM  ly 
willl     llic    IIMkI     jirnji  rlilli;'    |ininl   nl'    llir    zyi;n||ial  ic    aicll  :    anil    as    (his  |iii||   n|'    llir 

zyunmalic  aicli  can  \u  Jilt  in  llir  //>/'//:.'■  licail.  it  all'niils  ;i  nnaiis  nl' aii|nrcialiiiu; 
llir  Irli'^lll  nl'  tlir  aillrlinr  jnlir  in  living  |irrsnl|s.  'I'lir  ni,i«ks  nf  Napolrnn  and 
C'annva  sjinw  very  Imii;  aiilrrinr  Inlirs  uliiii  iiicasiirnl  aci'nnlinn  In  l|ii>  rnlr. 

'I'lir //(/:,'•/(/ nl"  the  aiilninr  jnlir.  sn  I'ar  as  il  nianirr^ls  llir  inlrlli  cliial  lacnlliis. 
may  lir  rslinialnl  liy  a  linr  drawn  I'lniii  II  mi  llir  >ii|irrriliai'y  ridi;r.  In  a  jininl 
alinilt  a  l|liai'lrr  III'  an  inch  almvr  llir  nnlrr  n|'  nssiiicalinn  n|'  llir  rrnnlal  linnr  I). 
i'lalr  l,\\l.  'I'llr  |inin|  111' ns>irKMtiiin,  I).  Ill'  llir  I'liilllal  linnr  cnrirslimids  In  llir 
criltlr  111'  llir  iiri;an  nl   cail-ality  n]\  racli  »idr. 

'I'llr  spacr  illfllldcd  in  1),  A.  I?,  dninlrs  tlir  diinrll-inlis  111"  llir  aiilrrinr  jnlir 
ilrvnlrd  In  inli'llcct   ill  tlir  Swiss  <kllll. 

'riir  si/r  of  llir  (iru;aiis  dcMitrd  In  llir  nmral  Miiliniruts  may  lir  rstimatcd  as 
I'nilnws.      'I'lirsc  ofi^aiis  lir  in  tlir  cni'nnal  1 1  'j;inn  III'  till'   Iliad  :  and  \vlirn    the  axis 

nf    llir    i\r    is    parallrl    willl    llir    jilailr  nl     llir    linli/jill.  a  llnii/,niil;il  lilir  »llrtrlird 

arrnss  llir   I'mrhrad   at    llir   snprrinr   cdurs  nl'   llir  ni;;;ins  111'  cansality  and   drawn 

liackwaill    till     it    tnindl    tlir    slljii  rinr   djiirs    nl'    tlir    nruall^  11''    railtinllsiirss.  wnnld 

Iravr  all  tlir  nmral  m-i;aiis  alinvr  il.  and  llir  mi;ans  nl'  Ihr  piii|iriisilirs  rnnimnn  tn 
mail  and  tlir  jnsvrr  animals,  liidnw  nr  lirhiml  il.  'Tlir  crntic  nl'  nsNilicatinii  nl' 
rach  pai'irtai  Imnr.  C.  is  tlir  crntrr  nf  llir  niiian  nf  iMiiliniisiirs^. 

I  liavr  drawn  a  liin  I'liuii  tlir  criilrr  nf  nssjlicalinii  in  llir  fi'mital  limir.  I),  In 
tlir  crnli'r  i){'  nssiiicalinn  in  llir  parietal  linnr.  C  (llir  I'rnlrrN  nf  raiisalily  and 
cantiniiMirss  rrsprclivrly.)  nil  till'  Swiss  >kull.  and  assiimr  all  thr  rrninn  almvr  this 
linr.  nr  thr  space  included  in  V..  C.  I),  tn  iiianii'i  ^1  tlir  iiimal  sintimriils. 

'I'lle  space  K.  C'.  K.  drnnlrs  the  seal  nf  the  iirnalis  ni  M'lf-rslrrm.  Inve  nf 
apprnliatinn,  and  cantinnsness.  C  hriiiii  in  thr  crntrr  nf  cantiniisiir>s.  'riiesr  three 
scutiments  are  commmi  In  man  with  the  Inwer  aniinals.  Srlf-estrrm  and  Invc  nf 
apprnliatinn.  take  their  direclinii  fnun  the  iirednminant  faculties  with  which  they 
arc  cnniliiued  in  the  individual.  If  we  lind  thrni  cnmhinrd  with  a  hi;;h  cnnnial 
reninn.  they  will  assist   the    ninral  senliinrnts.     If   Ihrv  hr  cniiiliincd  with   thr 


280 


CRANIA  A:\IEniCA\A. 


foidiial  rciiioii  small,  ami    tlif  liasc  t,(  \hv  bniiii  (the  nrnaiis  iyiiii;-  IilIow  !-'.  C.  I).) 
laruc  tlicy  will  nivf  an  increased  stiiniihis  In  the  animal  I'eelinns. 

Tile  fiilliiwimr  fitriiic.s  will  serve  as  adilitional   illuslialinns  nf  lliese  nieasiire- 
menls. 


I'l;;.  I.— (i.nninii^ 
i' 


"^^  (€' 


1-V.  ^.-MlM' 


,-'"■, 

.\.\\ 

\  , 

Ji>. 

/ 

/ 

^ 

■  .-- 

•a; 

\ 

o 

\ 

7^ 


Fiii'.  1  re]ire-en1s  llic  head  III' (i<selie  .Mart;antlie  (idltlVird.  wild  wa^  exeented 
at  IJi'enieii  ill  isjs.  |';ir  |iiii-iiiii|n-.  in  cdld  lihiod.  diiriii:;'  a  suceessiun  (d' vear>.  imth 
her  pareiiN.  her  t'nnc  {diildreii.  her  first  and  seeond  hnshanil>.  ml  alidul  si,\  ethei' 
iiuli\  idii.ils. 

The  line  A  15  cdinmenee--  at  the  dr^ian  nf  eausalify  IJ.  ami  passe^^  tliiMii^h 
tile  middle  df  eantidll>-iiess.  |  >.  'I'jieve  |)iiints  al'e  in  ueiieral  ^nllieiellt  ly  dis- 
tiiiLiiii^hahle  dii  the  skull,  and  llie  line  can  (a^il\  he  traced.  The  cdn\(ilntidns 
lyinn'  ahdVe  the  line  A  \\  ninst  have  hicn  -liallnw  and  sinall.  cuinpared  with  tliose 
hiddw.  whicdi  are  devdted  td  the  animal  jiVdpi  ii'-ilie^. 

V\'l.  l  is  a  sl-cetcli  df  the  In  ad  df  a  Ni';:i'd  calh  il  I'.n^lache.  who  was  a^  mmdi 
di-'liiiiiiii-lied   for  hii;li    nidralily  and    practical   lienevdience.  ;;•.  (idtlfried  \\a^  fur 

dellcieney  df  tlle^e  l|nalities.  DnrinLi  the  ma'-sacre  nf  the  whiles  hy  the  NcLirocs 
in  SI.  Ddiniiii;'!).  JMistaidie.  wliili'  in  the  capacity  (d'  a  ^lave.  ^a\ed.  hy  his  address. 
cdiira:;e  and  de\-dtidn.  the  live>  el'  his  master  anil  njiwards  of  four  hundred  nthcr 
while--,  at  the  daily  ri-'k  nf  lii>  nwn  ^al'ety.  'I'hr  line  A  15  is  drawn  IVdin  causality 
15.  lhrdn'.;h  canlidiisin  ss.  i  .> ;  and  the  lireal  si/.i'  (d'  the  cdn\dliiliiiiis  of  the  iiidral 
sentiments  may  he  jiidu'ed  df  liMm  the  -pace  lyini;'  hetweeii  lliat  line  and  the  tnj) 
(d'  the  head  C. 

Ijdth  id'  the  -kelclie-.  are  drawn  iVdin  hn-ts.  and  the  cdii\iihilidns  are  tilled  in 
siippii-ilivi  ly  fur  the  sake  nf  illnstratidn.  The  depth  df  the  cnnvidiitidiis.  in  hdih 
cut-',  is  greater  than  in  nature,  tliid  the  cdiilra-t  may  he  rendered  the  imire  por- 
ceptilde.  It  will  he  kept  in  miiid.  that  1  am  here  im  rely  leaidiini;'  rules  for 
idisei\inu  head-,  and  imt  pidvin;;-  particular  I'aids.  The  -paces,  linwcvcr.  hetwccii 
the  liiu'  ,\  ]J  and  the  top  nf  the  head,  arc  accurately  drawn  to  a  scale. 


APPENDIX. 


281 


l)i'.  Al)r;iiu  Cox  lins  siiijij^cstcd,  (liat  (In  size  of  llic  ('oiivolutions  wiiicli  con- 
stitute tlu^  oi'u;aii>  of  scll'-cstccin,  love  ol'  a|)i)rol)ation.  eonceiitrativpiiess,  adlietsivc- 
iiess,  and  i)liiloi)ro;;ciiitivi'iiess.  may  l)e  estimated  l)y  tiieir  projection  heyond  a  liase 
formed  liy  a  plane  passim;-  tliroii;;li  the  centres  ol'  the  two  or;;iins  ol'  cautiousness 
and  till'  spinous  jn'ocess  ol'  the  occipital  hone,  He  was  led  to  this  conclusion  hy 
a  minute  examination  of  a  ureat  number  of  the  s'uulls  in  the  collection  of  the 
JMn'euoloi;ical  Society.  A  section  of  this  plaiu'  is  represented  hy  the  lines  C  1). 
in  Fiijs.  1  and  .'. 

To  delermiue  the  si/e  of  the  convolutions  lyiuii  in  the  lateral  rei;ions  of  the 
head.  Dr.  Cox  proposes  to  iniaiiine  two  vertical  planes  jjassim;'  through  the  ori;ans 
of  cau--ality  in  t'ach  hemispliere.  aud  dii'ectly  backwards,  till  eacli  meets  the  outer 
Iiorder  of  the  point  of  insertion  of  tlu'  trapezius  muscle  at  the  hack  of  the  neck. 
'I'he  more  the  lateral  convolutions  project  beyouil  tiiesc  |)lanes.  tlu^  larger  do  the 
organs  in  the  sides  of  the  head  ap|iear  to  be — namely,  eonibativene-s.  destructive- 
nes-..  secretiveness.  cautiou>ni  ^s.  ac(|uisitiveness.  and  coustructivencss:  also,  to  some 
extent,  tune,  idealitv.  wit.  and  mimber. 


I',^,.n,— Civ.iMi-l:. 


<!   I 


■■i^- 


I'l-.   I.-C.nn.ii: 


^  f  ^   i 


Kiu;.  3  represents  a  horizontal  section  of  the  skull  of  a  Cini;alcse.  the  lines  1} 
'1'  beiiin'  sections  of  the  planes  above  described.  Fit;'.  1  represents  the  same  sectiim 
of  tile  skull  of  (iottfried.  the  h male  poisoner  already  referred  to.  The  lateral 
expansion  of  tlie  iiead  beyond  tlu:  lines  IJ  T  in  V\%.  ■!.  forms  a  sfrikim;-  contrast 
with  the  size  of  the  sanu'  rci^ions  in  Fii;'.  :i.  'I'Ih-  Cingalese  are  a  tribe  in  C(ylon. 
and  in  disjiosjiion  are  remarkalif>'  mild  and  paeilic. 

Dr.  Cox  s\iggests  farther,  that  the  size  of  the  conv(dutions  lying  at  the  base 
of  the  brain,  may  be  esiimated  by  their  projection  below  a  plane  passing  tlinuigh 
the  superciliary  ridges  and  the  occipital  spine,  (D  E.  Fig.  I.  and  D.  Fig.  2.)  and 
by  o!)serving  the  distance  at  which  the  opening  of  tlie  ear.  the  mastoid  process, 
and  other  points  of  the  base  of  the  skull,  lie  below  that  plani'. 
71 


2S-2 


CRANIA  AMERICANA. 


'I'lic  ininilicr  ol'  national  crania  aci't'ssiblc  (o  any  individnal  is  ciiiiiparalivcly 
>niall,  and  liic  conclii^idns  wliicii  can  in'  drawn  Ironi  tlicni  nni>t  lie  pruportidnally 
inipcrlcct.  I.  Ilicrelorr.  stale  tlic  lollowinii;  dcdnclions.  nut  as  ascertained  scienlitic 
results.  l)nl  as  tlinse  tn  \^hicll  I  liave  heen  led  by  sncli  lads  as  have  liitlierln  fallen 
nnder  my  (d)servali()n. 

1.  Tlie  iii</(ji<iii/iiirc  (if  any  lril)e  or  nalidn.  Ilial  is  In  say.  its  freedom  from 
loreiiiii  \oke.  is  tlie  result  of  a  larne  development,  of  llie  oinans  of  self-esteem. 
lirmiie>s.  Mild  cmnliativeuess  or  de^tnutiveness.  in  tlio  majority  of  the  penjde. 

Iiiili/K  iii/(iir(  n(  a  foreinn  yoke  may  lie  aciiieved.  //V.sV///.  by  suhiiiitlini;  to 
exlerniiliatiou    in    pi-eference  to  suhji  I'tioii:    m-  src(iii<//i/.  Iiy  Nliccesvfli!  >ell'-defelice. 

The  former  (iniiep(  luhliee  !ilailltaine;l  at  tlie  expense  of  exiNleiice)  is  the 
re-iilt  of  a  comhiiKilinn  in  wliicli  llu'  organs  of  self-esteem,  lii'inness.  ('(unlialivcness 
and  di-trueliveiie-v  nw  /ihis.  and  the  moral  and  iiitenretnal  oriiaiis  iuinu>:  and  the 
;iun|'ro;ale  si/r  of  the  whole  liraiu  is  minus,  in  the  nation  which  is  exterminated, 
compared  with  that  of  the  "ilinn  which  attacks  it.  'The  Carihs  and  the  li'o(|Uois 
Indians,  (see  IMales  WWII  miuI  liXI\'.)  for  example,  have  never  Iieen  siihdued 
hy  the  Aiiiihi  Saxnii  race,  liut  iia\c  slrrnly  maintained  their  iiiihpiiid(  nee.  They. 
how e\ir.  have  noi  heen  able  to  sustain  tlieiiiseUes  as  independent  eommnnilies 
possessing- thiiiiiw  11  territories :  but  ha\e  either  iieen  exterminated  or  removed 
into  distant  re^iious.  They  h.ive  reeedeil  before  the  superior  strenii'th.  combination, 
and  skill  di'  tiieii'  invaders,  lint  never  bowed  the  iieek  and  became  (piietly  subjecl 
to  till  ni.      Tiir  coiiihination  now  mentioned  occurs  in  their  brains. 

Iik/ijii  iii/i  iici  sii'iira/  III/  xiicr(>is:fii/  silf-iltj'i  iin .  is  tlie  aceompanimeni  of  an 
aiit:re;;ate  size  of  brain,  auiinal.  moi-al  and  inlelbetnal.  etpial  to  that  of  llu  invading 
nation.  Tlie  Araueanians.  (I'lales  lA  \  1.  L.W  II.  IA\  III.)  in  South  America, 
and  the  Swiss  in  Kiirope.  (I'iale  L.Wl.)  all'ord  examples  of  this  I'emai'k. 

/'( niiiiiK III  xiilijitruiit  In  II  J'lirii^n  i/nki.  is  the  result  of  an  inferior  ai;';;reu;alc 
devi  lopment  of  brain,  animal,  moral  and  iiitt  lleclual,  in  the  people  subdued,  to 
that  possessed  by  the  eoni[Uerini;'  tribe:  but  with  the  moral  and  iiitidleclnal  orijaiis 
lai^Ljer  in  tlie  subdued  people  in  proportion  to  the  orirans  of  conilialiveness.  deslrnc- 
tiveiu-^s  anil  self-esteem,  than  they  exist  in  tribes  \vbi(di  prefer  extermination  to 
suiiinission.  Tjie  l'eru\ians  and  Mexicans,  sul  dued  by  the  Spaniards,  and  the 
Hindoos  subdued  by  tile  iirilisji  in  India,  all'ord  examples.  In  them  the  airiireijatc 
si/.e  of  the  wlnde  brain  is  less  than  the  ai;i;renate  size  of  the  whole  brain  in  the 
Spaniards  and  English:  but  in  them  also  the  moral  and  intellectual  regions  of  tlie 
brain  are  larger  in  proportion  to  the  animal  region,  than  in  the  Caribs  and  the 
Iroiiuois   Indians.     The  increased   size  of  the  moral  and   intt  llectnal   regions  in 


APPENDIX. 


283 


proportion  (o  llif  luiiinal  rci^ioii.  nivcs  docility,  while  the  dcficieney  in  !i<;i!;regate 
.size  is  iicconipiinied  hy  leehlcness  of  eharacter. 

Imlvpnutrnvc  accompanied  hy  ririlisn/ion.  is  the  result  of  lavi;(^  aiinrenate  size 
of  hrain.  with  tiie  intellectual  organs  well  develo))t'd.  and  the  intellectual  faculties 
cultivated. 

liii/ipcndnici.  cirilisa/ion.wud  jxililifiti frrrdom.  are  the  results  of  larite  a™'re- 
gate  size  of  brain,  the  moral  and  intellectual  regions  pridominating  in  the  majority 
of  the  people,  aided  hy  long  cultivation.  This  conihination  characterises  tiie 
British.  Anglo-Americans,  and  Swiss. 

Among  the  native  tribes  of  Norlii  America,  tlie  Clierokees  and  Chip[ie\vays 
have  made  the  greatest  advances  towards  civilisation:  and  the  coronal  and  int(d- 
leclual  regi(Uis  in  tlieir  brains  ai'c  lari^er  in  proportion  to  thai  of  tlie  animal 
propensities,  than  in  tiie  brains  of  liie  llui'oiis  and  otlur  tribes  which  ha\i'  con- 
stantly receded  before  the  JMn'opeans.  These  trilii's  have  preserved  their  ilide- 
pendener.  and  the  aggregate  size  of  tiieir  brains,  intduiling  the  animal,  nioial  antl 
intellectual  regions,  is  larger  tlian  that  of  the  Peruvians  of  the  Inca  race,  who 
liave  submitted  to  suiijcetioii.  and  larger  tiian  that  of  tlie  Hurons  who  have  icsisteil 
subjection,  but  been  extci'iiiinated. 

As  the  present  work  may  C(mie  into  the  possessiim  of  readers  wiio  have  not 
ready  access  to  tlir  coninion  Phrenoliii;ical  works,  1  subjoin  a  drawing  ol'  liie  skull 
liaviu'^-  the  organs  marked  on  it,  I'late  LXXl.  and  a  table  of  the  functions  of  the 
organs. 

The  organs  are  divided  into  oi'ders  and  genera  as  follows: 

OWDKR    I.— FEELINGS. 

Genus  1.   PHOPENSITIES— rWw/»r/H  h,  Man  with  llir  Loirir  .Iniinuh. 
*1.   AM.vrn  I'.M.ss — produces  sexual  love. 
'2.   Piiii.oei!(H;i;Mri\  r..\Ess. —  Csoi;  All'ection  for  young  and  tender  beings. — 

.Ihitsrs:  Pampering  and  sixiiling  children. 
3.  Co^('r.^•ruv■rl^r,N^.ss, —  I'srs:  It  givi>s  the  desire  of  permanence  in  place. 

and  renders  permanent,  emotions  and  ideas  in  the  mind. — Jhxm.s:  .\ version 

to  move  abroad:    mori)id   dwelling  on  internal  emotions  and   ideas,  to  the 

neglect  of  external  impressions. 
'1.  Aimr.siM-.Ne.ss. — I'.srs:  Attachment;  friendship  and  society  result  from  it. 


riiesi'  miiuliers  R'l'oi'  lo  tiie  conespiimliiit'  munliLTS  on  I'latu  LXXI. 


284  CRANIA  AAIHKICANA. 

— J/iii.sis:  Cl;iiisliip  fur  imprDix  r  objects.  nUacliimiit  to  worllilcss  indi- 
viduals.    It  is  iiciuniliy  stronn;  in  uormii. 

5.  C(»MiiATni;Ni>s.— Ak.v;  t'onranv  to  meet  daniicr  and  overcome  dilliciillies. 
tendency  to  opjiose  ;ind  attack  wliatever  reiiniivs  opposition,  and  resist 
unjust  (■ncn):iciinients.--.y/;„.sr,v.-  Love  of  ciuitention.  and  tendi  ncv  to 
prnvoive  and  assault.  'I'liis  IVelini;  obviously  ndapts  man  to  a  uoild  in 
Avhicli  danger  and  dilliculty  alimnul. 

C.  l)i>Ti!i  cincM  s>. —  I'sLs:  Desire  to  destroy  noxious  objects.  ;hi(I  to  kill 
lor  tood.  11  is  very  diseeruilile  in  carnivorous  (mimals. — . y/<».ve.v .•  Crneltv. 
min-der.  desire  to  torment,  tendency  to  passi,,n.  ra^c  and  liMrsbiu  ss.  and 
severity  in  siieecii  and  wriliiin'.  Tliis  leelin-  places  man  in  barmony  witb 
deatli  and  d-siniclion.  w  liicli  are  woven  into  tbe  sysieni  of  sublunary 
cre.ition. 

^'rne.  i.i)\  i;  or  i.irr;. 

I'AiMT.Tiri;  roii  ro(M).— /  w.v.- Nntrition. —  lliii.sif:  (iluttony  and  drunken- 
ness. 

7:  Si:(ni'.TiM-,M.s«._rs7.s.-  Tendency  to  restrain  witliin  tlie  mind  tiie  various 
emotionsand  i(b'Mstlial  inviduutariiy  present  tbemselves.  until  tile  jud-nH'Ut 
has  approved  nf  nivin-  them  utteraiu^e:  it  is  simjiiy  the  propensity  to 
t-nnccai.  and  is  an  iu-redient  in  prnilence. —  l/msis.-  t'unuin-  deceit, 
duplicity,  ami  iyini;. 

■s.  A(  ()Ms||im;m.,^._/-,,.,,.  i),,,i,.,,  ,,,  pii-.ess.  and  tendency  to  accumulate 
articles  of  utility,  to  provide  a-ainst  want.— .7A//.S7,s.-  Inordinate  desire  of 
l)ro])erly.  selllsinnss.  avarice,  theft. 

9.  Cons  rill  (rn  CM. s-.—  r.sY.v.-  Desire  to  build  and  construct  ^vorks  of  art.— 
J/iii.sis.-  Const, -uci ion  of  eniiiues  to  injiuv  or  destroy,  and  labrication  of 
objects  to  deceive  inaidvinil. 


(ieiius  II.  SENTIMENTS. 

I.    Snitii)ini/s  inniiiKin  la  Man  (tuil  llir  Loirir  Jniiiiiih. 

10.  SRi,r-r.sTnc.M.~/:sv,v,-  Self-resp,.cl.  sell-interest,  love  of  independence,  per- 
sonal di-nity.— .//,».v,,v.-  Pii.le.  disdain,  overwcenin-  conceit,  excessive 
s(dlishness.  Iiive  of  dominion. 

11.  Lovr,  oi'  vi'i'iiouArioN.— r.sY.v.-  Desire  of  the  esteem  of  others,  love  of 
praise,  desire  of  fame  or  -lory. —  J/nm.s:  Vanity,  ambition,  thirst  for  praise 
independently  of  praise-worthiness. 


APPENDIX. 


285 


11.  C\iri(ii-sNi'.ss. —  I'si'.i:  It  nivcs  oriniii  Id  llic  st'iitiiiicnt  of  (aw.  llic  desire 
t(t  shun  ilaii;j;er.  aiul  circmiispeclioii:  and  it,  is  an  ingredient  in  iirndence. 
,lhiis(s:  Excessive  timidity,  pidlrooneiy,  nni'mmded  apprelien-ions.  de- 
spondency, melanchiily. 

13.  BKM'.vm.i'.N<:r,. —  ('i(x:  Desire  of  tlic  happiness  of  olliers.  universal  charity, 
mildness  of  disjxtsilion.  and  a  lively  synipatliy  with  the  enjoyinenl  id"  all 
animated  beings, — .Ihii.srs:  Profusion,  injurious  indulgence  of  the  appe- 
tites and  fancies  of  otlu'rs,  prodigality,  facility  of  temper. 


II.    Sniliiiitiitu  jimixr  Id  .\f<ni. 

11.  Vr.Nr.ii.vrioN-. —  rvf.v;  'I'endei.cy  to  venerate  or  respeci.  whatever  is  great 
and  good;  gives  origin  to  religious  adoration. — .lliiisi.s:  Senseless  respect 
for  unworthy  ohjects  consecrated  liy  time  or  situation,  love  of  anti(iuateil 
customs,  aliject  •<ul)S(  rvieiu'v  to  persons  in  aiilliority.  superstitious  awe. 

15.  FiuMM-.ss. —  /'s7v.-  Determination,  perseverance,  steadiness  of  purpose. — 
.lliiis/.i:   Stuldioi'uness.  inl'atuation.  tenacity  in  evil. 

Ifi.  CoN^cinsTioi  •-M'.ss. —  /'.M.S.-  it  gives  origin  to  tiie  sentiment  of  jii^tice. 
or  respect  for  the  I'igiits  of  others,  openness  to  conviction,  the  love  of 
truth. — Jliu.st.s:  Scrupuliuis  adiiereuce  to  noxioiis  principles  when  igim- 
rantly  embraced,  excessive  rehneiueut  in  the  views  of  duty  and  o!)ligation. 
excess  ill  remorse  or  self-eondenuiation. 

17.  lloer.. —  r.ve.v.-  'I'endency  to  expi'ct  future  good:  it  cherishes  faith. — 
.lliiisi.s:  Credulity  with  re-pect  to  the  attainnuut  of  what  is  desired, 
absurd  expectations  of  felicity,  not  founded  on  reason. 

IS.  WoMU'.n. —  I'sis;  The  desire  of  novelty:  admiration  id"  the  new.  the 
unexpected,  the  graiul.  tlie  wondertul  and  extraordinary. — ,lliiis(s:  hove 
of  tl\e  marvellous  and  occult:  sinseless  astimishnunt:  belief  in  faNe 
miracles,  in  prodigies,  maiiic.  ghosts,  and  other  supernatural  absurdities. — 
Adh  :  \'eneratiou.  Hope  and  Wonder,  combined,  give  the  tendency  to 
religion:  their  ab\isis  produce  superstition. 
19.  Ii>r..\i.rr\. —  ('■•us:  Love  of  the  beautiful  and  splendid,  desire  of  excellence. 
poitie  feeling. — .llw.sr.s:  Extravagance  and  absurd  enthusiasm,  preference 
of  the  showy  ami  glaring  to  the  .solid  and  useful,  a  tendency  to  dwell  in 
the  regions  of  fancy,  and  to  neglect  the  duties  of  life. 

iO.  Wrr. — Gives  the  feeling  of  the  ludicrous,  and  disposes  to  mirth. 
72 


280  CHAMA  AMKIUCANA. 

il.   Imitvi'iov. — Copies  till"  niaimiTs,  {^cstiins,  anil  actions  ol'  oUuts,  and 
appearances  in  nature  ncnnallv. 


()Hl)i:i{  II.— IN'I'ELI.HCTUAI.    FACULTIKS. 

(Jenus  1.   ij.rlvnial  Suhih. 

(ienns  11.    /uioii'iiiii-  F(inil/i(s  ir/iir/i  jirmin  l/i,   L'.ri.sfnin  and  QiiaUl'nH  of 

ilvhiiKll   Ohjicls. 

12.    IsDiMDi  Ai.ii\. — Takes  cni^nisanec  of  e\i>((  nee  and  simple  facts. 

■2i.   FoiiM. — Wtiuleis  man  oli-ervani  ol'  form. 

li.  Si/r;. — (;ives   tiie   idea  of  space,  and  eiialiles  us  to  a|)|)reciate  dimension 

and  dist;niee. 
'.!'>.   ^^  r.i(;ii  r. — ('(unmunieates    tlie    perception  of    momentum.  Meii;lit   and 

resistanei':  and  aids  e(|uiiiiirium. 
2<i.   Coi.oi(i\(.. — (lives  pereiptions  of  cidors  and  tlieir  harmonies. 

(ienus  111.     h'liiiirhiu:  FiiniHiis  irliirli  iiimirt  Ihi  lidiil  ions  af  F.rit  null  Ohjirls. 

11.    Lo(  Ai.n>. — (Jives  ijic  iddi  of  direction  in  spiu'e. 

2S    Nr.Miir.ii. — (iives  the  laleni  lor  calcnlalion. 

J'J.  Oiini'.n. — Comuuiiiieates  luve  nf  piiysjcal  arrangement. 

30.  Lvr.Nri  Al.^■^, — 'i"ai<e>  coi^nisance  of  occurrences  or  events. 
;3I.   'I'lMC. — (ii\es  I'JM'  to  IJir  perception  of  duration. 

31.  I'l  M,. — Tile  sense  ni'  uk  Iddy  and  harninuy  arises  fnun  it. 

3J.  Lan(;i  \(;i;. — (Jives  faeilify  in  acipirin-- a  kno\vledij;e  of  arliitrarv  sin-ns 
to  express  lliou-lils.  readiness  i,,  tli,.  use  of  theni.  and  tiu'  power  of 
inventim;-  and  recoileclin<r  them. 


(Jenus.  IV.    /{ijltr/hiii-  rnrulliis  irhirh  Ciniipdir.  .Iiiil^,.  ami  Di.svr'ntiiniili. 

3  1.   C  oMi'AiiisoN. — (Jives   tlie  power  of  discoveriui;-  analogies,  resemldanccs. 

and  dillerences. 
3o.   Caisalii-n. — Traces  the  dependencies  of  plienomena.  and  (he  relation  of 

cause  and  etlict. 
When  any  or<,^an  is  dencient    in  si/,,  tin-   power  (d'  manifest  ini?  the  facnltv 
attached  to  il  is  proportionally  feelde:  when   tiic  or-an  is  larjir.  it  is  powerful. 


^ 


2S7 


MODES   OF    ACTIVITY    OF    'I'HF    FACUl/riES. 


All  tlie  facilities,  when  .u'liM-  in  a  diii'  (It  ^icc.  pidihicc  itctinns  umid — jji'iipcr 
— or  necessary.  Excess  ol' activity  ami  iinprfiper  directidii  pi'dduce  abuses,  Tlie 
siiialliiess  ol"  a  particular  iiru;ai)  is  not  the  cause  of  its  jji-dduciiin'  abuses,  '{'bus. 
Iboiiuli  (he  orijaii  (if  Heiievi)leiice  be  '  nail,  this  does  not  product  cruelty,  it  will 
be  acctunpanied  with  indillerence  to  the  miseries  iil'  others.  U  may  lead  to  the 
omis>ii)n  of  duties.  \Vlien  on"  ni^Mn  is  small,  aluist  s  may  n^ult  I'rom  anotlier 
beiuij;  left  witiiout  |)roper  direction  and  rotraint.  Thus,  larne  .\c(ini-itivene>s  and 
Secretiveness.  c(unbined  with  >m;dl  Cou>eientionMMvs.  ami  delicient  rellectinu; 
faculties,  may  iiroduce  theft.  Lan;r  J)(  stnicdvem  v>.  with  small  Henevolence. 
may  produce  crui  1  and  ferocious  actions. 

livery  faculty  when  in  action,  fi'om  whatever  cau^e.  |)riHlucis  tlie  kind  of 
feelinii'.  or  forms  the  kiad  of  iileas.  alr(  ady  explained  a^  rtsultin^'  IVom  its  natural 
con^litution. 

The  I'liocuNsrrii'.s  and  Sf.ni'imi-.n  rs  e;uinot  he  (veiled  to  acti\ity  by  a  mere 
act  of  tin;  will.  We  cannot  conjure  up  the  emotion--  ol'  fear,  compassion,  or 
veneration,  by  nu'rely  willing  to  i  \|ierience  them.  These  faculties,  however, 
may  enter  into  action  from  internal  exeilement  of  the  oru;ans;  and  then  the  desire 
or  emotion  which  eacii  produces  is  e\|iei'i(nced.  whetluM'  we  will  to  experience  it 
lU'  not.  We  jiave  it  in  our  power  to  pi'rinil  or  restrain  t!ie  mauihstation  of  them 
in  the  action;  but  \ve  ha\e  no  option,  if  the  oriian  be  excited,  to  experience  or  not 
to  experience  tile  feeliuL;  itself.  There  are  times  \vlieii  we  fe(d  iiiMiluntary 
emotions  of  I'car.  or  hope.  lU'  awe.  arisinn'  in  us.  I'or  wliiidi  we  cannot  account:  and 
such  fe(din^s  depend  (Ui  the  internal  aeti\ity  of  the  ornaiis  of  tiiese  sentiments. 

In  the  s<ci)U(l  place,  these  t'aculties  may  be  called  into  action  independently 
of  the  will,  by  the  presentnieiit  of  the  external  objects  fitted  l)y  nature  to  excite 
them.  ^Vllen  an  (dijccl  in  distress  is  picsinted.  the  facultv  of  benevolence  starts 
into  activity,  and  produces  tlie  let  lings  whicli  depend  upiui  it.  In  these  cases,  the 
pow(!r  of  actinu;.  or  of  not  aetiim',  is  depeiuieiit  on  the  \vill:  but  the  power  of 
fetdini;,  or  of  not  let  liiiii'.  is  not  so. 

In  the  //(//•(/  place,  the  faculties  of  which  we  are  now  s])eakiiii;.  may  be 
excited  to  activity,  or  repressed,  iiu/incll!/.  by  an  cH'ort  of  the  will.  Thus,  tlie 
knowiiiL;  and  rellccliim  laciilties  have  the  function  of  formiiiic  ideas.  If  these 
faculties  be  employed  to  conceive  internally  the  objects  lilted  by  nature  to  excite 


JSS 


en AMA  AMHHICAXA. 


tlic  |iinpiiisili(s  Mini  xiitiiiiciits.  Ilic  latter  will  >.tMil  iiitu  iictivity  in  the  siiiif 
inaiiiu  r.  Imt  not  in  mi  pnwi  rl'iil  .1  (Icunc.  as  if  lluir  a|i|)ri)|)riiilc  olijccts  were 
(Xtcriiallv  jJicMiit.  'I'lic  vivacitv  of  tlif  I'cclini;-.  in  siicli  (mncs.  will  lie  in  iinipdr- 
•'""  til  till'  >ti(iij;tli  III'  tlic  (•(inccptiiin.  anil  the  iiicr^T  »(  tiic  jiiniicnsilii  s  and 
.scntiiiitiits  liinctiicr.  If  we  ciinriivr  inwanllv  an  niijict  in  distress,  and  lieiievn- 
l<'nc<'  lie  |iii\verl'Ml.  I'diiipassidn  will  hv  I'l  It.  and  tears  will  sonietinies  lldw  I'mni  the 
enuitidn  |iriidiK'ed.  Hence  lie  wlin  lias  any  |)rd|iensity  cir  sentiment  jireddnii- 
iiantly  active  tViini  iiiti  rnal  excitenieMt.  will  liave  liis  intellect  Ireiinently  lillcd 
Avitli  ciineeptiiins  titled  tn  iiratil'y  it. 

'rilrsc    I'aeillties    have    nut    the    attrihutes   dl'    piTCrptiiin.  Cdliceptiiin.  Mleniiirw 

iniauination  :  tliey  have  the  attiilmte  (if  scnsatimi  almie  :  thai  is  tn  sav.  when  they 
are  active,  a  sensatidii  iir  enidtinn  is  experienced.  Hence  sensatidii  is  mi  accnni- 
paniini  nt  nf  the  activity  of  all  the  facilities  which  I'erl.  and  iif  the  iiervniis  sv-tein 
in  iiriii  ral :   hut  s,  n»;itiiin  is  no  faculty  in  itself. 

The  laws  df  tlic  KsdXMM,  and  I{i.n.i-.(  ■riM,  ficulties  are  ililleiviit.  These 
faeultie-  foriii  ideas,  and  perceive  rrlatinns:  they  cnii^titute  will;  and  tliev  iiiinister 
td  the  i;ratiticatinii  i,(  the  iither  faculties  which  niily  fi  el. 

Iv/.  These  faculties,  as  well  as  the  liiriiicr.  may  he  active  iVdiu  internal  causes. 
and  then  the  kinds  „{'  ideas  which  they  are  litted  tn  fiiriii.  are  presented  invnliin- 
tarily  tn  Ihe  mind.  The  iiiiisieian  feels  the  imte-  llnwiiii;-  (in  him  iincalled  fur. 
A  man  in  whnm  .Nuiiiher  i-  powi  rful  and  active,  calculates  liy  a  natural   impulse. 

'.'(////.  These  faeultiis  may  he  exciti  d  hy  the  presentment  (if  the  external 
dhjects  lilted  td  call  them  intu  activity:  and. 

3(////.  Tiiey  may  he  excitril  tu  activity  hy  an  impulse  from  the  pnipeiisities 
(ir  sentiment-.. 

^\  hen  (  xeited  hy  the  presentment  (if  external  dhjects.  the  idijects  are  per- 
ceived, and  this  act  i>  called  I'r.iu  re  riuv.  I'erception  is  iidt  a  sejiarate  pnwei, 
hut  results  friim  the  lowest  de-ive  of  activity  of  these  faculties;  and.  if  im  idea  is 
fornieii  when  Ihe  (diject  is  preseiiti'd.  the  individual  is  destitute  of  the  power  of 
manifi-tin;;-  the  faculty  who-e  fiinclidii  is  In  ]ierceive  iilijects  (if  that  kind.  Thus. 
'.vheii  tones  are  iiroduced.  he  wlm  cammt  perceive  the  im  liidy  iif  them,  is  destiiutc 
of  the  pdwer  (if  manifest  inn-  the  faculty  of  tune.  Kach  of  Them  perfurms  percep- 
tion in  its  dwii  spliere. 

When  these  faculties  are  excited  hy  an  act  (if  the  will,  the  ide;is  which  they 
had  picvidusly  fdrnied  are  recalled:  this  act  is  named  .MiiMdin.  which  results  IVdm 
the  (irlirili/  (if  each  of  these  faculties:  hut  it  is  nii  faculty  in  itself.  '^uiie 
rememhers  music:   Individuality,  facts;  and  so  on.     Time  acting  along  with  any 


aimm:ni)ix. 


2«^0 


of  those  fiiciiltics  ii;ivcs  tlii'  inijiiissidii  (if  tlic  juuvioiix  cvixlntrr  iif  tlic  idiiis  ircullcd, 
uliii'li  iiiiprcssioii  (listiiiu;iiis|i(s  Mciiiory  finm  l'iiiici'|ili(iii  or  liii;iu,'iiinti'iii. 

Wlii'ii  llicst;  facMiltii's  nic  pnwcifully  active,  finiii  inteniiil  excileineiit.  llie 
ideas  lliev  liave  |)i'eviou>ly  formed  are  vividly  and  laiudlv  cniieeived.  and  tlie  act 
of  fonilill:',  llielll.  wllell  not  a-s(jcialed  wilil  (lie  iliipiv^sion  of  past  time,  i^  ^l\led 
CilNCI'.rilON  or    Im  Vf.lNAIION.         Kacil    eXecilles    ci'lieeplioll     ill     its    own    spileic. 

Wiieii  conceptions  of  alisent  external  idijects  lieconie  vivid  ami  permanent.  tliroU'j;li 
di^ea>e  of  tile  oriian-i.  the  individual  lielieves  in  the  aeliial  |ires.iice  of  the  ohjects. 
and  !■<  deluded  hv  plianlniiis  or  \i^iiiii>.  This  is  the  explanation  of  the  cases  cited 
in  Dr.  Ilihhert'>  work  on  Apparition^,  (iicat  -i/.e  or  di^eii^e  of  the  or'j;an  oi 
Wonder,  colilrilillte^  (specially   to  lliis  elleel. 

And.  la^th.  .Ii  in.Mr.s  r.  ill  llir  philosoiihical  >eii-i'.  Ik  loni;^  to  the  relhetimi 
faciillii>  aloiii'.  The  kiiowim;  faeuilie-  may  lie  •«aiil.  in  one  -eiise.  to  jnilne:  as. 
for  e\ample.  the  faculty  of  Tune  may  he  au:reeahly  or  di-aureeahly  allected.  and.  in 
Ihi-  wav.  niav  he  siid    to    jud'zc  of  -onniU:   !iut    judnineht.  in   the   proper   seiiM    of 

the  word,  is   a   pereepli if   relation    or  of   I'llneHs.  cir  nT   the  eoimeclion   li(t\\ein 

mean^  and  an  end.  and  it  heloiii;^  to  tln'  Vilhctiuii  facuhii  •-.  'i'he>e  faculties  have 
liereeptioii.  memory,  and  imai;ination  aKo.  lie  who  pn-ve^-es  them  powcrlully. 
peri'eives  and  com'eive'>.  reiiiemher-.  and  ima;iines.  jiroet  v-,i  s  of  deduction,  or  idea> 
of  ali^tract  relation^,  wilh  i;rial   facility. 

rruclinil  .hiilLiiiiiiil  in  the  all'air-  of  life.  depen(U  oiia  hannoiiion--  conihinrition 
of,///  the  or-an-.  part  ieulai  l_\  of  the  iimpeUMtie-- and  MUtimeiit-.  in  ju-t  jiroportions. 
ill  order  to  act  ri-htl\.  il  is  a>  neees>ai\   lo  leel  correctly  a>  to  rea-on  deeply. 

AiTi-.x  rioN  i^  not  a  faculty  of  the  mind,  hut  merely  consist-  in  a  \ivid 
application  of  tin  ficu'tii-  which  form  idea-.  Vide--  an  or-an  he  adeipiately 
po-M'sved.  the  ohject-  of  whiidi  il  taki  ••  co'.;iii-aiice  cannot  he  attended  to  hv  an 
etlort  of  till'  will.  The  iutilleelnal  imwer-  are  t^ivatly  a-i>ted  in  prmlucint; 
attention  h}   ('oiiceiitralivem-'-  and  Firmne--. 

A«s()(  i.vrioN  e\iire--e>  the  mutual  inlliience  of  the  faculticN. 

The  principle- of  A-oeiation  niu-t  he  -nuiiht  for  ill  the  c!iii>titulion  ol  the 
faculties,  and  not  in  the  n  latioii-  of  particular  idea-.  In  n-iiij;-  A<-ociation  a-  ,111 
iii-trumeiil  of  artificial  memory,  we  omilit  to  keep  always  in  view,  that  e\ery 
individual  will  a--ociati'.  with  i;reate-t  lacilily.  idea-  with  tho-e  particular  thiii,:i- 
whiidi  he  has  the  ;;reate-t  natural  facility  in  perceiving.  For  example;  he  who 
ha- Numher  most  powerful,  will  a-nciate  word-  iiio-t  ( a-ily  with  iiumher- :  he 
who  ha-  Form  nio-t  powerful,  w  ill  a-ociate  words  mo>t  ea-ily  w  ith  >liapes :  he 
who  li;is  Locality  nio-t  powerful,  will  as-ociate  word-  most  ea-i!y  with  po-ilioii: 
7! 


'2!I0 


CllANIA   AMKIMC ANA. 


Hiiil  lie  wlm  liii»  'riiiu'  l^ll^t  powii'rul.  will  asMiciatf  winds  iinot  easily  with  iimsical 

lldt.s. 

lliiicc.  alsii.  llir  iiillut'iicc  (if  assdcialiiiii  (in  our  juil'j;miiil  is  easily  accdiinted 
I'lir.  He  ill  wlioiii  N'eiieratiiiii  is  ijiiweilnl.  ami  In  wlmm  llie  iiiiai^e  of  a  saint  has 
from  iiiiaiiey  lieeii  i)reseiiteil  as  an  olijtft  di  be  venerated,  experiences  an  install- 
laiieiiiis  and  invnlnntary  eniiitiim  nl'  awe  and  re»iiect  every  lime  the  iniau;e  is 
presented  to  liini  ;  or  a  e(inee|)tiiin  nl  it  I'oriiied.  iiecause  it  i>  now  a  siu;n  wliicli 
excites  in  him  that  I'eelinu.  and  tlie  latter  excludes  the  relleetinu;  tac\dties  I'mni 
perl'ormiiii;  their  l'unction^.  lleiiir.  until  we  can  hnak  this  association.  ;ii»d 
prevent  the  conception  o|'  the  iniaiic  iVoni  operatin;;  as  a  -ii;n  to  excite  the  I'aculty 
of  NCnrration  into  activity,  we  >liall  never  succeed  in  hriniiini;  his  \inderstandini; 
to  examiiH'  into  the  real  attrihnti  ^  of  the  ohject  itxll'.  and  to  perceive  its  want  of 
every  (|nality  that  ouiiht  justly  to  ])e  viiieiati  d. 

Thus,  tlu'  ;is>(iei:itions  which  mislead  the  juilnmeul  and  pei|)etuate  prejiulices. 
are  associations  of  words  or  thini';s  w  ith_/M////i^'.s  or  .smliiiKiilfi.  and  not  associations 
nil  rely  ol  ideas  \\  ith  ideas, 

I'l.i.A-i  lie.  and  I'.vi.s.anil  aUo  ./(/(/and  (Iriif.M'v  allections  of  the  mind  arisiiiu; 
Irom  the  exircis.'  of  every  laculty.  I!vi  r}'  faeiilty.  when  in(liil:;ed  in  its  natural 
action,  fills  pliasine:  when  disaiiiceahly  ali'ected.  feels  jiain:  conseiiuently  the 
kinds  (if  |)aiu  and  pleasure  are  as  numerous  as  the  faculties. 

l'\-«i.>N  is  the  hinhest  dei;ree  of  activity  of  any  facidty.  and  the  passions  are 
as  diHtr/nt  as  the  faculties:  Ihus.  a  passidu  I'or  ulm-y  is  the  result  of  i;reat  enerny 
and  activity  of  the  faculty  of  Lidu  iif  .IjijtrdlHiliuii:  a  passimi  (or  money,  of  .Irijinsi- 
liriiiiss;   ;i  jiassinn  for  music,  of  '/'inn;  a  passion  for  meta|ihysics.  of  ('(iiisdlitij. 

S\Mi'\irn  is  not  a  laculty.  nor  is  it  s\  iiiiii\  miius  \\  ith  moral  a|>prohation. 
'['lie  same  notes  sininded  hy  ten  instruments  of  the  same  kind,  harnmnise.  hicnd 
softly  tii'.^(  till  r.  and  form  one  |ieal  of  melody.  The  cause  of  this  is  to  he  found 
in  the  siinilarily  of  the  coiistilntion  and  stale  of  the  strings.  Kaeh  faculty  of  the 
human  mind  has  a  s|i(cific  constitution:  and.  in  virtue  of  it.  produces  specific 
kinds  of  feeliii'.;s.  {ir  iii'iifiiiates  or  sii.j;m(.v|>;  s|ieeilic  kinds  of  ideas:  and  wherever 
similar  faculties  are  active  in  diliirent  individuals,  similar  fei  lim;s  are  cxiierienced 
hy  each,  and  similarity  of  fei  lim;  is  sympathy. 

Synipalhy  is  not  synonymous  with  moral  approhalion.  \Ve  (//(/*/V(/v of  tlu^ 
actions  produced  hy  the  lower  faculties  nf  others,  only  when  these  are  guided  hy 
the  faeiiities  proper  to  man:  we  iie\er  ajijirove  of  Conihativeiiess.  when  induli^ed 
for  the  mere  pleasure  of  liLihliii::':  hut  wc  approve  of  the  action  of  this  t'acnlty 
when  directed  hy  justice    and    understandiiii^.      \Ve   ap|irovc  of  the  action  of  the 


AIM'KNDIX. 


291 


'•('iitiini'iils  i)ri)|)(r  to  niiin,  niiiniiii^lLil   \>itli  any  otlu  r  miptivc,  wluii  dirci'lcd  Ity 
nilimlilt'iicd  intrlh'ct. 

Habit  is  dffiiicd  to  Im'  -'a  [lowir  in  man  nl'  doiiii;  u  tliiiij;,  iic(|uit('d  by 
rrt'(|m'ntly  dniiii^  it."  Now,  bclnrc  il  caii  lie  duni'  al  all.  tlic  i'aciilty  and  <iiu;:iii  mi 
wliicii  it  depends  must  be  iiiisxsscd  in  an  available  dcf^rer;  and  tiie  niDic  pnwerful 
tlu'se  are,  Ibe  j^reater  will  be  tlie  energy  wilb  wbieli  tiie  iHissessiir  will  dn  tlie 
tiling  at  lirsl.  and  tlie  ease  wilb  uliieb  be  will  barn  Id  repeal  il.  Habit,  lliere- 
i'oi'e.  is  tbe  result  of  I'aeility  aeipiind  by  exereiso.  It  is  Ibe  organ  wbicli  ae(inires 
activity  and  superior  faeilily  in  perlorminu;  its  I'unetions,  by  being  properly  used, 
just  as  Ibe  fingers  of  a  musician  attain  increased  rapidity  and  I'aeility  ol'  motion  by 
tbe  practice  of  placing. 

Taste  is  tbe  refill  of  tin'  /lunnnniniis  iirlinn  of  tin-  faculties  generally,  in  at 
lea'^l  a  moderate  degree  of  vigor.  Tlins.  tbe  \\w^\  beautiful  poetry  is  tbat  l)y 
wbicb  graliiicatioii  is  allorded  to  tlie  bigber  senliments  and  intellectual  powers, 
witbout  Ibe  inlroduction  of  any  extravaganci'.  absurdity  or  incongruity,  to  oll'end 
any  one  of  Ibeiu.  If  Ideality  be  in  excess.  Ibis  may  produce  bombast;  if  Causality 
predominate  loo  inueii.  it  nia\  inlrnduec  miintelligiide  abstractions;  if  Wit  be 
excessive,  it  may  run  into  eoueeils.  i  pii^rauis.  and  impertinences.  A  picture  is  in 
best  taste  wben  it  (b  iiglits  tlie  Knowing  Kacnlties,  Hellection.  ami  tbe  .Moral 
Sentiments,  willmut  nlll  nding  any  of  tbem. 

(iEUHGi:  co.Miu;. 


-MAif-ii.M.i.  lI'M-i;.  I'hildilcliihitl.  .Ipnl  I.  is.l'i 


iO'i 


KXI'I.ANATIOX    Ol"    TIIK     I'LATKS. 

'■''" -'II'''  "'    ll"'  l'ii"MIM'lt:(  i:  u.i-  |i;iiiilr<l  IVmmi  Ilk  liy  ,1.  \,.;i^-|,.  iiriliiscily.  ;ullMIML■lll^lll.l 


111. I  vv.  II  Liii.wii  aiiiM.  M  ulhiM'  |i,.lii.'ii,  ss  I  ;iiii  iiKJ.'l.inl  I,. I-  III,,  pnvili' 


I 

rill'    llllln;;l;l|i|ii'.l    i'..|,y    «:is    lli;iil.'    Iiy    M ,  ^.  W  .il  vir,  .if  llll-i   ell 
111    l"i"         'rlir;il'\     IIIMJ    InallU    ,i|    llrlill.,i||,,l|.        'I'll,.    Mil, |, VI    III'   tills    |i,,|'||';ul,    () 


ll'  lll'IIIL'   It   nil   llh'.  I 


y,  11  yiiiiii','  iirlisi  cii  i-ri'ai  iirniiiisi 


ll.   <'S(ll'M(iNII.\.    U'ilS     Mil 


llliMlia  '.   .Iii.l.  ,lisliii:;iii~l„,|  111  Ills    ml,,.    ,is   ,,    «  aiiMM  aii.l  .iialiir.       Allli.li-  llir  iiiiilliHi.l,' of  linliaii 
|l,,|■llall^  will,  ll  lijM'  i',,iii.    III,. I,  r  my  11, ,1,,,.  I  kiinu   ,i|  II,,  ,,|i,.  llial  I'liil 


iiilaai'i's  iiinii'  I'liarai'U'iis  n   nails 


''■■III  ll'is.i^s.'.  II  null,   1,11,. mil.-  l.ii.li.a.l.ih.   I,,u  l,n.u-.lli,.,liill  aii,l  M.i'iiaiiL'ly  luiulisi'i'vam  rv,'. 
llir  lai-."'.  a.|iiiliii,'  n.,s,.,  ili  -  I,,  J,  ,  | \,  1,,,;,,  ,.  ||,||  |,|,,|,ili  ami  rliiii.  ami  aii^'iilai'  lar,.. 


Ill  hirrni,.,.  I,,  ih.    M  w  ai 


liny  Ml,  I,  ly  ailii,  ilial  a  ilnlhil   I IhIwitii  tlii'  (iiill 


ol    .Mi'M..,,   ami   llh'    L'r,:il    lak.s.  ,|,. ,    if,,.    |,|  iii,-i|,al    laiii'iMil   ih,.  ;/i<y((/ii/»,  ami   i s,  ,|ii,.|iiK     ||„ 

|i|nbal.l,.  ail,  I,  111    s,.uls  ,i|    ih,.    'I'.ill,.,.;!!!   till.,  s    III    lliiil    |V-|,,||. 

I''ii''  1.  IjiiImIiii'   III,   111  liiiii  ilii    I'l  iiu  laii  oim  Ifi)  al  All,  a. 

rill''  -'•  I'iriu  III!  iliiiil  liiiiii  Al.ii  una. 

I'lal,'  .;.  I'.  iiiMiii  rii'iii  Alaiaina. 

I'l.ili'  I.  i'.-nuijii  nlllii'  Ami,  III  li  I.,., 

I'lal,.  'i  r,.rmi, I  ih..  Aii'ii-nl  lia.-i'. 

I'l.il,'  ll.  Clininu  III. 

I'l.ii,.  7.  l',.iii\  I  III  ,.hili|  iV.iiii  S.nil.i. 


^\ 


iViiiii  iiii.  'r.iiiiij,.  I, I' ill,,  sii 


I'l  '!'■  I'l.    I',in\  1,111  ..|nl.|.  |h>ii,  ih,.  T,  iii|.|,.  ,,|-||„ 


ll.'  1  I.    r,  rin  an  li'Hii  lli,-  T. 


illlli'  S|| 


I ''all'  1 1  —  .\.    l'..nn  i.iii  11,1111  Ih,'  T,  mpl,.  iii'ihr  Su 


I'l. II,.  11-11. 


w  I  111  11,1111  ih,.  ■r,iii|ii,.  Ill  III, 


I'i  ll'-  1  I  ~<  .     ri'iiaiaii  11,1111  I  h..  T.  nil  ill.  nt  thr  sn 


I'i.iii'  1  1  —  1).    I'l  iim  III  III, 111  ihr  T, 
I'l. ill'  1 J     .\lniian  .il'llii.  ()iiii,i,.|,. 


Illlli'.  Ill   llir   Sim. 


'lali'  I  ;,    I'm  |r|ii.  ,i|'  I', 


I  1-'. 'Ilia. 


I'lal,.  I  I,   Cliairiia  ,i|  llr.i/il. 

I'l. III.  r..    liiiliirmli,. 

I'lal,    In.    .\ii.ii.|il  .M,.\i,.,,ii. 

I'i. III.  17.    Ml  \i  .III. 

I''. ill.  17  -.\.    .\li  \i:,iii.  Ill  ill,.  I'.imis  inl".. 

I'laii'  !■-.   Ah.. I.  I, I  .\|..\i,.,iii. 

I'l. III.  1''— .\.    M,  VI, ..111,  Ml  ill,.  TIaliiiira  iialmii. 

I'l. Ill    I'l.  Cii.lini.i.li.  s.  ,,i'  |,,,iasi,ii,a. 

I'i.ll.'  -'II.  .'1.    Nairli.  /. 


I'l.il..  .■;.  Siiii 

I'lali'  J-,.  Cliii'iiki 


KXl'LANATION  OK  THK  I'LATES. 


293 


I' 

f'l.i 

1' 

I'll 

|,roj 
I'll 
PI 
I'l.' 
I'l 
I'l: 


I'l, 
I'l 


I'l 
I'l.. 
;ui  iiK'li 

ri.i 

I'll 

I'l. 

I'l 

I'l. 

I'l. 

I'l 

ri.i 


I.'  ;l.' 
I  I 

■I'liiiu' 
.11 
I'l 

•  Hi. 
\r  .17 
.IS, 
.i'l 
10, 

n 

I.'. 

\r  I.I. 
I  I 
l"i 

h.. 
17 
!-■ 
I''. 


lid. 

111. 
li'  lij. 

II  I. 

111. 
If  ll'i, 

l.li, 

lis. 
tr  li'l. 

7". 

7-1 


Mii'-liiik'i'i',  iir  Cii'i'k. 

Ilr'llri',  Cl'i'i  1,   lulll'i'lji'llli'y. 

(■|ii|.|..'UMy. 
.Miiiciliilhii'. 
Ml. Mill  rliK'l'. 

!  >iii-MiiHi'.  nr  l''.i\.     'I'lii-,  ilr.iwiii^'  is  rnlili'i''!  iilniiii  iwii-ti'iilii.s  nt  an  iiu'li. 

Liii  i|ii',  or  Di'liiwiiri'  wminii. 

\:uiiiil>i'ii'.',  Ill'  Mass  ii'liiiM'K-.     \\y  ;,|,  iTiiir  Ml  i.iIvHil;  iIii'  liiniil  .•iin.'ii',  llii'  (.icr  w  ninili' 

,  mill  (111    illlL'li'    llli  rrliili'  1,1.1  s||i;i||.      'I'liis  rrlll.irk  is  lllsil  llli|il|i'lllili)  Id  I'llllrs    l,'i  llllll  .)li. 
I'lilliiUMtullll.  . 

.  Cayir.M. 
(llH'V  li.      Iv'illli'iil  liiMily  liilir-lrlllli-.  Ill' IIII  il.ill, 
I  liiiiiii,  'ir  \\  .  iinliii. 
I'.iu- 

Dirni  I.  HI'  s,|,m\. 

Ciiliiiiay.      Ilhichjiinl. 

()>.r-'i'. 

11 II I II II iK  ill  ('.iliiiiilii.i  in  it;  immii  iI  I I.     Ui'iliii  I  i|  III  arly  l'o\ir-liMitlis  nr.ui  iiifli. 

Cllllliiuk  rllli  r.        Ui'iil il   rnlll-lillllls  111   ail  llirll. 

.    KLiNliiiii,  III  I'liliiiiiliia  li\  I'l'. 

K  illi'ii k.  111'  Culiiiiiliia  rivrr. 

(  Ills  i|i.  Ill  (  iihiMilii.i  ru  rr, 

K  il.i|iii'i\  all.  111'  Ciiliiiiil.i  I  in  IT. 

rilrkll.ll.  Ill'  I'lilllllllil.'l    ri\|.|'. 

"ill.  CiiwaliNk,  111  ('iiliiiiiliia  rnri.     'I'lir   iH'iifili'   vii'W   IS  ri'iiiii'cil  iirai'ly  ilnri'-li'iillis  .'I 
|''r.iiii  a  iiiiiiiiiil  ai  Cirrlrv  illi'.  ( lliin. 

I'i'.llll Hlll'l    ml    till'    I'lilii'l    \Il^M-^!|i|i|. 

I 'rum  I  III'  ( ii.i\  1'  III 'I'l,  nil  II II  I'l.  I II  ■  II'  \\  Ih'i'liiiL',  Vil'LTIua. 
I''iiiiii  a  iiiiiiiiiil  nil  llii'  .Maliaiiia  iimt. 
I'lMiii  :i  iiiiiiiii'l  ill  'ri'iiiii'^si'i'. 
I'l'iiiii  a  'riiiiiiiliis  .11  S  iiiiii.  111  I'lTii. 

{■'I'lilll  ,1    'rilllllllll^   111   lllr    \  .lllry   III    IJllll  11'.   Ill    I'lTll. 

I''iiiiii  a  'rniiiiiliis  111  llir  \'.iil<  y  ul  liiiii  n'.  iii  I'cni. 

I'' rum  an  Aihh'IiI  'I'lHiili  al  Oiiiiiilia.  m  .Mi'Mio. 

l''riim  .III  .\iii'ii'iil  'I'liiiili.  al  ( lliiiiili.i.  iii  .\li  \irii. 

Ki'iim  .111  .\iii'ii'lil  'i'ulilli  al  (lliinilia,  lli  .MrMrn. 

I''i'iiiii  a  Civr  al  (lnlr.iii.la,  in  llliiiuls. 

I''r.iiii  a  Cavi'  in'ai'  Sliiiliinvilli',  lllmi. 

Cliaiili  111'  \'iiii'/.iliila. 

Cliarili  111'  ^1.  \'iiiri'lils. 

ii7.    .\i'aiii'aiiiaii  rliii'l'. 

.Vraiicaiiian  rliu'l'. 

.\aliiral  .Mummy  ol'a  Muvsi.i  Iniliaii  ul'  Ni'W  (".ri'IKula. 

M  iii|^iil-.\nnTiraiis,  or  l'M>iiiiaii\. 


294 


CllAMA  AMERICANA. 


I'lalo  71.  Swiss  .skull,  iulroilucoil  l,>  iJliiMralr  Mr.  CumIh's  I'luvnulo-icul  iinMiioir.     Sco  p:i:.'r ','77. 

I'huo  7-'.  I'liiviiological  Chan.  Takcji  In.m  a  li,,hl  hmiishr,!  |„  ihr  aiillinr  l.y  r.corjv  Cniuliu, 
K^i|,     Sl'l'  .Ipjiciulix.  p.  '.'.s;!. 

'I'hi'  ;m)(/-c((/,v  01'  tins  work  wriv  lakcu  iVoiu  ivilu.:nl  (tniwiim-s  iiiailu  Willi  my  own  hands  liy 
liiraiis  ol'aii  mslnnuem  adai.tnl  lo  lli,.  puiiu.s..  hy  my  liici„l  .Mr.  I'lnllips.  1  ha,l  a].|,li,.,l  I,,  si'Vcral 
arlisis  to  I'liriiish  these  drawiiiirs,  anil  llie  camera  hieiila  and  i,M-a|ihic  niinoi-  weir  hoili  iiied  in  vam. 
On  heinu'  rnniislud  wilh  llu' annr.xed  diawin::  apparallis.  (wliieli  niiL'lil  he  ealled  a  r/v/zi/t/-,,//;/,.)  1 
was, -.ion  ahlc  hy  praeliee  lo  make  my  uun  drawiiii^s  will.  i;real  celeiiiy  and  eorreelnes.s.  Some  of 
my  earlier  essays,  however,  are  amon^'  die  lasi  in  lliis  work,  and  will  he  reeoL;iiised  hy  dieir  wain  ol 
fniisli. 


f^,'^' 


.\  rrpivvriils  ,'i  dral  hoard  m.v  I'm  l..ii-,.  and  one  I'ont  wide;  1!  1)  lw,i  lir;iek.'ls  lo  snpporl  iwo 
.  los.  piec.'s  our  ol'  whieh  1-  -r,  n  al  ( '.  ha  VIII-  :ui  Mp.n  spare  heiweeii  ihein  .-dioiit  two  and  a  hair 
mehe-,  wide,  and  ih.e,.nliv,,|  ihe  spare  M.v  mrli,..  ironi  dir  hoard  A;  I)  a  pie.v  ol'  ho  anl  six  inehes 
wide  dovel.aiird  lo  tl..-  end  .i|  il,  hn.ird  .\,  Mipporlnii;  the  eye-pieee  K,  ilie  hole  at  K  hem-  si\  m.hes 
Iroiii  Ihr  hnard  .\.  liri.rn  iiie|„.  ir,,ii,  the  nearest  surl'acvs  of  ih,;  iwo  cross  pieers  C.  and  pl.iefd  j  .  r- 
peiidieiilar  n.  the  in.  dial    liii.'  .-f  ih,'   Ihi.u-,!  ,\ ;   (I  a  h.iaril  ilovetail.  d  into  ill.'  lower  .ai.i  of  .\.     'I'lie 

eramniii  wa- a.ljiisi.  .1  ,iii  ll,.    I  ..ai.i   C.  wnli   lis  eeiilre  m\  m.hes  I'mm  the  Mirl'a. f.\;  a  pii'e.' ol 

Ldass  was  then  laid  ov  r  ili.'  ..p.  i  :m_'  h.iwe.n  ihe  i-rovs  piee.s  at  C  where  it  was  hel.l  .kiwii  h\- a 
.ser.'W.  liy  looking'. l.iwii  ,1;  ih.' .•r.miiini  I'.tiiion^h  ilu' ey.'-]ii.'.v  lO.iis  outline  and  niarkiiiL's  wiavs..'n 
..n  the  L'lass  .al  (■  dimini-li.  .1  1.1  ,ii„.  ,|iiarl.r,  ami  w.av  Ira.r.l  out  .m  ih.'  i.dass  willi  a  |i.ai  and  In. ha 
mk,  with  L'lvat  r;i|.i.hiy  and  a.,  iiia.'y.  Th.-  .Iiawiie:-  thus  ohtain.'.l  on  ill.' -la.ss,  were  then  ira.'.al 
with  a  p.'U.al  .HI  pap.r  |iivvM'd  a.e.inM  the  -la--  whil.- h.'l.l  up  U)  the  li^dit,  after  wln.'li  the  drawniu 
was  llnishe.l  with  a  pen.      hi  Ihe  aho\.'  em  ih.'  1  y.'-pieee  is  loo  hiLdl. 


ii-'o  C'diiibe, 


II  li.-iilds  liy 
1  1(1  Ni'vrr.'il 
ii'il  ill  vain. 
iiiiftdji/i.)  I 

SiMlll'  1)1' 

,'ir  want  of 


ipiirt  iwii 
imI  a  liaif 


A.     Til,. 

1   plI'LT   Ol 

lUii  l.\-  :i 


II  iraci'd 


I  r\  J)  I :  X 


I     (,'hfroki'cs.  p.  171. 


,lbiis!'itin\,  p.  II. 
,i/ii/.\.\ini(ins\  p.  Jii. 
Aisru-'ultiiral  trilios.  p.  T.'J,  17.'. 
Ailiguwi,  p.  KSS. 
Albinos,  .\inoi-ii;aii  p, 


.i/furi 


III  fiiini 


lU, 


•Jl. 


AlgoiKiiiiiis,  p.  17J. 

Aiiu;rli;aii  llacr,  p.  li. 

AinuniMii  Faiialy.  p.  '■-'■ 

Aiuiliiiai:,  p.  111. 

Aiialoiiiical  iiirasureiiKiits,  p.  2  In. 

Apalai-liiaii  lialums,  [i.  li  I. 

Apahicjhus,  p.  I  "-I. 

Aiaiicaniaiis,  p.  J  ID. 

,\i-cliilrcliii-it  III' ill,:  I'LTUvians,  p.  11! 

tlrtihitnis,  p.  I  s. 


Al 


icaiiia,  p, 


Aliin-s.  p.  1>). 

^■/ii\li-i);/friciiii  Ftiini/i/,  p.  no. 
.Inxl/iiUdn  Fainilij,  p.  n.f. 


1!. 

Ihisclikii-s,  p.   10. 

Ui'ard  ,)I'iIk'  Aiiierii:aiis,  p.  liT 

Jifllnllilis.  p.   ,'0. 

Ii,'i-h,r-.  p,  J.'. 


Ia,:kl,vl,  p 


201. 


l!la,;k  ('iianbv,  p.  J  ID. 

li,,l,,rl|,|,,,.  |,.    l.i-. 

liiM/iUan  iialiiin--.  p.  li  I. 

/iKI-ll/s.  p.   .i'l. 

liitnntwf,  p.  17. 


.  miniMiin  /i<i('i\  p. 


/iinciiMfiii   l'\inti 


iiy,V-  '■ 

Cii/iiiiic/i-i.  p.    I'l. 

C,ijr>',-.  y.  -s. 

(',i]ia,alv  ,,l   ilh'  skull  iiulillurciil  iialioii.-..  p.  'JijO, 

(  a\  ii_M.  p.  I'l-'. 

(',■//((■  /•'iniii/i/.  p.  K'l. 

Cli.nni.iN.  p.  l.iT. 

CllirlirllU'C.l--.  p 


Clii 


10. i.   111. 


(7i(/ii  M'  i'liiiiilii.  p.    1  I. 
l'hi'iiiiui,:li,  s.  p.  III-'. 
Cli.ilnla.  p.  I.'io. 
Cliiii-laws.  p.  Iiil. 
Vir'as^Kins.  [,.  .'^ . 
{:h,vlhin,va-..  |,.  I  I,'. 


Chanl- 


•  I'- 
lila 


-MO. 


Cliiiionk: 


p.  20:i,  ■-'07. 


Cliippeway.'^.  p.  17ii. 

Cii'i-'lcvilli'  .MiMiiid,  p..  ,'111. 

Cl'ivips,  |i.  ,M  1. 

Ch.  '  I  al,  p.  Jl  1. 

Ciichin-Chinii,  p.  id. 

Cillao,  p.  10-'. 

(',iiiipl,'.\i,iiis  ,i|'  ih,.;  Alilia'ii'aiis,  p.  fig. 

Cllllll.sdS,  |i.  s-,. 

Ciiniiivos,  p.  1 17. 

('ll/l/.S,  |i.  ','  I. 

(',1|,)I1.IV,  p.  Jol 

( 


1' 
iiwalilsk.  p 


.'1  ■ 


Cn'uks,  p.  Ill  I,  170.  174. 


(.'uz 


p.  II". 


Dai-olas.  jl.  I!i7. 
Di'la wai'L'.s,  |i.  IMI. 


I'.i^ijptiaiis^  p.  J  1. 
lv|ii,-'sliiaii  tnlH'-,  p.  7  I. 


iiinaux.  p. 
ii,.'1m1,Iiiuis, 


,  i..i.  .'17 


Hi  hi 


i/Hun  liucc.  p. 


l-'a,-ial  aiigl,',  p.  2Jo. 
/•V//,//(V,  p.  J;-.. 
'■'Inns-,  p.  :>,S 


!•■ 


Nalioiis.  11.  I'lO. 


I''i. nil, Mils  iii'Climiliia  river,  p. 
l''ii,-uiaiis.  p.  li  1. 


(lullilfl.  \).  -'I. 

I  irnri^ill  lis.   p. 

(irrtllililjl  /■'/ 
Ciimmla,  Cav 
(in//n.  p.  II. 


//)/,  p.  I . 


r; 


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ij. 


(iii-i'iilainlias 


J  I.- 


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,  |i. 


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ninis-nii. 


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J/nl/ni/iits.  p.  !ll». 


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CRANIA  AMi;i?ICANA. 


Jl'il/dts,  |1,    111. 

In^iichvs,  p.  !i, 

///./(/-  Elll-(ipiitll  llil/ioil.'i, 

huliisliiiiic  /■'iii/ii/i/.\h  3: 
lii'lii-('/iini\sf  Fiimiltj,  p. 
liMipiois.  p.   I  nil. 


Jdjiinic^r.  p.   17. 
>li:ir\.  p.  jl. 


KiiiiiMhdll.inis,  p.  ,1.). 

Kdlit'hlls,  p.    fi^K 

K;ll:l^^■|l:l^.  p.  I  ii,>. 
Ki'ralii.  p.  'ij. 
Kiiiciin.dkv.  p.  Jill. 
J\iri:ii.\i(iii^.  p.    II, 

Klal^lll||l.  p.    ,'  III. 

Juiiiril.s.  p.   11. 
I\uri;il>^,  p.  ."ij. 


I.iiii^.  p.  ,"ii. 
J.iipl(nrl,r\.  p.  'il. 
I.<  M:ip.'.  p.  17  'i.  I'~:i. 
I.iliijiin   I'll  'iiHij.  |i.  JJ. 

M, 

Mitlilil   l,\ln\  p.   il. 
^lA/ /'.",'    f'li niinj.  p.  ,'i;, 
M:M'.  i:vpi:.li;il|..||,,|   p.  ",-,. 

M.iI.Im:-..  p.    , 

-Ml  :i-Iil.|i.,  III-.,   p.    ,'  pi, 
-M.  lM,|,,:i!r,  ..  p.   17,,. 

-M'    \.'-  !.■:-.    I'.     III.    J.il. 

.Mii:..p    i  I'., 
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Ml  iiii;>.  p.  l-u, 
.M]^-,,uii  li  :!i,  -.,  p,  jiiii 
.MlMJ.„~.  p,    p„,, 

.Mill,-!  ill-,  p,  pi'i. 
.!/,-/,/>.  p,  ,;„, 
M.ii,::  >/i„i,  !.•„,;•.  p,   1, 
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MM|,_,,|-.\,n,  n,,,„..p,  ,,|' 

.1/,,/,.  ^.    p,     P,. 

•Mmiii:,!  -.Lii:  -.  p    ,,|7. 
.Mii-I,... ■,■,-.,  |,,    1 1,  I.  i7n. 


,V;il,'li, /,p,  I  -.7, 
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A',7/-  y.-iil  iiiilirs,  p,  ,;i. 
.\Vr„/„„-  /,/„„,A,  p.  I,,, 
l^il'ihr  I'll  mil  II,  p,  J  I, 
.\',i|iii;i  v,rii,;iiis.  p,  ,'-,!, 
•Nllliians.  11,  Jii, 


Ori'illlir  .\>;'/7»\,  p,   HI. 
Oliili-'lla-.  p.    1  1  V. 
Olj-.'p,,!,,!,-:,,  p,  J,', J, 


p.  \-i 
■17. 


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Oiidiimi's,  p.  7:(. 
;     OliiNiba,  'roiiilis  of  p.  'J:!0. 

1  I'- 

j        I' II JUKI \\  p.    !|a. 

l'alaL;iiiiiaMS,  p.  li  I,  71. 
I'arliiiraiiia,',  p,  Li,', 
l'alrlii|ili'.  p.  Ill,  1  lii. 
I'aiiics,  p.  l.-)3. 
y'<'/(/,v-/.  p.  11. 
I'vrsiiDis,  p.  fi. 
I'l'lliviall.s,  .\lli;irlll  p.  m;. 

.  liiia  p.  1  l:i. 

Ph'-iiii  iinis,  p.  jj, 

I'lii,  ii,,|i,Liiial  'I'alilr,  p,  'Jllj. 

I'nhir    I'lllllill/,   p,    ,'|II. 
I'iill/llf<illll    I-',:  III  i  III,  ]^),   ,-|il. 

I'lirli'las.  p.  1,;,-|.  P;7. 


H. 


li  lipiiiils,  p,  :;  I. 
liiiii  II'.  p.  JJii. 


Sali.^li.  p.  J117, 
S,iiiii,iinlr^.  p,   'JI. 
Si  h: nunc  .\,il iiiii<i,  p,   1  ",, 
Si'lliilMil''..  p.    Il,  I.   171. 
S'pMlllllV.   Ilxli  111   p,    J  I  I. 
S'l'la-.  ,\ll,,l  liMU  p,  I,",, 

Sllllll  M',    p,     |s, 

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'I'. 
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'/',  uiiiiiir  \, III, HI-,,  p,  I  I, 

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'i'liaMiM.  p.  '17.  iiii),  10:;. 
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I     ''"  '"■'II  l'',iiiii!\.  p.  ■*.),  M,  Ml. 
i      r.iiinli^.^.    :,: 

;    vv„/„..p,  ,1, 

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'I'm  liisli   i'liiiiilii,  p.  .|,j. 


l"'  II-'-.  |i.  173. 
I'l,!-.  |,.   III,!. 


\y. ■lull, If,,  p, ..,,, 

W.i.x-au  >.  p,  liij 


Y'lkiil^,  p,  .||, 

\  nil.  ,,■.,  p,  ll|;i. 


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K  R  F?  A  T  A  . 

I'.iL'i'  !i,'.  Ill  ihc  A'(;/r.  Mr  All.is  .MiuiiiIiiih,  ii'inl  ••  Mountains  ol'llii.'  .Mikui,"' 
•■    I'l'i,  iiiiilh  liijr  III'  Mitf,iirnnrii/.s\  Uir  !<.2  iiiclics.  iv;\d  ''8.7  inches." 
••     I'^O,  CirPliil,.  \\\1\-,  |r:i,|  '-I'LHr  \\\ll." 
'•   2()l,l(iilh  liiii'  I'liiiH  ihr  linihiin.iA  A- the  words  "ilii>  puriinse  of," 
'•    JS.J,  {\,v  I'lalu  L\\\,  r.:iil  ••  rial,;  LWII." 

I  liavf  iiKulvrrlciilly  iMiiillril  111  iiiiiilioii   ijiy  oMi^alioiis  1(1  I)r,  I'aiil  Swil'l,  ol'  .N'aiiluckil,  loi  ll 
scrii's  uT  Nalick  Skulls  iiirasiiinl  ni  llic  .Analoiuiral  'I'alilr. 

I'tiri-dlinns  iif  till-  riiniwlm^ical  Tii/ilr. 


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